DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Communication Theory (21ET44)
Module 4 & 5: Sampling and Quantization

1. List the advantages of Digital communication systems over Analog systems

2. Why to digitize the analog sources?
3. State the differences between Analog and Digital Systems.
4. What is sampling theorem? Explain the same with spectrum and equations?
5. Define the following with equations
i. Nyquist Rate
ii. Nyquist Interval
iii. Aliasing Effect
6. What is Under sampling and Over sampling? Mention the conditions under which it occurs?
7. An Analog Signal 𝑥(𝑡) = 10 cos(100𝜋𝑡) +5sin(200𝜋𝑡) + cos⁡(300𝜋𝑡), is to be
sampled. Calculate Nyquist rate and Nyquist Interval.
8. What is aliasing effect? Explain the measures to avoid the aliasing?
9. A TV signal has a bandwidth 4.5MHz. The signal is sampled, quantised and binary coded
to obtain PCM signal
a. Determine the sampling rate if the signal is to be sampled at the rate of 25% above the
Nyquist rate
b. If the samples are quantised into 1024 levels, determine the number of bits required to
encode each codeword
10. Explain the generation and recovery of PAM (Flat-Top Signal) with necessary equations
and spectrum diagram
11. Illustrate the concept of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) system, with its functional
components.
12. Discuss the generation of Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) with a neat block diagram and
waveforms.
13. Discuss the Detection of PPM waves
14. Describe the process of quantization and differentiate between midtread and midrise
quantization.
15. Derive the expression for the signal to quantization noise ratio
16. Elaborate the Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) system with transmitter, transmission path
and receiver components
17. A TV signal with a Bandwidth of 6 MHz is transmitted using binary PCM. The number of
representation levels is 512. Calculate:
i. Codeword length
ii. Final Bit rate
iii. Transmission Bandwidth
18. A CD records audio signals digitally using PCM. Assume the audio signal bandwidth to be
30 KHz, Calculate:
i. Nyquist rate
ii. If L=512, determine the number of bits in each code
iii. Assuming the signal is sinusoidal with maximum amplitude 1V, determine the
quantization step and signal to Quantization Ratio
19. What are the desirable properties of digital waveforms?
20. Consider a bit sequence 10011011, draw the resulting waveforms using -Unipolar NRZ,
Polar NRZ, Unipolar RZ, Bipolar RZ, Manchester Encoding
21. A signal 𝑚(𝑡) of bandwidth 4KHz is transmitted using a binary PCM with no. of
quantization levels as 64. Calculate Transmission bandwidth and output SNR.
22. Determine the Nyquist rate and Nyquist Interval for the signals:
i. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 2 (100𝜋𝑡)
ii. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(50𝜋𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(100𝜋𝑡)
iii. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(100𝜋𝑡) + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 2 (60𝜋𝑡)
iv. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(100𝜋𝑡)
23. Consider a bit sequence 101011100, draw the resulting waveforms using -Unipolar NRZ,
Polar NRZ, Unipolar RZ, Bipolar RZ, Manchester Encoding
24. A signal 𝑚(𝑡) of bandwidth 4KHz is transmitted using a binary PCM with no. of
quantization levels as 256. Calculate Transmission bandwidth and output SNR.
25. Describe Delta modulation system with analog to digital encoder and digital to analog
decoder components.
26. Draw and explain the Slope overloading error and granular noise in Delta modulation.
Explain the technique to avoid both of them.
27. Explain the Delta-Sigma Modulation
28. Discuss following applications with block diagram:
 i. Video and MPEG
ii. Vocoders
29. Explain differential encoding of the sequence 10101011 using:
i. Reference bit ‘0’
ii. Reference bit ‘1’
30. Explain the regeneration circuit used in the transmission path of a PCM system
31. An analog signal is sampled at the Nyquist rate fs = 20K and quantized into L=1024 levels.
Find Bitrate and the time duration Tb of one bit of the binary encoded signal.
Assume Mid-rise type, n = log2L = 10
Bitrate = nfs = 200K bits/sec
Bit duration Tb = 1/ nfs = 5μsec.
32. A PCM system uses a uniform quantizer followed by a 7-bit binary encoder. The bit rate
of the system is 50 Mega bits/sec. Find the output signal-to-quantization noise ratio when a
sinusoidal wave of 1MHz frequency is applied to the input.
Given n = 7 and bit rate nfs = 56 Mega bits per second.
Sampling frequency = fs = 8MHz
Message bandwidth = 4MHz.
For Mid-rise type
(SNR)0 = (6n + 1.8) dB= 6 x 7+1.8
= 43.9 dB

32. State sampling theorem in time domain? Draw the spectrum showing aliasing and guard
band.
33. Draw and explain DM with waveforms.
34. What is non-uniform quantization? Describe A-law and μ-law companding.

35.