1 For-and-against essays Read the rubrics and underline the key words. Then, answer the questions for both rubrics. Social networking sites are used by billions of people around the word. In your opinion, what are the ‘advantages and disadvantages of using social networking sites? Write your essay (250-300 words) Advantages Disadvantages ‘© keep in touch at long distance —_* online friends aren't real * slay entertained ® sites promote extreme content «find new friends. * lose contact with real world Write an essay (200-250 words) discussing the following question: Its often said that remote holiday destinations offer something popular resorts do not. What are the pros and cons of visting such a destination on holiday? What are you going to write? ‘Should the advantages and disadvantages of the topic be discussed in the same paragranh? How should each argument be supported? What style should you waite in? Can you include your own opinion? if so, where? Is there any information you must include? How many words should you write? Read the model. Which rubric in Ex. 1 does it answer? What techniques has the writer used to begin/ ion or present a balanced judgement of the arguments in the end it? Does the writer give their opi conclusion? Has the writer included all the prompts that accompanied the rubric? 1 social networking sites have exploded over the past decade or two, and today there are very J. 2%7 2200! who donot belong to one, too even ha dozen ates, Thay Use them to keep in touch with others, nd out news, ok fr jobs and much more. However, do such sites have more advantages then disadvantages? There are certainly many advantages to social media. First ofall, they help us stayin touch with family and fends, For example, if someone lves abroad, we can stil chat with them every day, almost asf they ved next door. Seeondly, we have entertainment everywhere we go. This could be in the shape of funny videos, songs by our favourite singers or even virtual art exhibitions, Finally, social medias where people are ining fends these days, By doing 50, someone can find like-minded people no matter where they are Nonetheless, there ae defnte negative aspects to social media Firstly, people who only have fends onine have no idea who these people realy are, since people have a tendency to hide or even mask thei identity onthe Internet. Another drawoack s thatthe more time you spend onine, the less you have to spend in the real world, As a result, users begin to lose touch with realty, Last of al, the algorthms in social mela platforms promote mace and more ‘extreme content as a vay of keeping users engaged. This ean mean being exposed to shocking and, inthe cases of teens and chicken, widly age- inappropriate content. Allin all, social networking sites offer both benetis and drawbacks to users. While they can keep us enterained and in contact, care must be taken that we do not lose touch with realty, ana that younger people are protected from unhealthy content. On balance, therefore, we must obey the golden ‘ue: “Everything in modecationLook at the model essay in Ex. 2 and tick (7) which of the following are true for the essay. 4. The writers opinion appears in the introduction, Q 2. Advantages and disadvantages are presented in separate paragraphs. gq 3. There are reasons, results or examples to support the arguments, a 4. The writer presents a balanced judgement of the arguments in the conclusion, a) Read the model in Ex. 2 again. Underline the arguments for and circle the arguments against the topic. Does the writer give a reason, an example or a result to support each argument? b) The writer presents a balanced judgement of the arguments in the conclusion. Rewrite the conclusion so that it gives an opinion on the topic, Replace the linkers in bold in the model with others from the Useful Language box. ()} Rinna To introduce To introduce disadvantages: To give examples/reasons/ advantages: © AleeriousAnother drawback’ results: + One/anather/A disadvantage (of * For example,/For instance, ../ further/an sk scre weeps eco suchas additional argue that *+ This is due to/as a result of advantage (of) since/as e + Asaresult/This way/n this way,/ * MenyiMost peopl/ Consequently Therefore, experts advocate/ cue ee Peewee This can meanvlead to a To list points: To make contrasting points: * One/Another + To begin with/Frstly/First of al, Even though/Despiterin spite of (Strong) pointin —.Sacondy/Second, the fact that {VOU OF 8 5 Eunthermore,/Adattionaly,/ + WhileWhereas Moreover... + However/Nonetheless,/Having + Finaly/Thiray/Last of al. said that, To conclude showing balanced To conclude showing opinion directly: consideration/opinion indirectly: + Lam of the opinion that * On balance/All things considered * [believe the advantages/cisadvantages * Taking everything nto consideration outweigh the disadvantages/advantages. © Onthe whole, Look at rubric B in Ex. 1 and the arguments in the list below. Which arguments are in favour of the topic? Which are against? Fill in the table with the arguments from the list. Then think of supporting details, (reasons, examples or results) for each argument. * poor medical facilities = low pollution + lower cost * authenticity * few transport connections * basic accommodation = no popular attractions * peace and quiet Pros Cons (Para 1) present the topic (Para 2) arguments for with reasons/examples/results (Para 3) arguments against with reasons/examples/results (Para 4) summarise all the arguments, state your opinion OR give a balanced consideration of the arguments g a a 2 i rm 2 i Ea Fe) 3 E aLanguage Focus: Grammar Modals and related expressions (1) [HBA Read the following text, which is an extract from a website advising the public how to avoid burglaries. ‘What advice did Mr and Mrs Robinson net fallow? (See text on pages 68-69.) a 23a za Foret Root fame Seok ne es Most burglaries are committed by opportunist thieves. In two out of ten burglaries they don't (2) ‘even have to use force ~ they get in through ‘an open door or window. Reduce the risk of burglary happening to you by making sure you've taken these simple precautions Look at your home through the burglar’s eyes ~ are there places where they could break in unseen? » Have you fitted strong locks on your doors and windows? Would thieves have to make a lot of noise by breaking glass in order to get in? » Even small windows such as skylights or bathroom fanlights need locks ~ a thief ‘can get through any gap larger than a human head. » Check for weak spots — a low or sagging fence, or a back gate with a weak lock. » Patio doors should have special locks fitted top and bottom unless they already have a mult-locking system, » Buy a chain and fit it to your front door. When strangers ask if they can enter the house for any reason, e.g, to read meters, always check their identity before you let them in lemember that consideration must be given to the safety of the house's occupants as well a8 to protecting the house from thieves. For example, in case of fire, bars mustn't be fitted to upper floor windows unless there is another way of escape. 2 Sl 1. Underiine and number eight phrases containing modal verbs and semi-modal verbs in the text in Exercise 1. The fir ‘one has been done for you 2. Now match each phrase to one of the following functi necessity lack of necessity (1) permission opportunity/free choice ability 3. Read the following sentences and match them to the phrases you have underlined inthe text. Decide whether the meaning is the same or different The first one has been done! for you 1 Thieves are prohibited from using force. Different: don't have to! means ‘ts not necessary? 2 When strangers ask for your permission to enter the house, check their identity. 3. Remember that itis advisable to consider the safety of the occupants. You are not obliged to fit bars to upper floor windows, Patio doors are able to have special locks fitted. Are there places where they have the opportunity to break in unseen? Would thieves need to make a lot of noise to get A thief has the opportunity to get through any gap. 8 4. The text above refers to the present time. Look at the, phrases you have underlined and, wherever possible, change them so that they refer to the past.Which one cannot be ‘changed to the past? Why not? 1B) Find and correct the mistakes in the following sentences, 1 You needn’t to come with me if you don’t fee! like it 2. We needn't have gone to work last Monday, so we went ro the beach. 3. You mustn't help me, but you can if you want to. 4 The child was struggling in the deep water but fortunately his mother could rescue him just in time 5. You didn’t need to do that ~I could manage on my own. 6 You hadn't to give him that tip ~ the service was awful!Instead of using modal verbs, we can express tion, advice, ete. in other ways, Read the following iples and match them to the functions in Exercise 22. ferline the phrases that helped you. Try re-expressing Using an appropriate modal verb. All students are required to attend the fire drill 2t 5.00 p.m. Idon’t recommend going on your own, especially at night Its entirely up to you whether you stay or go. She's quite capable of managing on her own Students are not to use dictionaries in the exam. Please feel free to browse you are under no ‘obligation to buy. You'd be better off getting a taxi the buses are always fall You've got to have a good head for heights to do that job. Hadn't you better go hom: looking for you. didn’t quite manage to finish the job on time. Your family will be Use of English: Paper 3, Part 4 lete the second sentence with three to eight words so it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the given. Do not change the word given. You'd be better off doing what he suggests without arguing, advice Trecommend argument. Was formal clothing actually necessary forall the ‘quests? wear Did 2 formal clothing? fn that country there was no compulsory military service. do You vm in that country, ‘She is not to play in any further matches this season. banned She any further matches this season. Bes aiready proved he can ‘manage on his own, capable He's already oe himself vw help, B's not necessary for you to decide immediately, up You don’ now: Tihink exams should be voluntary for students have Hidon’t think ... exams, He couldn't have escaped from them if he hadn't run 0 fast. only He snnnninrnsmnns HE FM $0 FA5t- UNIT § Alife of cime Use of English D> Paper 3, Part 1 EAL Read th tle, hen the rest ofthe text quickly without filing in any of the gaps to get a general idea of ‘what it is about, Rules, laws and norms Any discussion of criminal behaviour requires understanding of the difference (0) ..f@.. meaning beeween nus, laws and noms. Rules (1) sens be unwritten, or formal and written. The rules of dress oF of how we eat are unwritten guides. 2). contrast, the tules of a factory; for example saftey regulations, are usualy (3) sean down and serve ) wovosune strict regulators of behaviour, Laws are perhaps the (5) example of written, formal rules and are decided upon by powerfil and influential groups in society. In onder to ensure that everyone adheres (6) smn the 14¥s, there are specific penalties, including fines or imprisonment, for those (7) guilty of (8) ovvovns them, Unlike other rules, 9) eanasue a8 rules of dress or of grammar, laws cant always be enforced by agencies (10) sururnn the police and the cours. Anniorm isa very much (11) general term; it is an expected code of behaviour shared by (12) «meu of social group. Norms can be thought of as unwritten rule, for (13) . that one should respond appropriately to a "good morning’ srecting:They are pate ofthe culture ofa society and are (14) (13). on from one generation to the - over time. HL Now fin ach sp following te procedure recommended on page 48, Hl ciscus, Laws are not universal. They change over time, and from one place to another, Can you think of: * a law that used to be enforced in your country, but which no longer exists? * law which is enforced, but which you think should not be? * a law which does not exist, but which should exist?an, ntence {0 erring This may English Jaced on had been sentence. found, shasised fercing is the ,and 1 her own. d anyone. ty been ora tis to ing UNIT 5 Modals and related expressions (1) (p. 70) Modal and semi-modal verbs give us information about the speaker's attitude towards or judgement of an event, e.g, Is it desirable? Is it necessary? Is it probable? The type of information provided by modals can also be given through structures with adjectives (itis advisable t0 ..), adverbs (probably) and lexical verbs (forbid you to ..). It is useful to learn these expressions together with the related modal verbs. Note: Modal verbs are verbs such as car, must, will, should, ete, They always come first in the verb phrase, and do not have a 3rd person ‘s’ ending, They are followed by the ‘bare’ infinitive (infinitive without ‘o). He could have told her earlier. ‘Semi-modals have some, but not all, of these features. He ought to tell someone. He has to see her now. 1 Obligation/necessity Present/future ‘Tmuast/have to finish now. TI have to go soon: Past We had to get the report finished that day. Other expressions ‘She needs to get more information. She’s got to go now. He was obliged to give up his job. ‘Strong shoes will be necessary. ‘You are to wait here until I give you permission 10 leave. Note: In conversational English, have fo is much more ‘common than must. (We generally use have to when the obligation is imposed on us from outside, rather than from our own feelings or beliefs.) 2 Prohibition Present/future You mustn’t touch that, it dangerous. You can't go in there ~ it's not allowed. Other expressions It is forbidden to walk on the grass. You are not allowed to go there. Smoking is prohibited. (formal) You are not to run in the corridors Mobile phones are banned in my school. 3. Lack of obligation/necessity Present/future You needn't come if you don't want to. You don’t have to do it now. Past They said it was quite near, so he didn’t need to take the car. (= it wasn't necessary to take the car, and he didn't) When he got there he found it was quite near, so in fact he needn't have taken the car. (= he took the car unnecessarily) Note: With didn’t have to either meaning can be conveyed, depending on the stress and intonation used. He didn’t have to go to London (but he did). He didn’t have to go to London (so he didn’t. Other expressions She's not obliged to go. 1s not obligatory/compulsory. Its not (absolutely) necessary for you to go. These classes are voluntary. 4 Advice Present/future You should /ought to ask for more money: Past You should shouldn't have gone there on your own ‘Note: The perfect form expresses disapproval of something that was done. Other expressions I wouldn't recommend you to go there. Tewould be a good idea to tell him. Customers are advised to retain their receipts Itis advisable to book first. I Lowere you, I'd do it. Je was wrong of him to borrow the money. 5 Opportunity/free choice Present /future You can take whatever you want, You could always go tomorrow (if you wanted to). Past You could go anywhere without problems. He could have been a doctor if he'd wanted. Other expressions Its up to you whether you go or not It’s your decision choice whether you stay or 90. He's free to do whatever he wants. You will have the opportunity to travel wherever you want6 Permission Present/future ‘Could I borrow this book?” ‘Of course you can!” Past They said I could go wherever I wanted. Note: Its also possible to say May Might I borrow this ook? but this is rather formal and old-fashioned and is not frequently used. When talking about a particular occasion in the past, could is not possible. 1 could/was allowed to drive my fathers car whenever Twvanted. On her tenth birthday Lisa eowtd/was allowed to ride her Bicycle to school. Other expressions: He lets me go wherever I want, The librarian gave me permission to take the book. 7 Ability Present/future Can you manage on your own? Past Leould speak English when Iwas six. Note: When talking about a particular occasion in the past, could is not possible. I could/was able to swim when I was very young (general ability) Although I was very frightened, I could/was able to tell the police oftcer what had happened. (particular event) Other expressions: After a fot of effort, Imanaged to do it. Tknow how to swin. She has the ability to sense the feelings of others. (formal) She is capable of doing very well if she wants to, Notes: 1 need need to When need is used as a modal verb, it is followed by the bare infinitive. (This is most common in the negative form.) It removes obligation imposed by the speaker. He needn't come if he doesn’t want to, When it is used as a main verb, it is followed by the full infinitive, and can refer to obligation from, an external force. He really needs to be careful. It is often used in the question form, Do we need to bring our own sheets and towels? 2 be supposed to/suppose Compare: You're supposed to be working. (suggests criticism = You're meant to be working ~ and you're not.) Tsuppose Il have to go. (expresses reluctance = I'm raid PU have to go, even though I don’t want to.) Modals and related expressions (2) (p.74) 1 Logical deduction/assumption Present Iemast be trae. ‘There's someone at the door.” itll be Carla.” We should be able to get there on time. Past Itmust have been an accident, Other expressions Lexpect that’s Mrs Stevens on the phone. I'm convinced that he’s right. T'm sare/certain that he did it He's bound sare/certain to tell everyone. We can conclude that he was the murderer. (formal) Itfollows from this that she was not guilty. (formal) We can assume that the house was empty. The child was presumably away at the time. The answer is thus/therefore/hence x minus 2s. (formal, academic) 2 Possibility Temight | conceivably | be happening. (present) Temay well happen. (future) Tcould | possibly ave happened. (past) Note: The adverb well makes the possibility stronger It could well be true there's plenty of evidence. ‘The other adverbs stress that the situation is not certain, but do not tell us any more about the speaker's own viewpoint Other expressions: It possiblelconceivable that she was murdered. There's a strong possibility that it was Ira Possibly/Perhaps/Maybe she got lost Je quite likely that hel tell us. The likelihood is that they'l arrive late. The chances are that shell pass the exam. ‘I bet shell be pleased! (informal) 3. Uncertain possibility Present /t mightlmay not be true Future Cheer up ~ it mightlmay never happen. Past It might/may not have happened.