2002 Interim Edition non aUCy Perera terol Ceca) ee Transportation Officials nea atAASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications 2002 Interim Edition Published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Game 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249 i ») Washington, DC 20001 a www.transportation.org Sie Copyright © 2002 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publishers. ISBN: 1-56051-178-8‘To recipients of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, First Edition (1998): Instructions Interim revisions have been made to the AASHTO LRED Bridge Construction Specifications, First Edition (1998). This packet contains the revised pages. They have been desigried to replace the corresponding pages in the book and are numbered accordingly. One vertical line in the margins indicates revisions were approved in 1999 by the AASHTO ‘Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures. Two vertical lines in the margins indicates revisions were approved in 2000 by the AASHTO Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures, Three vertical lines in the margins indicates revisions were approved in 2001 by the AASHTO Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures. Four vertical line in the margins indicates revisions were approved in 2002 by the AASHTO Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures. To keep your Specifications correct and up-to-date, please replace the appropriate pages in the book with the pages in this packet.AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications 2001 Interim Edition Published by the American Association of Same State Highway and Transportation Officials cf ) 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249 a Washington, DC 20001 en Copyright © 2001 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publishers. ISBN: 1-56051-157-5‘To recipients of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, First Edition (1998) Instructions Interim revisions have been made to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, First Edition (1998). This packet contains the revised pages. They have been designed to replace the cor- responding pages in the book and are numbered accordingly. ‘One vertical line in the margins indicates revisions were approved in 1999 by the AASHTO Sub- committee on Bridges and Structures. Two vertical lines in the margins indicates the revisions were approved in 2000 by the AASHTO Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures. Three vertical lines in the margins indicates the revisions were approved in 2001 by the AASHTO Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures. ‘To keep your Specifications correct and up-to-date, please replace the appropriate pages in the book with the pages in this packet.AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications 2000 Interim Edition Published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249 Washington, DC 20001 Copyright © 2000 by the American Association of State Highway and ‘Transportation Officials. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publishers. ISBN: 1-86051-145-1To recipients of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, First Edition (1998) Instructions Interim revisions have been made to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, First Edition (1998). This packet contains the revised pages. They have been designed to replace the cor- responding pages in the book and are numbered accordingly. One vertical line in the margins indicates revisions were approved in 1999 by the AASHTO Sub- committee on Bridges and Structures. Two vertical lines in the margins indicate the revisions were approved in 2000 by the AASHTO Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures. ‘To keep your Specifications correct and up-to-date, please replace the appropriate pages in the book with the pages in this packet.AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications 1999 Interim E Published by the American Association of Gam, State Highway and Transportation Officials \ 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 ar Copyright © 2000 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States ‘of America. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form with out written permission of the publishers. ISBN: 1-66051-130-3To recipients of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, First Edition (1998) Instructions Interim revisions have been made to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Specifications, First Edition (1998). This packet contains the revised pages. They have been designed to replace the corresponding pages in the book and are numbered accordingly. One vertical line in the margins indicates revisions were approved in 1999 by the AASHTO Sub- committee on Bridges and Structures. To keep your Specifications correct and up-to-date, please replace the appropriate pages in the book with the pages in this packet.AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications First Edition 1998 Published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 Copyright © 1998 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publishers. ISBN: 1-86051-047-1AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1996-1997 Officers President: Darrel Rensink, lowa Vice President: David Winstead, Maryland Secretary/ Treasurer: Clyde E. Pyer, Maryland Regional Representatives RegionI Carlos I. Pesquera, Puerto Rico Region II Robert L. Robinson, Mississippi Region Il Robert A. Welke, Michigan Region IV Marshall W. Moore, North Dakota Non-Voting Members Immediate Past President: Wm, G. Burnett, P.E., Texas Executive Director: Francis B. Francois, Washington, D.C.HIGHWAY SUBCOMMITTEE ON BRIDGES AND STRUCTURES 1998 Chairman: David Pope, Wyoming, Vice Chairman: James E. Roberts, California Secretary: David Densmore, Federal Highway Administration ALABAMA, William F, Conway ALASKA, Steve Bradford, Ray Shumway ARIZONA, William R. Brucsch, F. Daniel Davis ARKANSAS, Dale Loe CALIFORNIA, James E. Roberts COLORADO, Stephen Horton CONNECTICUT, Gordon Barton DELAWARE, Chao H. Hu D.C., Donald Cooney FLORIDA, Jerry Potter GEORGIA, Paul Liles HAWAII, Donald C. Orellas IDAHO, Matthew M. Farrar ILLINOIS, Ralph E. Anderson INDIANA, Mary Jo Hamman IOWA, William A. Lundquist KANSAS, Kenneth F. Hurst KENTUCKY, Stephen E. Goodpaster LOUISIANA, Norval Knapp, Wayne Aymond MAINE, James E. Tukey MARYLAND, Earle S. Freedman MASSACHUSETTS, Alexander K. Bardow MICHIGAN, Sudhakar Kulkarni ‘MINNESOTA, Donald J. Flemming MISSISSIPPI, Wilbur F. Massey MISSOURI, Allen F. Laffoon MONTANA, William S. Fullerton NEBRASKA, Lyman D. Freemon NEVADA, William C. Crawford, Jr. NEW HAMPSHIRE, James A. Moore NEW JERSEY, Harry A. Casper, Jr. NEW MEXICO, Jimmy D. Camp NEW YORK, James O'Connell NORTH CAROLINA, William J. Rogers NORTH DAKOTA, Steven J. Miller OHIO, Brad W. Fagrell OKLAHOMA, Robert J. Rusch OREGON, Terry J. Shike PENNSYLVANIA, Scott Christie PUERTO RICO, Hector Camacho RHODE ISLAND, Kazem Farhoumand SOUTH CAROLINA, Randy R. Cannon SOUTH DAKOTA, John Cole ‘TENNESSEE, Ed Wasserman TEXAS, Richard Wilkison U.S. DOT, David Densmore, (FHWA), Nick E. Mpras, (usa) UTAH, P. K. Mohanty VERMONT, Warren B. Tripp VIRGINIA, Malcolm T. Kerley WASHINGTON, Myint Li WEST VIRGINIA, James Sothen WISCONSIN, Stanley W. Woods WYOMING, B. Patrick Collins ALBERTA, Dilip K. Dasmohapatra BRITISH COLUMBIA, Peter Brett MANITOBA, W. Saltzberg MARIANA ISLANDS, Elizabeth H. Salas-Balajadia NEW BRUNSWICK, G. A. Rushton NEWFOUNDLAND, Peter Lester NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, Jivko ivkov NOVA SCOTIA, Al MacRae ONTARIO, Ranjit S. Reel SASKATCHEWAN, Lome J. Hamblin MASS. METRO. DIST. COMM., David Leniardt N.J. TURNPIKE AUTHORITY, Wallace R. Grant PORT AUTHORITY OF N.Y. AND NJ., Joseph K. Kelly N.Y. STATE BRIDGE AUTHORITY, Williem Moreau BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, Wade Cosey U.S, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-FOREST SERVICE, Nelson Hernandez MILITARY TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT COMMAND, Robert D. Franz US. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS-DEPARTMENT (OF THE ARMY, Paul C. T. TanPREFACE ‘The AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications has the following 29 sections. Tables of Contents precede each section, 1. Structure Excavation and Backfill 2. Removal of Existing Structures 3. Temporary Works 4, Driven Foundation Piles 5. Drilled Piles and Shafts 6. Ground Anchors 7. Earth Retaining Systems 8. Conerete Structures 9. Reinforcing Steel 10. Prestressing I. Steel Structures 12, Steel Grid Flooring 13, Painting 14, Stone Masonry 15. Concrete Block and Brick Masonry 16, Timber Structures 17. Preservative Treatment of Wood 18. Bearing Devices 19, Bridge Deck Joint Seals 20. Railings 21, Waterproofing 22. Slope Protection 23. Miscellaneous Metal 24, Pneumatically Applied Mortar 25, Steel and Concrete Tunnel Liners 26. Metal Culverts 21. Concrete Culverts 28. Wearing Surfaces 29. Embedment AnchorsFOREWORD ‘The first broadly recognized national standard for the design and construction of bridges in the United States ‘was published in 1931 by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO), the predecessor to AASHTO. With the advent of the automobile and the establishment of highway departments in all of the ‘American states dating back to just before the turn of the century, the design, construction and maintenance of ‘most U.S. bridges was the responsibility of these depart- ‘ments and, more specifically, the chief bridge engineer within each department. It was natural, therefore, that these engineers, acting collectively as the Subcommittee (on Bridges and Structures, would become the author and ‘guardian of this first bridge standard, ‘This first publication was entitled Standard Specifica- tions jor Highway Bridges and Incidencal Structures. It quickly became the de facto national standard and, as such, was adopted and used by not only the state high- way departments but also other bridge-owning authori- ties and agencies in the United States and abroad. Rather carly on, the last three words of the original title were dropped and it has been reissued in consecutive editions at approximately four year intervals ever since as Stan- dard Specifications for Highway Bridges, with the 16th Edition appearing in 1996, ‘The body of knowledge related to the design of high- way bridges has grown enormously since 1931 and con- tinues to do so. Theory and practice have evolved ‘greatly, reflecting advances through research in under- standing the properties of materials, in improved materi- als, in more rational and accurate analysis of structural behavior, in the advent of computers and rapidly advanc- ing computer technology, in the study of external events, representing particular hazards to bridges such as seismic events and stream scour, and in many other areas. The pace of advances in these areas has, if anything, stepped up in recent years. To accommodate this growth in bridge engineering knowledge, the Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures has been granted the authority under AASHTO’s governing documents to approve and issue Bridge Interims each year, not only with respect to Standard Specifications but also to incrementally modify and enhance the twenty-odd additional documents on bridges and structures engineering that are under its {guidance and sponsorship. In 1986, the Subcommittee submitted a request to the AASHTO Standing Committee on Research to undertake fan assessment of U.S. bridge design specifications, review foreign design specifications and codes, consider design philosophies alternative to those underlying Stan- dard Specifications, and to render recommendations based on these investigations. This work was accom- plished under the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, an applied research program directed by the AASHTO Standing Committee on Research and administered on behalf of AASHTO by the Transporta- tion Research Board. The work was completed in 1987, and, as might be expected with a standard incrementally adjusted over the years, the Standard Specifications were Judged to include discernible gaps, inconsistencies, and even some conflicts. Beyond this, the specification did not reflect or incorporate the most recently developing design philosophy, load and resistance factor design (LRFD), a philosophy which has been gaining ground in other areas of structural engineering and in other pats of the world such as Canada and Europe. From its inception until the early 1970s, the sole design philosophy embedded within Standard Specifica- tions was one known as working stress design (WSD). WSD establishes allowable stresses as a fraction or per- centage of a given material's load-carrying capacity, and requires that calculated design stresses not exceed those allowable stresses. Beginning in the early 1970s, WSD began to be adjusted to reflect the variable predictability of certain load types, such as vehicular loads and. wind forces, through adjusting design factors, a design philos- ‘phy referred to as load factor design (LFD). Both WSD and LFD ae reflected in the current edition of Standard Specifications. ‘A further philosophical extension results from consid- ering the variability in the properties of stuctural ele- ments, in similar fashion to load variabiltes. While considered to a limited extent in LFD, the design philos- ‘phy of load and resistance factor design (LRFD) takes variability in the behavior of structural elements into account in an explicit manner. LRFD relies on extensive use of slatistcal methods, but sets forth the results in a ‘manner readily usable by bridge designers ard analysts. ‘The principal recommendation of the assessment ‘completed in 1987, therefore, was the development of an entirely new LRED bridge design standard. A multi-year, exceptionally comprehensive NCHRP project to accom. plish this goal was. subsequently approved by the AASHTO Standing Committee on Research. Once underway, NCHRP Project 12-33 took five years to com- plete, and resulted in this document, the AASHTO LRED Bridge Design Specifications. Under the frequent review of the AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures and its twenty Technical Committees, the specifications were developed by a team of more thanfifty members, including some of the best bridge engi- neering talent in the U.S. and elsewhere, guided by a dis- tinguished project panel. The effort included the incorporation of state-of-the-art knowledge, and the cooperation and input of industry groups. It has passed through five successive drafts, painstaking reviews, and ithas been systematically tested in trial designs in bridge design division of fourteen AASHTO member depart- ‘ments, as well as informally tested in many others. It rep- resents a major step forward in improved bridge design and more accurate analysis methods, which will lead to bridges exhibiting superior serviceability, enhanced long-term maintainability, and more uniform levels of safety ‘A discussion of the evolution of the specifications and commentary, including the genesis of the NCHRP project, the research participants, the review process for the specifications, and selected major technical advances in the specifications, is presented in NCHRP Research Results Digest 198 (available from the Transportation Research Board). With the advent of these specifications, bridge engi- neers now have @ choice of two standards to guide their designs, the long-standing AASHTO Standard Specifi- cations for Highway Bridges, and these alternative, newly adopted AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifica- tions, and its companion AASHTO LRFD Bridge Con- struction Specifications.SECTION 1 STRUCTURE EXCAVATION AND BACKFILLLl 12 13 14 1s Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY GENERAL, WORKING DRAWINGS. MATERIALS. CONSTRUCTION, 1.4.1. Depth of Footings.. 1.42 Foundation Preparation and Control of Water 1.42.1 GENERAL : 1.42.2. EXCAVATIONS WITHIN CHANNELS 1.423 FOUNDATIONS ON ROCK 1.42.4 FOUNDATIONS NOT ON ROCK... 1.42.5 APPROVAL OF FOUNDATION. 1.43 Backfill MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 15.1 Measurement... 15.2 Payment...‘SPECIFICATIONS COMMENTARY SECTION 1—STRUCTURE EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL 11 GENERAL Structure excavation shall consist of the removal of all material, of whatever nature, necessary for the con- struction of foundations for bridges, retaining walls, and other major structures in accordance with the contract documents or as directed by the Engineer. If not otherwise provided for in the contract, structure excavation shall include the furnishing of all necessary equipment and the construction and subsequent removal of all cofferdams, shoring, and water control systems which may be necessary for the execution of the work. If not otherwise specified in the contract documents, it shall also include the placement of all necessary backfill, including any necessary stockpiling of excavated mate- rial that is to be used in backfill, and the disposing of excavated material that is not requited for backfill, in roadway embankments or as provided for excess and unsuitable material in AASHTO Guide Specifications for Highway Construction, Subsection 203.02. Tf the contract does not include a separate pay item or items for such work, structure excavation shall include all necessary clearing and grubbing and the removal of existing structures within the area to be excavated. Classification, if any, of excavation will be indicated in the contract documents and set forth in the proposal. ‘The removal and disposal of buried natural or man- ‘made objects are included in the class of excavation in which they are located, unless such removal and disposal are included in other items of work. However, in the case of a buried manmade object, if + its removal requires the use of methods or equip- ‘ment not used for other excavation on the project, + its presence was not indicated in the contract draw- ings, + its presence could not have been ascertained by site investigation, including contact with identified utilities within the area, and + the Contractor so requests in writing prior to its removal. cla Subsection 203.02 is located in the AASHTO Guide Specifications jor Highway Construction, GSH-1, 1993.AASHTO LRED Bridge Construction Specifications ‘SPECIFICATIONS ‘The removal and disposal of such object will be paid for as extra work, and its volume will not be included in the measured quantity of excavation, 1.2 WORKING DRAWINGS Whenever specified in the contract drawings, the Contractor shall provide working drawings, accompa- nied by calculations where appropriate, of excavation procedures, embankment construction, and backfilling operations, ‘This plan shall show the details of shorit bracing, slope treatment, or other protective system pro- posed for use and shall be accompanied by design calcu. lations and supporting data in sufficient detail to permit ‘an engineering review of the proposed design. ‘The working drawings for protection from caving shall be submitted sufficiently in advance of proposed use to allow for their review, revision, if needed, and approval without delay to the work. ‘Working drawings shall be approved by the Engineer prior to performance of the work involved, and such approval shall not relieve the Contractor of any responsi- bility under the contract for the successful completion of the work, 13. MATERIALS Material used for backfill shall be free of frozen lumps, wood, of other degradable or hazardous matter, and shall be of a grading such that the required compac- tion can be consistently obtained using the compaction ‘methods selected by the Contractor. Permeable material for underdrains shall conform to AASHTO Guide Specifications for Highway Construc- tion, Subsection 70401. 1.4 CONSTRUCTION 14.1 Depth of Footings ‘The elevation of the bottoms of footings, as shown in the contract documents, shall be considered as approxi- mate only and the Engineer may order, in writing, such ‘changes in dimensions or elevation of footings as may be necessary to secure a satisfactory foundation, 1.4.2 Foundation Preparation and Control of Water 1.42.1 GENERAL ‘Where possible, all substructures shall be constructed in open excavation and, where necessary, the excavation COMMENTARY. 13 Subsection 704.01 is located in the AASHTO Guide ‘Specifications for Highway Construction, GSH-7, 1993.SPECIFICATIONS Section 1—Structure Excavation and Backfill COMMENTARY shall be shored, braced, or protected by cofferdams con- structed in accordance with the requirements contained in Article 3.3, “Cofferdams and Shoring.” When footings can be placed in the dry without the use of cofferdams, backforms may be omitted with the approval ofthe Engi- reer, and the entire excavation filled with concrete to the required elevation of the top of the footing. The addi- tional concrete required shall be furnished and placed at the expense of the Contractor. Temporary water control systems shall conform to the requirements contained in Anticle 3.4, “Temporary Water Control Systems. 1.42.2 EXCAVATIONS WITHIN CHANNELS ‘When excavation encroaches upon a live streambed or channel, unless otherwise permitted, no excavation shall be made outside of caissons, cribs, cofferdams, steel piling, or sheeting, and the natural streambed adja- cent to the structure shall not be disturbed without per- mission from the Engineer. If any excavation or dredging is made at the site of the structure before caissons, cribs, or cofferdams are sunk or are in place, the Contractor shall, without extra charge, after the foundation base is in place, backfill all such excavation to the original ground surface or riverbed with material satisfactory to the Engi- ner. Material temporarily deposited within the flow area of streams from foundation or other excavation shall be removed and the stream flow area freed from obstruction thereby. 1.423 FOUNDATIONS ON ROCK ‘When a foundation is to rest on rock, the rock shall be freed from all loose material, cleaned, and cut to a firm surface, either level, stepped, or roughened, as may be directed by the Engineer. All seams shall be cleaned out and filled with concrete, mortar, or grout before the foot- ing is placed. ‘Where blasting is required to reach footing level, any loose, fractured rock caused by overbreak below bearing level shall be removed and replaced with concrete or grouted at the Contractor’s expense. 1.42.4 FOUNDATIONS NOT ON ROCK ‘When a foundation is to rest on an excavated surface ‘other than rock, special care shall be taken not to disturb the bottom of the excavation, and the final removal of the foundation material to grade shall not be made until just before the footing is to be placed. Where the material below the bottom of footings not supported by piles has been disturbed, it shall be removed and the entire space filled with concrete orAASHTO LRED Bridge Construction Specifications SPECIFICATIONS other approved material at the Contractor's expense. Under footings supported on piles, the over-excavation or disturbed volumes shall be replaced and compacted as directed by the Engineer. 1.425 APPROVAL OF FOUNDATION ‘After each excavation is completed, the Contractor shall notify the Engineer that the excavation is ready for inspection and evaluation, and no concrete or other foot- jing material shall be placed until the Engineer has approved the depth of the excavation and the character of the foundation material. 143° Backfill Backfill material shall conform to the provisions of Article 1.3, “Materials.” If sufficient material of suitable quality is not available from excavation within the project limits, the Contractor shall import such material as directed by the Engineer. Unless otherwise specified in the contract documents, all spaces excavated and not occupied by abutments, piers, or other permanent work shall be refilled with earth up to the surface of the surrounding ground, with a sufficient allowance for settlement. Except as otherwise provided, all backfill shall be thoroughly compacted to the density of the surrounding ground, and its top surface shall be neatly graded. Fill placed around piers shall be deposited on both sides to approximately the same eleva- tion at the same time. Rocks larger than 75 mm maxi- ‘mum dimension shall not be placed against the concrete surfaces. Embankment construction shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO Guide Specifications for High way Construction, Subsection 203.02. The fill at retain- ing walls, abutments, wingwalls, and all bridge bents in embankment shall be deposited in well-compacted, hori- zontal layers not to exceed 1.50 mm in thickness and shall be brought up uniformly on all sides of the structure or facility. Backfill within or beneath embankments, within the roadway in excavated areas, or in front of abutments, and retaining walls or wingwalls shall be compacted to the same density as required for embankments, No backfill shall be placed against any concrete strue- ture until permission has been given by the Engineer. ‘The placing of such backfill shall also conform to the requirements of Article 8.15.2, “Earth Loads.” The back- fill in front of abutments and wingwalls shall be placed first to prevent the possibility of forward movement, Jet- ting of the fill behind abutments and wingwalls will not bbe permitted. La COMMENTARY C143 Subsection 203.02 is located in AASHTO Guide Spec- ‘ications for Highway Construction, GSH-7, 1993.SPECIFICATIONS Section I—Structure Excavation and Backfill COMMENTARY Adequate provision shall be made for the thorough drainage of all backfill. French drains, consisting of at least 0.06 m* of permeable material wrapped in filter fab- ric to prevent clogging and transmission of fines from the backfill, shall be placed at each weep hole. Backfilling of metal and concrete culverts shall be done in accordance withthe requirements of Sections 26, "Metal Culverts,” and 27, “Concrete Culverts. 1,5 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 1.5.1 Measurement The quantity to be paid for as structure excavation shall be measured by the cubic meter. The quantities for payment will be determined from limits shown in the contract documents or ordered by the Engineer. No deduction in structure excavation pay quantities will be made where the Contractor does not excavate material that is outside the limits of the actual structure but within the limits of payment for structure excavation. Unless otherwise specified in the contract documents, pay limits for structure excavation shall be taken as: + the horizontal limits shall be vertical planes 450 ‘mm outside of the neat lines of footings or struc tures without footings, + the top limits shall be the original ground or the top Of the required grading cross-section, whichever is. lower, and + the lower limits shall be the bottom of the footing or base of structure, or the lower limit of excava- tion ordered by the Engineer. ‘When foundations are located within embankments ‘and the specifications require the embankment to be con- structed to a specified elevation that is above the bottom of the footing or base of structure prior to construction of the foundation, then such specified elevation will be con- sidered to be the original ground. ‘When it is necessary, in the opinion of the Engineer, to carry the foundations below the elevations shown in the contract documents, the excavation for the first’ 900 ‘mm of additional depth will be included in the quantity for which payment will be made under this item, Excava- tion below this additional depth will be paid for as extra work, unless the Contractor states in writing that pay- ‘ment at contract prices is acceptable.