STANDARD TESTING METHODS TRAINBG COURSE Ce Oa a {Page Nos 1019 ! Manual No. | COMPRESS! A.1 Reference Specifications To be mentioned separately under each section of this manual. The complex requirements of AC! 211 are not part of thismanuad because: © The code is under consideration to being abolkted due to its inflexible fequiremenis. which often prevent the design @ equally safe, but more economical mixes. * The ACI 211 requirements are based on USAmerican conditions and materials, and are therefore irreconcilabie with locaiconditians and materials. A.2 Purpose To collect pa and streng A3 Strength Test R C94, AC! 218, BS 5328) A valid 28 days strength test result is the ave least two specimens mads ne same sample. This applies to be cube specimens. if only one specimen is tested, the resuttis invalid age of the strength test resuits f cylinder A.4 Standard Deviation (ACI 214, ACI 318) erage difference of individual ‘esults. SD is always reiatec to The standard deviation (SD) i Strength test results from the mean strength of th: a defined number of con: The standard deviation serves two major purposes: * to determine the margin for the calculation of the required average strength and the actual chara strengin in statistical anaiysis * to evaluate the quality of contro! in concrsie production erist Saudi Readymix Concrete Co. Ltd. Page 18=i RAINING COURSE o STANDARD TESTING METHOD: Manual No. MO7-A Issue Date Oct 2005” Page Na | The standard deviation is, in the essence, a statistica’ value: In statistics, the confidence in the validity of a calculated result is growing with the number of individual results used in the calculation. Therefore, at least 30 individual consecutive strength test results are required to caloviate & standard deviation which can provide useful information about the actual scattering of individual results from their mean strength If less than 30 individual strength test results are availabie, the following modification factors are applied to the standard deviation: ACI 318, Table 5.3.1.2, Umbers of fest resulis i bat The standard deviation is calculated as follows (ACI 318, Section .3.1): Ea. —my @-) wherein S$ = standard deviation z sum of x = individual strength test results m = mean strength of the individual strength test results used in the calculation number of individual strength test results used in the calculation Example for 4 numbers of individual test results (x;, x2. x3, Xs) ¢ ‘ fa : Saudi Readymix Concrete Co. Lid. PageSTANDARD TESTING METHODS TRAINING COURSE A [issue Date Oct 2005 | Page Now Soto Manual No. A.5 Required Average Compressive Strength It is practically not pessible to produce concrete which precisely meets a target strength. Based on variations in the prop: iais, changes in weather conditions and 7 ciuat strength of concrete in production most concrete standards specify a “reat which is higher than the customer's sp2t A5.1 ASTM C94 This is the st determine the + margins to be deviation (SD) anc the tly used in readymix concrete operations to ompressive strength fq. ASTM C 84 specifies d strength f., depending on the standard st results avaliable to caicuiate SD. ASTM C 94 TAB: [ Nambar of | Test L Results D = 15 |) Saudi Readymix Concrete Co. Lid. Page 20STANDARD TESTING METHODS TRAINWG COURSE eee Page. Nos 4019 SSE Manual No. | M07-4 | Issue Date | Oct. 2005 A5.2 ACI318 This standard provides si be added to the sp: strength fer jely margins based on the stantard.ceviation, which are to strength fe in order to calcuate: ttre required average ACI 318 TABLE 5.3.2.1 {Specified Strength fT Required Average Comps | psi MPa | Rei 134xSD, or | s5000 | 335 | f,+233xSD~-500 | | nichever istarger | 1.34% SD, or i | > 5000 >35 | 09xf.+233xSD | | ! I whichever is larger A5.3 BS 5328 The parameters for t this standard are di 100. lation of the required average compressive strenath in or the first 100 individual resus, and for those exceeding For the first 100 results, the margin is calculated as foliows: Equation a) m=ks[0.86 + (2 +9)"] wherein m = margin to be added to the specified strength f'c k = Statistical constant of not less than 1.64 a = actual standard deviation, but not less than 3 MPa = number of individual test results (min 10, max 100 results) If the number of individua! strength test results exceeds 100, the margin to be added to the specified strength f'c is a calculated as: Equationb) m=ks wherein m, k, and s have precisely the same meaning as explained above. Saudi Readymix Concrete Co. Ltd.STANDARD TESTING METHODS TRAINING COURSE A.6 Statistical Analy: The statistical analysis of compr purposes: essive strength test results; serves four major + to monitor the strength variance within & set of specimens; * to predict the 28 cays strength trom 7 days test results * to determine the required average compressive strength fa ‘* to determine the actual characteristic strength f'ca Two forms are used for the statistical analysis (see examples Page 24), one for cylinders and one for cubes. Each form comprises 16 columns (Cal) as follows: Col. A Sequence Number of 4 digits (0001 — $999) Col B Test Reference Number ide ntical to that of the Test Reoort Col. Production date of Col. D.E.F Actual compressive strength test results of each single specimen within a set taken from the same com; pie (1 for 7 Col. G Average compressive st individual test result (see Sec th of the two 28 days specimens. This figure forms one ion A.3) ce between the compressive strengths of the two 28 days specimens, calculated as pere (E-F)=G S x 100. This figure is im rete failures, 2s explained in detail in Section 4.7.1 Col JK Running mean of the days (from Col. G). T 48 consecutive rasults for 7 days (from Col. D), and 28 ow number of n chosen to detect a ialling trend early for the purpose of forecasting 28 days strengtn from 7 days re because a single low strength occurrence in a larger number of results will not change the running mean noticeably. v 2 Gl p 8 Saudi Readymix ConcColt Running mean of the 7 days results calculated as [%] of the: 2H days results. — (J = K x 100) Under efficient production control, this furs will settle within a narrow rani 9 to safely forecast 28 days strengths from? days results. the information value of the Stan as exaainedt in max 100 for cubes are see Section A.5.3. Gol. Standard Deviation over the range mentioned above (49 fo; cylinders, max 100 for cubes). Col. P Margin to be ad per ASTM C 94 for ively. ing the margin (from Freduct Code. 1. P) from we can days li the requirements of A: M C 94 or BS 5528, Example for cylin Running mean 2! Margin (Cal, P Actual Chara 8MPa; SD (Col. N) We can saiely se’ added (5.8MPa) wo mix has actually acti Saudi Reacym| 5 | 2) a Oo rs @ sonata < 0 14 5 = B ae < aan pote ete Reale e Es 09 fix woweg wou) ~__ 1910 9¢ ap29 8nd a AAs So wis z 6 = & decease uO [sar ] soozan | 5 aS y [oof sea | = fe ve » -ael | Eg Be 6 e Fae 3 o : < a 8 a ace zi 3 2 BS aus on | ow Fe 3 a5 |stemee) sz |stengz| otep | shen oz step eon shep az) skep 2 | nag Oe: cB wa 409 weue9| (ogo iadhy mow] oe sean méuans pawoadg ————_z9 92a 9P09 ronpond Manual N ‘Saudi Readymix Con: ‘SNAWIDadS HSGNITAO UOs SISAIWNY HLONHLS ANISSauAODSTANDARD TESTING METHODS TRAINING CQURSE Issue Date | Oct. 2005 | “Page Na. | A.7 Determination of Strength Failures A.7.1 Strength Variance between Specimens from the Same-Sampie lowest and the highest single strength result average strength of the two (or three) specimens. ASTM C 39 The variance shall not exceed 8% for two cylinders, and 9.5% lfar thres cylinders. BS 5328 The variance shall not exceed 15% for two cubes. If variances exceed these ranges, all single and average results are invalid. A.7.2 Strength Acceptance Criteria 2 of two specimens) falls below as a sifength failure if the Hf an individual 28 days strength test result (av the specified strength, this must not be consid following criteria are met: ASTM C 94 «the average of any 3 consecutive test results must be equal to, or greater than the specified strengih * no individual test result shall be more than 500psi / 3.5MPa lower than the specified strength ACIS18 «the average of any 3 consecutive test results must be equal to, or greater than the specified strength when the specified stren 000psi / 35MPa * no individual test result shall be more than 500psi / 3.5MPa lower than the specified strength when the specified strength is > 5000psi / 25MPa * no individual test result shall be ‘ower than 90% of the specified strengt v 2 G @ ho & Saudi Readymix Concrete Co. Lid.STANDARD TESTING METHODS TRAINING COURSE Se Saree Manual Ni Issue Date | Oct. 2005 BS 5328 when the specified strength is 7.5 - 15MPa * the average of any 2 consecutive test results shall be 2MPa higher than the specified strength * no individual test result shall be more than 2MPa lower than the specified strength trength is = 20MPa { any 4 consecutive test results shall be SMPa higher than the specified strength * no individual test result shall be more than 3IMPa lower than the specified strength Strength of Concrete Cor For conereie core s ns diawn from in-situ concrete, ACI 318 requires t core test results shall be at least 85% of the specifi result ll be lower than 75% of the specified strength iact, that cor strength than lions in the laboratory. manufactured and ¢: A.B Quality of Controt in Concrete Production The Standard Deviation of co strength test results is an ideal tool to evaluate the quality of control in concrete production. Obviously. the tower the siandard deviation, the better is the control. On that understanding, ACI 214 provides an evaluation scale as foliows: AC! 214 Table 0.2 - Standards of Concrete Control ‘Saudi Readymix Conoreie Co. Li