Example 5.8: Raft using the Conventional Method Figure EX 5.8.1 shows a raft foundation for an office building. It is required to design the reinforced concrete raft foundations. The cross section of all columns is 400 x 400 mm. The allowable soil pressure is 125 kN/m’. The. material properties for concrete and reinforcing steel are 25 N/mm? and 360 N/mm’, respectively. Columns working loads (unfactored) are also shown in figure. Solution Step 1: Check soil pressure Where A = area of the raft =15.4x 12.4 = 190.96 m? 78 DB _ 124x154 E = 3774 m* 12 12 3 3 7p aE BP NS AXI2M yc g mA aaa, 12 ‘The total vertical unfactored loads = 440 + (1360 x 2) + 370 + (1150 x 2) + (2880 x 2) +500 + 1360 +1440 + 440 = 15330 KN. The center of gravity of the applied loads can be obtained by taking moment of the loads about point D. xX “a [0.2 (440 +1360 2 +370)+ 6.2 (1150% 2-+2280x 2) +12.2x (500 +1360 +1440 + 440)] X =6.282 m e, =X 3 6292-24 _ 9.082 m 2 2 Similarly, in the y-direction, one can get: a, =F - nih 40315.00 m Fig. EX. 5.8 Layout of the raft 404“EG Fay4q [0.2 (370+1150+ 440) + 5.2 (1360+ 2880 +1440) +10.2x (1360x 2 + 2880) + 15.2(440 +1150+500)] Y¥ =7.751m e, =7.751-24 = 0.051 m 2 The resultant applied moments are given by: M, = Po &, =15330X0.051= 781.83 kN am = Pog &, =15330x 0.082 = 1257.06 kN .m The soil bearing pressure can be obtained by applying the following equation: PM, ite 15330 | 781.83 1257.06 Gast yt x = pt Af, qy 190.96 3774 2446 The results are summarized in the following table Point x (mm) y(m) [ q(kKN/m’) A “6.2 77 78.69 B 0 77 81.87 | ic 62 77 85.06 D [ ~6.2 “77 75.50 E 0 TT - 78.68 F 6.2 “17 81.87 M ~6.2 2.5 7761 ° 0 25 80.80 N 6.2 25 83.98 The maximum soil pressure (85.06 kN/m” ) is less than the allowable soil pressure (safe). 405Step 2: Calculation of the shear forces and bending moments Step 2.1: Strip ADHG (width= 3.2 m) The average soil pressure for the strip can be obtained by taking the average values of the pressures at points A and D. aa 78.69 + 75.50 ae igen The total soil reaction Rapug = diye By L = 77.093.2x15.4 = 3799 kN = 77.09 KN /m On the other hand the total vertical on this strip equals: Pyoug = 440 +1360 + 1360 +370 = 3530 KN Now, we shall use the average value o of the total reaction and Panu Raoua + Prong _ 3799 +3530 2 2 Average load =P,,, = = 3664.5 kN Py 4. The modified soil pressure (per the strip) =—“£ = pect L 15.4 The column loads are modified in the same manner by multiplying the load of each column by the ratio (Payg/Papua)- = 237.95 kN /m’ — Por _ 3664.5 _) 391 Prong 3530 Item Pactuat (KN) Pod KN) 1 440 456.77 2 1360 1411.82 3 1360 1411.82 4 370 384.1 The shear force and the bending moment diagrams are shown in the figure given below. Three points of zero'shears exist. They are calculated as follows: _ 456.77 + 1411.82 S =7.85 m 237.95 _ 456.77 + 1411.82 + 1411.82 237.95 x5 =13.79 m 406The maximum negative moment equals: 2 = 237.95 ca —456.77(1.92 —0.20) = -347.1 KN .m 456.77 1141.82 1141.82 384.1 237.95 kN/m’ }—___— /—___-++-—____-| 0.20 oa 5.0 5.0 5.0 e 780.6 Shear (kN) x3=13.79 7 933.2 Top steel Bottom steel Top steel Shear and moment for strip ADHG 407Step 2.2: Strip GHII (width =6.0 m) The average soil pressure for the strip can be obtained by taking the average value of pressures at points B and E. 81.874 78-68 _ 95 99 Ey Jn? wg The total soil reaction RGHA=ay, By L = 80.286.0X15.4 = 7417.74 kN On the other hand the total vertical on this strip equals: Poy = 1150 + 2880 + 2880 +1150 = 8060 KN Now, we shall use the average value of the total reaction and Papa - Roan + Poun _ 7417.74 +8060 Average load =P, = “au au EADIE SEDO’ = 7738.87 kN zB The modified soil pressure (per the strip) aoe = ee = 502.52 kN Im’ The column loads are modified in the same manner by multiplying each column load by the ratio (Paye/Pann) & a Ttem Pactuat (KN) Prmod(KN) 1 1150 1104.18 2 2880 2765.25 3 2880 2765.25 4 1150 1104.18 The shear force and bending moment diagrams are shown in figure. Three points of zero shears exist. They are calculated as follows: a 1104.18 _ 220m , x, = 1104.18 + 2765.25 =7.10 m: 502.52 502.52 ail 1104.18 + 2765.25 + 2765.25 3 =13.20 m 502.52 : 4081104.2 2765.3 2765.3 1104.2 502.52 KN/m' il a 5.0 5.0 5.0 [oa 1509 Shear (kN) 1509 992.3 992.3 Moment (kN.m) 1273.2 1273.2 Bottom steel Top steel Shear and moment for strip GHJI 409Step 2.3: Strip ACKL (width = 2.70 m) The average soil pressure for the strip can be obtained by taking the average value of the pressures at points A and C. _ 878.69 + 85.06 dang BoE Peer eee The total soil reaction R acxz =p, L, B =81.87X2.70x12.4 = 2741 kN = 81.87 KN /m? On the other hand, the total vertical on this strip equals: Pon = 440 +1150 + 500 = 2090 kN Now, we shall use the average value of the total reaction and Papua - Racxr t+ Pace, — 2741+ 2090 Average load=P,,, =—Acki "ace. _ SURES AUN _ 9415.5 kN 2 2 P, ‘The modified soil pressure (per the strip) =—St = aes =194.8 kN /m’ The column loads are modified in the same manner by multiplying each column load by the-ratio (Pav/Ponn) = fer _ 2415.15 _1 156 Pree, 2090 Item Paewat (KN) Prmod(KN) 1 440 508.54 2 1150 1329.14 3 500 3577.89 The shear force and bending moment diagrams are shown in figure. Two points of zero shears exist. They are calculated as follows: oe 508.54 _ 261m, x45 508.54 + 1329.14 ouaiy 194.8 194.8 410508.5 1329.1 577.9 194.8 kKN/m’ 0.20 | }-+}—,-—-_-+— 1 |-020 692.9 Top steel Bottom steel Top steel Shear and moment for strip ACKL 411Step 2.4: Strip KLPR (width =5.0 m) The average soil pressure for the strip can be obtained by taking the average value of the pressures at points M and N. = 77.814 83.98 _ 90 89 kN J? ave The total soil reaction R xuee= Yaug Ly B = 81.87%5.0X12.4 = 5009.4 kN On the other hand, the total vertical on this strip equals: Peay = 1360+ 2880 + 1360 = 5600 KN Now, we shall use the average value of the total reaction and Papua - Average load = P,, = Bo ifaw, = omen = 5304.7 kN Pug _ 5304.7 = 427.80 kN /m’ 0. The modified soil pressure (per the strip) =—2= e modified soil pressure (per the strip) =F = == The column loads are modified in the same manner by multiplying each column load by the ratio (Pavg/Par) Foe 5304-1 _ 9.947 P, ‘ACKL 5600 Ttem Pactuat (KN) Proa(kN) 1 1360 1288.28 2 2880 2728.13 3 1360 1288.28 The shear and moment are shown in figure. Two points of zero shears exist. They are calculated as follows: _ 1288.28 e _ 1288.28 + 2728.13 1" 427.8 427.8 =9.39 m =3.0lm ,x, 4121288.3 2728.1 1288.3 427.8 kKN/n’ 020—| +--+, + 020 1364.1 Shear (kN) Moment (kN.m) Shear and moment for strip KLMN 413Step 3: Design for flexure Step 3.1: Reinforcement for strip ADHG The maximum positive moment is equal to 933.2 KN.m. This positive bending moment needs bottom reinforcement. To obtain the reinforcement per meter divide the above value by the width of strip (B=3.2 m) > = 22 291.63 KN .m/m' To design this critical section, calculate the ultimate moment by multiplying M’ by the load factor 1.5. M, =1.5 M'=1.5x 291.63 = 437.45 kN .m Assuming that the distance from the c.g. of the reinforcing steel to the concrete surface is 70 mm and the total thickness is 750 mm. The effective depth equals: d =t~70mm =750—70=680 mm Raa _____43745x10"__ 9 37g Sa, xb xd? 250x1000x 680? From the chart with R=0.0378, the reinforcement index w=0.046 A, = oxtxb xd = 0.046x >» 1000x 680 =.2172 mm” z 360 O26, d = 2 1000x680 =1133 mm? Ag nin = Smaller of } fy 360 1.34, =1.3x2172 = 2823 mm” Use 720/m’ (2199 mm’) (Bottom) Similarly, the maximum negative moment is equal to 778.7 KN.m. M' ee 243.34 KN .m/m' 3.20 To design this critical section, calculate the ultimate moment by multiplying M’ by the load factor 1.5. M, =1.5 M'=1.5%243.34 = 365.02 KN.m 414eM 7 365.02108 oa fu Xb xd? 250x1000x 680? From the chart with R=0.0315, the reinforcement index @=0.038 A =oxlxb xd = 0.038 25 x 1000 680 =1794 mm? y 26, d $9 100% 680=1133 mm* Agyiy = smaller of 4f, 36 134, =1.3%1794 = 2332 mm? Use 718/m' (1781 mm’) with additional (3.5 © 16/m’) (Top) Thus in this direction use a bottom mesh 7©20/m’ and a top mesh 718 /m’ Photo 5.9 Reinforced Concrete building 415Step 3.2: Reinforcement for strips GHJI, ACKL and KLPR To avoid lengthy calculations, the following table illustrates the required steps to obtain the reinforcement. Strip Strip GHIT Strip ACKL Strip KLPR Reinforcement | Bottom | Top | Bottom Top Bottom. Top M(kN.m) 1273.2 | 992.3 692.9 562.1 492.6 1682.1 B(m) 6.0 6.0 2.7 2.7 5.0 5.0 M'(kN.m/m) | 212.2 165.4 256.6 208.2 98.5 336.4 [ My (kNam/m) | 318.3 248.1 3845 312.3 147.8 504.6 b (mm) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 d (mm) 680. 680 680 680 680 680 R 0.0275, | 0.0215 | 0.0333 | 0.0270 | 0.0128 | 0.0437 o 0.0330 | 0.0250 | 0.0400 | 0.0320 | 0.0150 | 0.0530 As(mm‘/m) | 1558 1181 1889 1511 708 2503 Asmin (mum"/m) | 2026 1535 2078 1964 1020 2078 As,req.(mm‘/m) | 2026 1535 2078 1964 1020 2503 Rét ** 720/m! | 7H18/n! | 7H20/m! | 718/m! | 720/m! | 718/m‘ Additional - . r 3.5016/m! = 3.5018/m' ** A bottom mesh of 7 © 20/m’ (2199 mm”) and a top mesh of 7 ® 18 /m’ (1718 mm’) are provided (Refer to Fig. EX. 5.8.2). Additional reinforcement may be placed at the location of the larger capacity. 416Step 4: Design for punching shear The maximum vertical load occurs at the column that carries 2880 KN. Thus, the ultimate load is obtained by multiplying this load by the load factor of 1.5. P, =1.5P.y, = 15x 2880 = 4320 kN The critical perimeter is at d/2 from the face of the column. For the interior column, the critical perimeter equals: d =680 mm a=c,+d =400+680=1080 mm b =c, +d =400+680 =1080 mm U =2 (a+b) =2 (1080+1080) = 4320 mm a=1080 The pressure at point O (refer to the table) is equal to 80.8 KN/m? Thus the ultimate soil pressure g,, =1.5x80.8=121.19 kN /m? The punching load equals: Quy =P, ~4qy (Xb) = 4320-121.19 (1.08%1.08) = 4178.6 KN Quy _ 4178.6x1000 = = =142 N/mm? fe xd 4320x680 ae AITThe concrete strength for punching the least of the three values: Le dey) = 0.316, FE% = 0.316 29 21.29 N/mm? <1.6. ene ok i. % 15 2 day = 0.316 (0.5042) fe 316 (0. x 25 = 1.94N /mm? 3. day =0.8 020424) Ho 0.8 (20+ ae ) 22 =2.71.N /mm? Vy. . : Geup= 1.29 N/mm? Since the applied punching shear is larger than concrete punching shear strength, the raft is considered unsafe against punching failure. The designer may use one of two solutions: 1- Increase raft thickness to 800 mm to decrease the punching stress to 1.26 N/mm’. The reinforcement may be redesigned for more economic solution. 2- Increase the concrete compressive strength to 31 N/mm” to increase qeyp to 1.42 N/mm’. 418P J] Bottom rft we) 18/m. ait ~~ 18/m. ——— 1 3SBl Su ae column | 3.5g18im 79 18/m | [ese 1 18/m | al ZA\ \ p23 79620! 120/m sec.1-1 3.518/m 3.518/n 7 18/n : —_—— L1¢20'm cee eee eee 120! 419Example 5.9: Raft design using computer analysis Figure EX. 5.9 shows the axes and columns of a twelve-story building. The bearing capacity of the soil equals 200 kN/m’ at E.L. The material properties are fey =35 N/mm? and f, = 360 N/mm”. Based on the recommendations of the geotechnical report, it is decided to use a rigid raft as a foundation system. The building is provided with relatively rigid shear walls in the two orthogonal directions to resist the lateral loads. Consequently, analysis of the building under lateral loads could be carried out in each direction independent of the other. The following data are available from the analysis of the building in the X-direction: 1- The total unfactored moment (M, ) due to earthquake =16000.0 kN.m (reversible). The resultant of the unfactored gravity load at the foundation level = 68000.0 KN and is located as shown in Fig. BX 5.9a. 2- Structural analysis of the building under the case of the earthquake acting in the X- direction and under the critical load combination has resulted in the following straining actions at the foundation level: Column | Ultimate M,(KN.m) | Ultimater load (KN) (A-1) 0 950 (wi) 3000 4200 (A4) 0 1350 (B-1) 0 1850 (B2) 0 4050 @-3) 0 4950 (4) 0 2750 cy 0 2150 (W3) 0 6500 wa) 0 3900 (C-4) 0 3200 @-1) 0 2150 (D-4) 0 3200 1) 0 2150 (2) 0 4750 3) 0 5800 (4) 0 3200 &1) 0 1300 w2) 12000 7000 e4) 0 1900 Analysis for the building for the case of the earthquake acting in the in ‘Y-direction provides straining actions that are not given since the example will be worked out only for the case of the earthquake acting in the in X-direction. 4205.375 ® 14.75m 5.00 = eH g + 450 x 450 (typ. © ¥ E al on 5 8 g is = oO ©-|+—" 8 * | @+(—+t 3.875 Fig. EX. 5.9a Axes and Columns 421Solution Step 1: Dimensions of the raft Wherever possible, it is recommended to extend the raft beyond the edge columns by a distance that ranges from 0.5 m to 1.0 m. In this building, itis decided to extend the raft by 0.75 m from all the edge columns, except those located near the property line as shown in Fig. Ex S5.9b. As a role of thumb, it is a common practice to assume the thickness of the raft for multistory buildings to be equal to the number of stories multiplied by (80 mm to 100 mm). Accordingly, the thickness of the raft is assumed 1100 mm. Step 2: Check stresses on soil In order to check the stresses on the soil, one has to calculate the area of the raft (A), the moment of inertia about the X-axis and the moment of inertia about the Y-axis. A=15.75 x 25.5 = 401.6 m* ° . E1oE 1, =25:75X255° _ 91763 m' eT Hee SxIS a = 8302.3m* 12 a 12 The resultant of the gravity loads does not coincide with the center of gravity of the raft. It can be easily proved that the eccentricities ¢,and ey, as shown in Fig. EX 5.9b, are given by: e =0.3m ey =0.5m Since the moment due to the earthquake is reversible, one should consider the direction in which the moment due to the earthquake and that due to the eccentricity of the resultant of the gravity loads have the same sign. (My )iota = Moment due to earthquake + Moment due to eccentricity of the resultant of the gravity loads My Jtotat = My+ (€x x N) (My)otat = 16000 + 0.3 x 68000 =36400 kN.m (My )iotat= Moment due to earthquake + Moment due to eccentricity of the resultant of the gravity loads (Mx Jeotat= Mx + (ey x N) (Mio = 0+ 0.5 x 68000 = 34000 KN.m 42225.50m i 5.50 25.50m Fig. EX 5.9b Plan dimensions of the raft 423The coordinates of points A and B are (7.875,12.75) and (-7.875,-12.75), respectively. 68000 34000 36400 : 7 =a 12.75 + 0 7 975 = 293.76 KN Im < (1.3200 fa 016 7 21763 > * B30 le ? 68000 34000 36400 = 00, 12.75 1.815) = 114.87 KN /m? < (1.3200; fa fo16 * ars * g302 78) Aes » According to the Egyptian Code for Foundations, the allowable bearing capacity of the soil can be increased to 1.3 of its recommended value whenever the earthquake load is considered. Hence, the stresses on soil are safe. hy ea Pe =16000 Myo) M,=0 R e x 03 B ‘f= 114.87 fa=223.76 kN/mn™ 424Step 3: Computer analysis of the raft Step 3.1: Modeling the raft and the soil The raft was modeled using shell elements and the soil was modeled using spring elements. Many commercial computer programs are well documented and can be used. In this example, the well-known structural analysis program SAP-2000 was used in the analysis. Figure 5.9d shows the finite element mesh used in the analysis. The majority of the elements had dimensions 0.5m x 0.5m. At some locations, however, smaller element dimensions were used. An approximate estimate of the coefficient of subgrade reaction is obtained as follows: k, =120xsoil bearing capacity = 120 x 200 = 24000 Nim? The soil at each joint is modeled as a spring having a stiffness K. The stiffness of each spring‘is obtained by multiplying the coefficient of subgrade reaction by the area served of each node as follows: Stiffness of a spring at a comer node K =k, Ava = 24000x 0.0625=1500KN /m Stiffness of a spring at an exterior node K =k Area _ 44900x0.125 = 3000KN /m ae Stiffness of a spring at an interior node K =k, xArea = 24000x0.25 = 6000KN /m Step 3.2: Modeling the acting forces and moments A: Columns Interior columns were represented by three nodes to take into account their relatively large dimensions. Forces and moments acting on each column were assumed to be acting on the three nodes. Exterior and corner columns were represented by two nodes. B: Shear walls Jn order to model the forces and moments acting on the shear walls, it was assumed -that the gravity load could be divided among all the points representing ‘he wall, whereas the moment could be represented by compression forces and tension forces acting at the nodes. 425Distribution of loads on (W:) The wall is subjected to a normal force (-4200 kN) and a bending moment (8000 kN.m). The force at each node is evaluated by the superposition principle as follows: A-Normal force This wall is modeled using 22 nodes. Hence, the share of each node is equal to: A = N20 = p90. ew L No.of Nodes 22 B-Bending moment 3 3 ab xt? _0.25%5" _ 9 cog nd 12 12 8000 7 8000 » 5 = 7680 KN /m* T* 2.604 et P=PL.= 3x 7680X0.25x 2.5 = + 2400 kN Where P;.and P, are the tension and compression forces, respectvely, resulting from the bending moment. Since we have two rows of nodes (2 X11), the share of each row is given as (refer to the figure): i P, __-2400 = = =~1200 kN No.of rows 2 To distribute the forces along the nodes, a conservative approach shall be followed. It shall be assumed that the loads at the nodes are proportion to their distance from point of zero stress. Where P; is the force at node i and x; is the distance from node i to the center of gravity of the wall. Dix, =254+2.041541.040.5 = 7.5ms 23,1200 =—400 EN L 15 42620,1900 = -320 kN L P, =45.-1200 =-240 EN’ L P= nS. 15 05-1900 =-80 kN 4 75 P, = 22 x-1200= -160 kN L Ps C-Total force The total force at each node is given in Table EX 1. 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 1109 87654321 a NM # UL x g ‘Wall W1 a 5.0m Pt Stresses diagram and the resultant forces Pe P6 PS P4 P3 P2 Pi Wyttdd Transformation of moment into nodal forces Transformation of moment into nodal forces for wall W1 427Distribution of loads on (W2) The wall is subjected to a normal force (-7000 KN) and a bending moment (12000 kN.m). The force at each node is evaluated by the superposition principle as follows : A-Normal force This wall is modeled using 26 nodes. Hence, the share of each node equals: N _-7000 N, =———>——_— = = 269.2 kN + No.of Nodes 26 B-Bending moment aD ke 8 0.30x6* _ 5.4 m* Berea a Mg, = 12000 5 0 = 6666.7 KN Im? Ts: P=P, = 5 *6666.7x0.3x3.0 = 3000 kN Since we have two rows of nodes (2 x13), the share of each row is given by (refer to the figure): Pia —fe = 73000 _ 1500 kN No.of raws 2 To distribute the forces along the nodes, it shall be assumed that the loads at the nodes are proportion to their distance from point of zero stress. Baste, i Dx, =3.042.5+2.041541.0+0.5=10.5ms PB = 39.1500 =-428.6 kN 4 p, = 25.x-1500 =-357.1 kN 4 10.5 10.5 2.0 15 P, = —=—x-1500 = 285.7 kN | Py =—x-1500 = -214.3kN 1 >"10.5 "10.5 428= 29-1500 =-142.9 ew LP, = 259-1500 =-71.4 EW J 05 10.5 C-Total force The total force at each node is given in Table EX 1. 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 ee 3121109 87654321 oie M LILLIA x 6.0m Pt 030m ‘Wall W2 Stresses diagram and the resultant forces ” a ~ a a 8 A 3 vy 8 be <— o<— <— Transformation of died e000 moment into nodal t { t t t t 5 forces im P13 P12 PLIP10 P9 P& ie 2n 2.5m 3m Transformation of moment into nodal forces for wall W2 429Table EX1 Total force for the shear walls at each node Wi w2 Force Force Resulting | Force Force Resulting resulting | resulting | force at | resulting | resulting | force at @ | form form each form form each node 3 | Normal | bending | node Normal | bending = | force moment force moment 1 -190.9 -400.0 -590.9 -269.2 428.6 697.8 2 -190.9 -320.0 -510.9 -269.2 357.1 ~626.4 3 -190.9 -240.0 430.9 -269.2 -285.7 -554.9 4 190.9 -160.0 -350.9 -269.2 -214.3 483.5 5 -190.9 -80.0 -210.9 -269.2 -142.9 412.1 6 -190.9 0.0 -190.9 -269.2 -T14 -340.7 i -190.9 80.0 -10.9 -269.2 0.0 -269.2 8 -190.9 160.0 -30.9 -269.2 714 -197.8 9. -190.9 240.0 49.1 -269.2 142.9 -126.4 10 -190.9 320.0 129.1 -269.2 214.3 -54.9 ef -190.9 400.0 209.1 -269.2 285.7 16.5 12 -190.9 ~400.0 -590.9 -269.2 357.1 87.9 13 -190.9 -320.0 -510.9 -269.2 428.6 159.3 14 -190.9 -240.0 -430.9 -269.2 428.6 -697.8 15 -190.9 -160.0 -350.9 269.2 -357.1 ~626.4 16 -190.9 -80.0 -270.9 -269.2 285.7 -554.9 i7 -190.9 0.0 -190.9 -269.2 -214.3 483.5 18 -190.9 80.0 -110.9 -269.2 -142.9 412.1 19 -190.9 160.0 -30.9 -269.2_ | -71.4 -340.7 20 -190.9 240.0 49.1 269.2 0.0 -269.2 21 -190.9 320.0 129.1 -269.2 TA -197.8 22 -190.9 400.0 209.1 -269.2 142.9 -126.4 23 -269.2 214.3 -54.9 24 -269.2 285.7 16.5 25 -269.2 | 357.1 87.9 26 -269.2 428.6 159.3 Total | -4200.0 -4200.0__| -7000.0 -7000.0 430In the computer model, the forces and moments acting on the columns were assigned to the joints. For shear walls, however, the resulting forces given in Table EX 1 that represents the applied moments and normal force were assigned to the nodes of the shear walls. The output of the program is shown in Fig. EX 9.5d Step 4: Design of the raft Step 4.1: Check of punching d =1100—70 = 1030 mm Qn Uxd Qup = P= 5800 KN op = a=c, +d =450 +1030 = 1480 mm b =c, +d =800 +1030 =1830 mm U =2 @+b)=2 (1480 + 1830) = 6620mm 3 q = -3800x10" = 0.85N /mm? ” 6620x1030 Critical punching 2=800 padetine a=1480 431The concrete punching strength is the least of the three values: 1-day =0.316 f= 0.316 [3 sony /mm?<1.6.N /mim Yo 15 2. day = 0.316 (0.5042) f= =0316 0501048 i. =1.62N /mm? ad 4x1,03 ) [35 7 3. day =0.8 (0.20424 [few = 80. 2 317 N/ Go = 0.8 ( Uy. oa 20+ E62 ) 15 ah .ok eup = 1.52 Nimm? —>—> qeup>qup ... Step 4.2: Flexural Design Step 4.2.1: Critical sections The computer output of the raft foundation consists of bending moments acting in the two directions My (x-direction in this case) and Mo (y-direction in this case). The graphical representation is in the form of contour lines, in which each contour line represents a certain bending moment value as shown in Fig. EX. 9.5d . It should be mentioned that closely spaced contour lines indicate concentration of stresses. This usually occurs at the locations of the columns. When designing the bottom reinforcement of the raft one should use the value of the bending moment at the face of the column. 432SeSmec apsh se] Tas] EAS eS Tiss 5) ze Isis rela | Fig. EX 9.5d Computer output 433Step 4.2.2: Design of sections The design for flexure for a critical section of 1.0 m width is carried out as follows : Using the design aids (C1-J) curve bd = 222 «1000x1030 =1716 mm? (5@22/m’) Itvis decided to use a mesh 5 ® 22 /m’ top and bottom, and use addtioal reinforcement where needed. It should be mentioned that the above procedure should be repeated for the case in which the earthquake load acting in the X-direction but.in the reversed direction. In such a case, the moments acting on the shear walls will be reversed and the procedure described for transforming the moments and the normal forces acting on the shear walls into nodal forces will be followed. Moreover, the raft should be analyzed for the case in which the earthquake load is actin in the Y-direction (straining actions are not given for that case). The final reinfocement of the raft should cover all the cases. 434Additional top rt. Additional bottom rft. SOOO Fig. 5.9c Reinforcement of the raft 435Cyuoo)yyea ay} Jo PuoMeD10;OPPY PE'S “SLT C=v9S nt * 4 a 00% os’ * 00's 00% aa 00'e seb WO0'e 1 \ \ wae a | wees weees wee BSL Wee: WeERET i Wize" Wess . wees WeeesT wreee wee: Wee ree’ wre: wort 436