CSEProT 170

 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION ( 87 )

The fundamental operating principle of transformer differential protection is comparison

of Primary and Secondary winding currents on either side of the transformer.

For an ideal transformer, having transformation ratio 1:1 and neglecting magnetizing
current, the currents entering and leaving the transformer must be equal.

During normal operation or when a short circuit has occurred outside the protected zone
[a through fault condition], the CT secondary currents in the differential circuit neutralize
each other [Id=0] and the relay will not operate.

In case of a fault within the zone, differential current I d flows and operates the relay
[Link] protection uses Dual slope biased characteristics.

These are the setting’s for differential protection-

Setting Range Default

Parameter Display Step Size
Min. Max. Setting
Percentage Differential Protection
Enable Differential
DIFFR Disable Enable Disable
Protection
Min. Pickup Current m0 (3) 0.04 1.00 0.02 0.12
1st Slope m1 (3) 10% 100% 1% 20%
nd (3)
2 Slope m2 10% 100% 1% 20%
Start point of 1st slope K1 (3) 0.04 2.00 0.02 0.24
nd (3)
Start point of 2 slope K2 1 10 0.10 1.30
Yd1/Yd3/Yd5/Yd7/
Yd9/
Yd11/Dy1/Dy3/Dy5/
Dy7Dy9/Dy11/YY0/
Vector Group Vect Grp
DD0/YY2/DD2/
YY4/DD4/YY6/
DD6/YY8/DD8/
YY10/DD10 YY0
Primary CT correction
PriCTcor
factor(PriCTcorr) 0.3 1.5 0.01 1.00
Secondary CT correction SecCTco
factor(SecCTcorr) r 0.3 1.5 0.01 1.00
Added Delay td> 0 Sec 60 Sec 0.01 Sec 0.00 Sec

Controlled By R&D Division, 1 Rev No:00 Rev Date: Issue Date:16/06/11

 Differential Hi-set Protection
Hi-set setting(Hi-Set) HiSet 5xIp 15xIp 1xIp Disable
Hi-set Delay td>> 0 Sec 60 Sec 0.01 Sec 0.00 Sec

Percentage Differential Protection

Operating Dual slope characteristic for differential protection

Where:
Differential current : Id=√Id[fundamental]2+Id2ndharmonic2+Id5thHarmonic2
[ vector difference between primary & secondary current]
Primary current = primary current / priCTcorr
Secondary current = secondary current / secCTcorr

Mean bias current : Is = (Iprim + Isec) / 2 (Iprim & Isec RMS values of
primary & secondary current)
Rated current : IN= 1A / 5A

Condition :

 Is (biasing current)<k1
then if Id>m0 relay will trip

Controlled By R&D Division, 2 Rev No:00 Rev Date: Issue Date:16/06/11

 Is(biasing current)>=k1 & Is<k2 (characteristic m1)
then if Id>= mo + (Is/IN – k1) x m1 relay will trip

 Is(biasing current)>=k2 (characteristic m2)

then if Id>= m0+(k2-k1) x m1+(Is/In-k2) x m2 relay will trip

Trip time if td> (additional delay)=0 are <40+5 msec. User can configure additional
delay up to [Link] should block all the tripping operation if 2nd/5th harmonic are
higher than the set values if blocking on harmonic for differential protection is enable.
But If Id> High-set Limit then relay does not have harmonic restraint & trip time is equal
to td>> +/- 10 msec.

Note: In the DIFFERENTIAL CUURENT menu relay will be showing fundamental

component of the differential current for L1, L2, L3 phase.

Example for the setting of CT Ratio correction factor

The CT ratio matching correction settings PriCTCorr/SecCTCorr are applicable only for
the differential protection & can be calculated as follows:
For transformer capacity, take the maximum one from the rated capacity of the two
windings.

Calculation steps: (HV) (LV)

(1) Transformer capacity: 10MVA
(2) Voltage(kv) 33 11
(3) Rated line current(A) 175 525
(4) CT ratio 200/1 800/1
(5) Secondary rated line current(A) 0.87 0.65
(6) CT Secondary rating of relay(A) 1 1

Setting of PriCTcor/SecCTcor
For the above example: PriCTcor=0.87 & SecCTcor=0.65

Rated line current

CT correction factor =
CT ratio x CT Secondary rating of relay

Note: The CT Ratio correction factor calculation is irrespective of selected vector

phasor group.

Controlled By R&D Division, 3 Rev No:00 Rev Date: Issue Date:16/06/11

 Setting guidelines for transformer biased Percentage differential protection

1. mo : the basic pickup level m0 is dependant on the item of plant being protected
&the amount of differential current that might be seen during normal operating
conditions. 0.2 In is generally recommended for transformer & o.1 In for
generators (becoz shunt magnetizing current is not present in generators). This
is basic slope & is flat. it ensures sensitivity to internal faults & it change the
restrin region of differentiak characteristics.
2. m1 : this is user selectable 1st slope setting & ensures sensitivity to internal
faults. It allows 15% mismatch due to transformer tap-changer range & an
additional 5% for any CT ratio errors. M1 should be setabove the errors due to
CT mismatch, load tap changers & steady state magnetizing current.
The error slope should always be below m1 slope by suitable margin.
Recommended setting is 30%.
3. k1 : this is interception between m0 & k1. this is recommended to 0.667 In.
4. m2 : this is user selectable 2nd slope setting & is used for bias current above
rated current. It ensures stability under heavy through fault conditions, which
could lead to increased differential currnt due to asymmetric saturation of CTs
m2 is set to 80%.
5. k2 : it can be set >= rated current.
6. Hi-set setting : setting of hi-set element is calculated as reciprocal of
transformer reactance (quoted by the manufacturer 1/Xt). This element offers
faster clearance for heavy internal faults & not blocked by inrush/overfluxing
condition.

Example: Transformer – load tap changer

The power transformer data is : 175/145 MVA Autotransformer, YNyn0d1,

230/115Kv. The current transformer ratios are as follows: HV CT ratio – 800/5, LV
CT ratio – 1200/5.
Since transformer has an on load tap changer on the HV side, the nominal voltage of
the HV winding must be set to mid tap voltage level.
100+(5-15)/2
Mid tap position = 230 x
100
= 218.5 kV
HV CT correction factor(PriCTcorr) = (175x103)/(√3x218.5x800) = 0.578

LV CT correction factor(SecCTcorr) = (175x103)/(√3x115x1200) = 0.732

To check that the differential protection does not misoperate due to errors introduced
by the on load tap changer, the user may perform the following calculations.

a) Calculate HV full load current at both tap extremities & LV full load current

Controlled By R&D Division, 4 Rev No:00 Rev Date: Issue Date:16/06/11

 HV full load current on tap1 (5%) =(175x103)/(√3x230x1.05)=418.35 primary
HV full load current on tap1 (5%) =[418.37/(800/5)] = 2.615 secondary
HV corrected current on tap1 = 2.615 /0.578 = 4.524 secondary

HV full load current on tap2(-15%)=(175x103)/(√3x230x0.85)=516.81 primary

HV full load current on tap2 (-15%) =[516.81/(800/5)] = 3.230 secondary
HV corrected current on tap2 = 3.23 /0.578 = 5.588 secondary

LV full load current =(145x103)/(√3x115)=727.963 primary

LV full load current =[727.963/(1200/5)] = 3.033 secondary
LV corrected current = 3.033/0.732 = 4.143 secondary

Idiff at both tap extremities (with mid tap correction)

Idiff at tap1 = │4.524 – 4.143│= 0.380A = 0.38/5 = 0.076 In
Idiff at tap2 = │5.588 – 4.143│= 1.445A = 1.445/5 = 0.289 In

Ibias at both tap extremities (with mid tap correction)

Ibias at tap1 = (4.524 + 4.143)/2= 4.333A = 4.333/5 = 0.867 In
Ibias at tap2 = (5.588 + 4.143)/2= 4.865A = 4.333/5 = 0.973 In

Becoz Ibias at tap1 is < k2 & >k1

Operating current Iop = mo + (Is – k1) x m1
= 0.2In +(Is – 0.667 In) x m1
= Is x m1 =4.333 x 0.3 = 1.3A

Ibias at tap2 is < k2 & >k1

Operating current Iop = mo + (Is – k1) x m1
= 0.2In +(Is – 0.667 In) x m1
= Is x m1 =4.865 x 0.3 = 1.46A

Check Idiff < Iop by a 10% margin for each tap extremity & adjust m0 and/or
m1 as necessary.

Tap1 : Since Idiff = 0.380A & 0.9Iop at tap1= 0.9x 1.3 =1.17A
Therefore there is sufficient safety margin with m1=30% & m0 0.2 In

Tap2 : Since Idiff = 1.445A & 0.9Iop at tap1= 0.9x 1.46 =1.31A
Therefore there is not sufficient safety margin with m1=30% & m0 0.2 In
So that m1 should be adjusted to 35% instead 0f 30%

Controlled By R&D Division, 5 Rev No:00 Rev Date: Issue Date:16/06/11

  RESTRICTED EARTH PROTECTION (87G)
A low impedance restricted earth fault protection is available on set winding selection
primary / secondary.
This function is applicable when a transformer winding is earthed. REF is based on
comparing the vector sum of the phase currents of the transformer winding to neutral
point current. If the difference (Iref) is greater than the calculated value then tripping
occurs.
These are the setting’s for differential protection-
Setting Range Step Default
Parameter Display
Min. Max. Size Setting
Restricted Earth Fault Protection (Only star side will be protected)
Enable REF Protection REF Disable Enable - Disable
(4)
Min. REF Pickup m0_REF 0.04 1 0.02 0.14
REF First Slope m1REF(4) 10% 100% 1% 20%
(4)
Start point of slope k1_REF 0.04 3 0.02 0.34
0.01
td 0 Sec 60 Sec 0.00 Sec
Added Delay Sec
Earth CT correction factor ECTcorr 0.1 4 0.01 1.00
Protection on Pri or Sec
WINDING PRIMARY SECONDARY - PRIMARY
winding

The restricted earth unit operation characteristic is shown below :

Controlled By R&D Division, 6 Rev No:00 Rev Date: Issue Date:16/06/11

Operating Where:
characteristic for Restricted
if winding selectionearth protection
= PRIMARY

Restricted earth current : Iref =( IL1[P]+IL2[P]+IL3[P]) –( IE x ECTcorr)

( difference between vector sum of phase current of primary winding & neutral winding)

Here ECTcorr = Earth CT correction factor & it is only applicable for REF protection.

Mean bias current : Is_ref = )= (IL1[P]+IL2[P]+IL3[P]+IE)/2

(Here we are using RMS values of IL1[P],IL2[P],IL3[P]
&I[E] )

: if winding selection = SECONDARY

Restricted earth current : Iref =( IL1[S]+IL2[S]+IL3[S]) - IE

( difference between vector sum of phase current of secondary winding & neutral
winding)

Mean bias current : Is_ref = )= (IL1[S]+IL2[S]+IL3[S]+IE)/2

(Here we are using RMS values of IL1[S],IL2[S],IL3[S]
&I[E] )

Rated current : IN= 1A / 5A

Condition :

 Is_ref (biasing current)<k1_ref

then if Iref>m0_ref relay will trip

 Is_ref(biasing current)>=k1_ref (characteristic m1_ref)

then if Iref>= mo_ref + (Is_ref/IN – k1_ref) x m1_ref relay will trip

 TRIP CIRCUIT SUPERVISION (74TC)

This feature detects any anomalies in the circuit with continuously supervising trip circuit
of both pre closing & post closing condition in the circuit breaker. It detects trip circuit
supply failure of circuit breaker, tripping mechanism failure like circuit breaker contact
degeneration in wires, contacts and coils.

These are the setting’s for TCS protection-

Setting Range Default
Parameter Display Step Size
Min. Max. Setting

Controlled By R&D Division, 7 Rev No:00 Rev Date: Issue Date:16/06/11

 0.03
TCS td 2 Sec 0.01 Disable
Sec

Test circuit for Trip circuit Supervision

 NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE (74TC)

Negative phase sequence current (I2) is the current unbalance due to unbalance
loads. It’s value depends on magnitude as well as phase angle of L1,L2 & L3 phase
current’s.

Formula for the NPS Inverse characteristic is

K1
t=
(I2/Ib)2 – (K2)2
These are the setting’s for NPS protection-

Controlled By R&D Division, 8 Rev No:00 Rev Date: Issue Date:16/06/11

 Setting Range Default
Parameter Display Step Size
Min. Max. Setting
NPS Pickup Current Ib 0.50xIp 2.5xIp 0.1xIp Disable
NPS Characteristic CHAR DEFT NPS-INV(2) ---- DEFT
Time Multiple K1 5 Sec 60 Sec 0.1 Sec 5.0 Sec
Time Constant K2 0.02 0.4 0.01 0.02
Definite time td 0.02 Sec 0.4 Sec 0.01 Sec 0.02 Sec

Controlled By R&D Division, 9 Rev No:00 Rev Date: Issue Date:16/06/11