MARKS FOUND ON FIRED BULLETS

1. Lands Marks: These are impressions left on the bullet by the lands of the barrel. Lands are the raised
portions within the barrel that contact the bullet as it travels down the barrel.

2. Groove Marks: Grooves are the indentations within the barrel. Groove marks are impressions left on
the bullet by these grooves as it travels down the barrel.

3. Driving Edge Marks: These marks are left on the bullet by the sharp edges of the rifling as it is forced
down the barrel. They can indicate the direction of bullet travel.

4. Skid Marks: Skid marks are caused by the bullet rotating slightly in the barrel before it engages with
the rifling. They can indicate issues with the bullet or barrel alignment.
5. Stripping Marks: These marks are left on the bullet when the rifling strips material from the bullet's
surface as it travels down the barrel. They can provide information about the bullet's composition and
the condition of the barrel.

6. Shaving Marks: Shaving marks occur when the bullet is slightly larger than the bore diameter and gets
shaved as it is forced down the barrel. This can indicate a mismatch between the bullet and the barrel or
issues with bullet seating.

7. Rifling Marks: These marks are the impressions left on the bullet by the rifling, which are the spiral
grooves cut into the barrel. Rifling marks are unique to each firearm and can be used to identify the
specific gun from which a bullet was fired.
MARKS FOUND ON FIRED CARTRIDGES CASES
1. Firing Pin Impression: This mark is left on the primer of a fired cartridge case by the firing pin of the
firearm. It indicates where the firing pin struck the primer to initiate ignition.

2. Firing Pin Drag: Firing pins drag marks are caused by the firing pin scraping along the primer or the
base of the cartridge case as it moves forward after firing. These marks can provide information about
the condition of the firearm's firing pin and its movement.

3. Anvil Marks: Anvil marks are impressions left on the primer by the anvil, which is a small metal part
within the primer cup. These marks can indicate the type of primer used and provide information about
the firing process.
4. Breech Face Marks: These marks are left on the base of the cartridge case by the breech face of the
firearm when the cartridge is fired. They can provide information about the firearm's breech face
condition and alignment.

5. Extractor Marks: Extractor marks are impressions or scratches left on the rim or base of the cartridge
case by the extractor mechanism as it pulls the fired case out of the chamber. These marks can indicate
the condition of the extractor and the force exerted during extraction.

6. Ejector Marks: Ejector marks are caused by the ejector mechanism pushing the fired cartridge case out
of the firearm's chamber. They are typically found on the side or rim of the cartridge case and can
provide information about the condition and function of the ejector.
7. Shearing Marks: Shearing marks occur when the cartridge case experiences excessive pressure during
firing, causing it to deform or shear in certain areas. These marks can indicate potential issues with the
ammunition or firearm.

8. Magazine Lip Marks: These marks are caused by the interaction between the cartridge case and the
magazine lips during feeding into the chamber. They can provide information about the alignment and
condition of the magazine lips.

9. Chamber Marks: Chamber marks are impressions or scratches left on the cartridge case by the walls of
the firearm's chamber. These marks can indicate the condition of the chamber and provide information
about the firearm's manufacturing tolerances.