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ASME BPVC.XI I -2017
SECTION XII
ASME Boiler and
2017 Pressure Vessel Code
An International Code
R ule s f or C on st ru c t i o n
a n d Con t in ue d S e r vi c e
of Tra n spor t Ta n k s
Markings such as “ASME,” “ASME Standard,” or any other marking including “ASME,” ASME
logos, or the Certification Mark shall not be used on any item that is not constructed in
accordance with all of the applicable requirements of the Code or Standard. Use of ASME’s name,
logos, or Certification Mark requires formal ASME certification; if no certification program is
available, such ASME markings may not be used. (For Certification and Accreditation Programs,
see https://www.asme.org/shop/certification‐accreditation.)
Items produced by parties not formally certified by ASME may not be described, either explicitly
or implicitly, as ASME certified or approved in any code forms or other document.
AN INTERNATIONAL CODE
2017 ASME Boiler &

Pressure Vessel Code
2017 Edition July 1, 2017
XII
RULES FOR CONSTRUCTION
AND CONTINUED SERVICE OF
TRANSPORT TANKS
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee
on Transport Tanks
Two Park Avenue • New York, NY • 10016 USA

Date of Issuance: July 1, 2017
This international code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for
American National Standards and it is an American National Standard. The Standards Committee that approved
the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have
had an opportunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was made available for public review and com-
ment that provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia, regulatory agencies, and
the public-at-large.
ASME does not “approve,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity.
ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any
items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability
for infringement of any applicable letters patent, nor assume any such liability. Users of a code or standard are
expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such
rights, is entirely their own responsibility.
Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as
government or industry endorsement of this code or standard.
ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the es-
tablished ASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals.
The endnotes and preamble in this document (if any) are part of this American National Standard.
ASME collective membership mark
Certification Mark
The above ASME symbol is registered in the U.S. Patent Office.
“ASME” is the trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic

retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
publisher.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 56-3934

Printed in the United States of America
Adopted by the Council of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1914; latest edition 2017.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Two Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990
Copyright © 2017 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All rights reserved
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. xv
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. xvii
Statement of Policy on the Use of the Certification Mark and Code Authorization in Advertising .. . .. . .. .. xix
Statement of Policy on the Use of ASME Marking to Identify Manufactured Items . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. xix
Submittal of Technical Inquiries to the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Standards Committees . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. xx
Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. xxiii
Summary of Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. xlii
List of Changes in Record Number Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. xliv
Cross-Referencing and Stylistic Changes in the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. xlv
Part TG General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Article TG-1 Scope and Jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 1
TG-100 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 1
TG-110 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 1
TG-120 Vessel Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 2
TG-130 Documents Referenced by This Section .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 2
TG-140 Units of Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 4
TG-150 Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 4
TG-160 Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 4
Article TG-2 Organization of Section XII . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 5
TG-200 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 5
TG-210 Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 5
TG-220 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 5
TG-230 Articles and Paragraphs . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 5
TG-240 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 5
TG-250 Terms and Definitions . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 6
Article TG-3 Responsibilities and Duties .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 7
TG-300 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 7
TG-310 Owner’s Responsibility . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 7
TG-320 Manufacturer’s Responsibility .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 7
TG-330 Inspector’s Duties . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 8
Article TG-4 General Rules for Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 9
TG-400 General Requirements for Inspection and Examination . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 9
TG-410 The Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 9
TG-420 Access for the Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 9
TG-430 The Manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 10
TG-440 Continued Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 10
Part TM Material Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Article TM-1 Material Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
TM-100 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
TM-110 General Requirements for All Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
TM-120 Material Identified With or Produced to a Specification Not Permitted by This
Section, and Material Not Fully Identified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
TM-130 Material Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
TM-140 Inspection and Marking of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
TM-150 Additional Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
iii
TM-160 Additional Requirements for High Alloy Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
TM-170 Additional Requirements for Nonferrous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
TM-180 Additional Requirements for Ferritic Steels Enhanced by Heat Treatment . 34
TM-190 Additional Requirements for Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Article TM-2 Notch Toughness Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
TM-200 General Toughness Requirements for All Steel Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Part TD Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Article TD-1 General Design Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 57
TD-100 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 57
TD-110 Methods of Fabrication in Combination . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 57
TD-120 Materials in Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 58
TD-130 Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 58
TD-140 Design Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 58
TD-150 Design Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 58
TD-160 MAWP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 58
Article TD-2 Loadings and Stress Allowables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
TD-200 Loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
TD-210 Maximum Allowable Stress Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Article TD-3 Design for Internal Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
TD-300 Thickness of Shells Under Internal Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
TD-310 Formed Heads and Sections, Pressure on Concave Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Article TD-4 Design for External Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
TD-400 Thickness of Shells Under External Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
TD-410 Stiffening Rings for Cylindrical Shells Under External Pressure . . . . . . . . . . 67
TD-420 Attachment of Stiffening Rings for External Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
TD-430 Formed Heads, Pressure on Convex Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
TD-440 Alternative Allowable Compressive Stresses in Cylindrical Shells and Formed
Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Article TD-5 Unstayed Flat Heads and Covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
TD-500 Design of Unstayed Flat Heads and Covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Article TD-6 Openings and Reinforcements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . 80
TD-600 Openings in Transport Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . 80
TD-610 Reinforcement Required for Openings in Shells and Formed Heads .. .. . . 81
TD-620 Flued Openings in Shells and Formed Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . 86
TD-630 Reinforcement Required for Openings in Flat Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . 86
TD-640 Limits of Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . 87
TD-650 Strength of Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . 87
TD-660 Reinforcement of Multiple Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . 90
TD-670 Methods of Attachment of Pipe and Nozzle Necks to Vessel Walls . ... .. . . 92
TD-680 Nozzle Neck Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . 93
TD-690 Inspection Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . 93
Part TW Requirements for Tanks Fabricated by Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Article TW-1 General Requirements for Tanks Fabricated by Welding .. . .. . .. .. . . 95
TW-100 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . 95
TW-120 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . 96
TW-130 Design of Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . 96
TW-140 Welded Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . 110
Part TF Fabrication Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Article TF-1 General Requirements for Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
TF-100 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
iv
TF-110 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
TF-120 Forming and Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Article TF-2 Requirements for Welding Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 123
TF-200 General Requirements for All Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 123
TF-210 Welding Qualifications, Records, and Identifying Stamps . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 123
TF-220 Requirements for Production Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 125
Article TF-3 Requirements for Vessels Constructed of Carbon and Low Alloy Steels 128
TF-300 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
TF-310 Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
TF-320 Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Article TF-4 Requirements for Vessels Constructed of High Alloy Steel . . . . . . . . . . . 130
TF-400 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
TF-410 Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Article TF-5 Requirements for Vessels Constructed of Nonferrous Materials . . . . . . 132
TF-500 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
TF-510 Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Article TF-6 Requirements for Vessels Constructed of Ferritic Steels That Are Heat
Treated to Enhance Tensile Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
TF-600 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
TF-610 Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Article TF-7 Postweld Heat Treatment of Weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
TF-700 Procedures for Postweld Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
TF-710 Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
TF-720 Requirements for High Alloy Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
TF-730 Requirements for Nonferrous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
TF-740 Requirements for Ferritic Steels With Tensile Properties Enhanced by Heat
Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Article TF-8 Requirements for Vessels Lined for Corrosion/Erosion Control . . . . . . 149
TF-800 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
TF-810 Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Part TE Examination Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Article TE-1 Requirements for Examination Procedures and Personnel
Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 150
TE-100 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 150
TE-110 Nondestructive Examination Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 150
TE-120 Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Examination Personnel .. 151
Article TE-2 Examination of Welds and Acceptance Criteria . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 152
TE-200 Time of Examination of Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 152
TE-210 Examination of Weld Edge Preparation Surfaces . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 152
TE-220 Types of Welded Joints and Their Examination . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 152
TE-230 Radiographic and Ultrasonic Examination . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 152
TE-240 Magnetic Particle and Liquid‐Penetrant Examination .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 154
TE-250 Acceptance Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 155
Part TT Testing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Article TT-1 General Requirements for Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
TT-100 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Article TT-2 Requirements for Pressure Testing . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 158
TT-200 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 158
TT-210 Test Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 158
TT-220 Test Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 159
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TT-230 Appurtenances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
TT-240 Test Gages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Article TT-3 Requirements for Proof Testing to Establish Maximum Allowable
Working Pressure (MAWP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 160
TT-300 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 160
TT-310 Previous Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 160
TT-320 Duplicate and Similar Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 160
TT-330 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 161
TT-340 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 161
Article TT-4 Requirements for Elastomeric Lining Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
TT-400 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Part TR Pressure Relief Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Article TR-1 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 164
TR-100 Protection Against Overpressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 164
TR-110 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 164
TR-120 Determining Pressure Relief Requirements . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 165
TR-130 Installation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 166
TR-140 Selection and Setting of Pressure Relief Devices .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 166
Article TR-2 Requirements for Pressure Relief Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
TR-200 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
TR-210 Minimum Requirements of Pressure Relief Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Article TR-3 Requirements for Nonreclosing Pressure Relief Devices ... .. . .. .. . . 171
TR-300 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. . .. .. . . 171
TR-310 Minimum Requirements for Rupture Disk Devices . . . . . . . . .... .. . .. .. . . 171
TR-320 Minimum Requirements for Pin Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. . .. .. . . 173
Article TR-4 Certification of Capacity of Pressure Relief Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
TR-410 Certification of Capacity of Pressure Relief Valves Installed in Combination
With Nonreclosing Pressure Relief Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Article TR-5 Marking and Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
TR-510 Marking and Certification of Pressure Relief Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
TR-520 Marking and Certification of Rupture Disk Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
TR-530 Marking and Certification of Pin Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
TR-540 Marking and Certification of Pressure Relief Valves Installed in Combination
With Rupture Disk Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
TR-550 Marking and Certification of Pressure Relief Valves Installed in Combination
With Breaking Pin Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
TR-560 Certification Mark With TV or TD Designator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Part TS Stamping, Marking, Certification, Reports, and Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Article TS-1 Contents and Method of Stamping Transport Tanks . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 185
TS-100 Required Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 185
TS-110 Marking of Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 186
TS-120 Application of Certification Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 186
TS-130 Nameplates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 187
Article TS-2 Obtaining and Applying Certification Marks to Transport Tanks . . . . . 188
TS-200 Certification Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Article TS-3 Report Forms and Record Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
TS-300 Manufacturer’s Data Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
TS-310 Partial Data Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
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Article TS-4 Special Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
TS-400 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Part TP Requirements for Repair, Alteration, Testing, and Inspection for Con-
tinued Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Article TP-1 General Requirements and Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
TP-100 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Article TP-2 Requirements for Repairs and Alterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
TP-200 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Article TP-3 Requirements for Tests and Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
TP-300 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Article TP-4 Tests and Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
TP-400 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
TP-410 Types of Tests and Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Article TP-5 Criteria for Tests and Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
TP-500 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Article TP-6 Reports and Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
TP-600 Reports and Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Modal Appendix 1 Cargo Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Article 1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 199
1-1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 199
1-1.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 199
1-1.3 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 201
1-1.4 Design Requirements Common to More Than One Category .. .. . .. . .. . .. 202
1-1.5 Special Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 208
1-1.6 Protection Against Defined Incident Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 209
1-1.7 Fabrication and Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 209
1-1.8 Pressure Relief Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 209
1-1.9 Operations, Maintenance, and Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 211
1-1.10 ASME Nameplate Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 213
1-1.11 Jurisdictional Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 213
1-1.12 Design Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 213
Article 2 Category 406, 407, and 412 Cargo Tanks . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 214
1-2.1 Category 406 Special Design Requirements . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 214
Article 3 Category 331 Cargo Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 215
1-3.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 215
1-3.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 215
1-3.3 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 215
1-3.4 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 215
1-3.5 Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 216
1-3.6 Fabrication and Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 219
1-3.7 Safety Relief Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 220
1-3.8 ASME Nameplate Requirements . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 220
1-3.9 Jurisdictional Markings and Certification . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 220
1-3.10 Operation, Maintenance, and Inspections . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 220
1-3.11 Additional Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 221
Article 4 Category 338, Vacuum Insulated Cargo Tanks for Transporting Refri-
gerated Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
1-4.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
vii
1-4.2 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 224
1-4.3 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 225
1-4.4 Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 225
1-4.5 Fabrication and Examination . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 228
1-4.6 Pressure Relief Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 228
1-4.7 ASME Nameplate Requirements . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 229
1-4.8 Jurisdictional Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 229
1-4.9 Operation, Maintenance, and Inspection . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 229
Modal Appendix 2 Rail Tank Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Modal Appendix 3 Portable Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Article 1 Cryogenic Portable Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 232
3-1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 232
3-1.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 232
3-1.3 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 232
3-1.4 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 233
3-1.5 Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 234
3-1.6 Fabrication and Examination . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 236
3-1.7 Pressure Relief Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 236
3-1.8 ASME Nameplate Requirements . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 237
3-1.9 Jurisdictional Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 237
3-1.10 Operation, Maintenance, and Inspection . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 238
Modal Appendix 4 Category 106A500-X, 106A800-X, 110A500-W, 110A600-W,
110A800-W, 110A1000-W, and 110A2000-W Ton Containers . . . . . . 240
Article 1 ......................................... .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 240
4-1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 240
4-2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 240
4-3 Physical Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 240
4-4 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 240
4-5 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 241
4-6 Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 241
4-7 Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 242
4-8 Pressure Relief Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 242
4-9 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 242
4-10 ASME Nameplate Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 242
4-11 Markings Required by the Competent Authority .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 243
4-12 Operation, Maintenance, and Inspection . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 243
Mandatory Appendix I Quality Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
I-1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
I-2 Outline of Features to Be Included in the Written Description of the Quality
Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
I-3 Authority and Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
I-4 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
I-5 Drawings, Design Calculations, and Specification Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
I-6 Material Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
I-7 Examination and Inspection Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
I-8 Correction of Nonconformities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
I-9 Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
I-10 Nondestructive Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
I-11 Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
I-12 Calibration of Measurement and Test Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
I-13 Records Retention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
I-14 Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
I-15 Sample Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
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I-16 Inspection of Vessels and Vessel Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
I-17 Inspection of Pressure Relief Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Mandatory Appendix II Special Commodities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Mandatory Appendix III Definitions for Transport Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
III-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
III-2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Mandatory Appendix IV Rounded Indication Charts, Acceptance Standards for Radiographically
Determined Rounded Indications in Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
IV-1 Applicability of These Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
IV-2 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
IV-3 Acceptance Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Mandatory Appendix V Methods for Magnetic Particle Examination (MT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 258
V-1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 258
V-2 Certification of Competency for Nondestructive Examination Personnel . .. 258
V-3 Evaluation of Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 258
V-4 Acceptance Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 258
V-5 Repair Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 258
Mandatory Appendix VI Methods for Liquid‐Penetrant Examination (PT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 260
VI-1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 260
VI-2 Certification of Competency of Nondestructive Examination Personnel . .. 260
VI-3 Evaluation of Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 260
VI-4 Acceptance Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 260
VI-5 Repair Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 260
Mandatory Appendix VIII Low Pressure Tank Design . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 261
VIII-1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 261
VIII-2 Design Requirements . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 261
VIII-3 Fabrication and Welding . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 267
Mandatory Appendix IX Ultrasonic Examination of Welds (UT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 268
IX-1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 268
IX-2 Certification of Competence of Nondestructive Examiner . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 268
IX-3 Acceptance/Rejection Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 268
IX-4 Report of Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 268
Mandatory Appendix X Examination of Steel Castings . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 269
X-1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 269
X-2 Examination Techniques . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 269
X-3 Examination Requirements . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 269
X-4 Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 270
X-5 Identification and Marking . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 271
Mandatory Appendix XI Adhesive Attachment of Nameplates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
XI-1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
XI-2 Nameplate Application Procedure Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Mandatory Appendix XII Standard Units for Use in Equations .............................. 273
Mandatory Appendix XIII Reference Material and Equivalent Thickness . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 274
XIII-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 274
XIII-2 Method A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 274
XIII-3 Method B, Equivalent Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 275
Mandatory Appendix XIV Hot Pressure Welded Joint for Head-to-Shell Welds of Ton Containers 276
XIV-1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
XIV-2 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
XIV-3 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
ix
XIV-4 Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 276
XIV-5 Essential Variables for Procedure Qualification .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 276
XIV-6 Procedure Qualification Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 276
XIV-7 Welding Operator Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 277
Mandatory Appendix XV Rules for Mass Production of Pressure Vessels . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 278
XV-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 278
XV-2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 278
XV-3 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 278
XV-4 Quality Control Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 278
XV-5 Data Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 279
XV-6 Pneumatic Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . 279
Mandatory Appendix XVI Local Thin Areas in Cylindrical Shells and in Spherical Segments of
Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
XVI-1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
XVI-2 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
XVI-3 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
XVI-4 Single Local Thin Areas in Cylindrical Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
XVI-5 Multiple Local Thin Areas in Cylindrical Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
XVI-6 Single Local Thin Areas in Spherical Segments of Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
XVI-7 Multiple Local Thin Areas in Spherical Segments of Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
XVI-8 Data Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Mandatory Appendix XVII Cold-Stretching of Austenitic Stainless Steel Pressure Vessels . .. .. . . 285
XVII-1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . 285
XVII-2 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . 285
XVII-3 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . 285
XVII-4 Materials and Allowable Design Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . 285
XVII-5 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . 285
XVII-6 Fabrication Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . 286
XVII-7 Stamping and Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . 287
Mandatory Appendix XVIII Establishing Governing Code Editions, Addenda, and Cases for Trans-
port Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
XVIII-1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
XVIII-2 Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
XVIII-3 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Mandatory Appendix XIX Capacity Conversions for Pressure Relief Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
XIX-1 ................................................................ 289
Nonmandatory Appendix A Suggested Good Practice Regarding Piping Reactions and Design of
Supports and Attachments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
A-1 .............................................................. . . 292
A-2 .............................................................. . . 292
A-3 .............................................................. . . 292
A-4 .............................................................. . . 292
A-5 .............................................................. . . 292
A-6 .............................................................. . . 293
A-7 .............................................................. . . 293
A-8 .............................................................. . . 293
A-9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Nonmandatory Appendix B Suggested Good Practice Regarding Internal Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Nonmandatory Appendix C Guide for Preparing Manufacturer’s Data Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
C-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Nonmandatory Appendix D Guide to Information Appearing on Certificate of Authorization . . . . . 312
x
Nonmandatory Appendix E Recommended Practices for Vacuum Insulated Cargo Tanks and Por-
table Tanks for Refrigerated Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
E-1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
E-2 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
E-3 Insulating Jackets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
E-4 Insulation and Holding Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
E-5 Filling and Discharge Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
E-6 Piping, Valves, and Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
E-7 Outage (Ullage) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
E-8 Supports, Framework, Lifting, and Tie-Down Attachments for Portable
Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
E-9 Support, Anchoring, and Collision Protection for Cargo Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . 319
E-10 Pressure Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
E-11 Cleanliness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Nonmandatory Appendix F Recommended Practices for Noncryogenic Portable Tanks . . . . . . . . . . 321
Nonmandatory Appendix G Guidance for the Use of U.S. Customary and SI Units in the ASME Boiler
and Pressure Vessel Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
G-1 Use of Units in Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
G-2 Guidelines Used to Develop SI Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
G-3 Soft Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Nonmandatory Appendix H Activities and Responsibilities of Section XII Users, ASME, and the
Competent Authorities for Cargo Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 325
H-1 Scope and Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 325
H-2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 325
H-3 Recommended Cargo Tank Motor Vehicle Design Procedures . . . . . . . . . .. 325
H-4 Support Structure and Defined Incident Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 327
H-5 Marking of Cargo Tanks and Cargo Tank Motor Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 327
Nonmandatory Appendix J Flowcharts Illustrating Toughness Testing Requirements and Exemp-
tions From Toughness Testing by the Rules of TM-250 . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
J-1 TM-250 Toughness Test Requirements for High Alloy Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Nonmandatory Appendix K Preheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
FIGURES
TM-210.2 Simple Beam Impact Test Specimens (Charpy‐Type Test) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
TM-220.1 Charpy V‐Notch Impact Test Requirements for Full‐Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy
Steels, Having Specified Minimum Tensile Strength Less Than 95 ksi, Listed in Table
TM-130.2-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
TM-220.2 Illustration of Lateral Expansion in a Broken Charpy V‐Notch Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
TM-240.1-1 Impact Test Exemption Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
TM-240.1-2 Some Typical Tank Details Showing the Governing Thicknesses as Defined in TM-240.1 . . . . 46
TM-240.3-1 Reduction in Minimum Design Metal Temperature Without Impact Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
TM-240.3-2 Diagram of TM-240.1 Rules for Determining Lowest Minimum Design Metal Temperature
(MDMT) Without Impact Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
TM-250.1 Weld Metal Delta Ferrite Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
TD-310.1 Principal Dimensions of Typical Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
TD-400.1 Diagrammatic Representation of Variables for Design of Cylindrical Vessels Subjected to Ex-
ternal Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
TD-410.2-1 Various Arrangements of Stiffening Rings for Cylindrical Vessels Subjected to External
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
TD-410.2-2 Minimum Arc of Shell Left Unsupported Because of Gap in Stiffening Ring of Cylindrical Shell
Under External Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
TD-420 Some Acceptable Methods of Attaching Stiffening Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
TD-440.4 Bending Stress Distribution in a Typical Transport Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
TD-500 Some Acceptable Types of Unstayed Flat Heads and Covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
xi
TD-610.3-1 Chart for Determining Value of F , as Required in TD-610.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
TD-610.3-2 Nomenclature and Equations for Reinforced Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
TD-610.7 Openings for Radial Nozzles in Cylindrical Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
TD-620 Minimum Depth for Flange of Flued in Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
TD-640 Some Representative Configurations Describing the Reinforcement Dimension, te, and the
Opening Dimension, d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
TD-660 Examples of Multiple Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
TW-100.1 Fabricated Lap Joint Stub Ends for Fluids With United Nations Hazard Classifications Defined in
TW-100.1(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
TW-130.2 Butt Welding of Plates of Unequal Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
TW-130.3 Illustration of Welded Joint Locations Typical of Categories A, B, C, and D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
TW-130.5-1 Heads Attached to Shells (See Table TW-130.4 for Limitations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
TW-130.5-2 Attachment of Pressure Parts to Flat Plates to Form a Corner Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
TW-130.5-3 Nozzle Necks Attached to Piping of Lesser Wall Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
TW-130.7-1 Acceptable Welded Nozzle Attachment Readily Radiographed to Code Standards . . . . . . . . . . 108
TW-130.7-2 Acceptable Full Penetration Welded Nozzle Attachments Radiographable With Difficulty and
Generally Requiring Special Techniques Including Multiple Exposures to Take Care of
Thickness Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
TW-140.2-1 Some Acceptable Types of Welded Nozzles and Other Connections to Shells, Heads, Etc. . . . 111
TW-140.2-2 Some Acceptable Types of Small Fittings [See TW-140.2(f)(3) for Limitations] . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
TF-120.2-1 Example of Differences Between Maximum and Minimum Inside Diameters in Cylindrical,
Conical, and Spherical Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
TF-120.2-2 Maximum Permissible Deviation From a Circular Form, e, for Vessels Under External Pressure 121
TR-510 Official Certification Mark to Denote ASME’s Standard Pressure Relief Devices for Transport
Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
TS-100 Form of Stamping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
1-1.4(a)-1 Maximum Range for Tensile Strength Properties, for Categories 406, 407, and 412 Class 3
Tanks Where Allowable Tensile Strength Is the Determining Criterion for Allowable Tensile,
and Compressive, Stresses, When Buckling (Article TD-4) Is Not Controlling . . . . . . . . . . . 203
1-1.4(a)-2 Maximum Range for Tensile Strength Properties, for Categories 406, 407, and 412 Class 3
Tanks Where Yield Strength Is the Determining Criterion for Allowable Tensile or Com-
pressive Stresses per TD-440 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
1-1.4 Loading Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
IV-3-1 Aligned Rounded Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
IV-3-2 Groups of Aligned Rounded Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
IV-3-3 Charts for t Equal to 3.2 mm to 6.4 mm (1/8 in. to 1/4 in.), Inclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
IV-3-4 Charts for t Over 6.4 mm to 9.5 mm (1/4 in. to 3/8 in.), Inclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
IV-3-5 Charts for t Over 9.5 mm to 19 mm (3/8 in. to 3/4 in.), Inclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
IV-3-6 Charts for t Over 19 mm to 50 mm (3/4 in. to 2 in.), Inclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
IV-3-7 Charts for t Over 50 mm to 100 mm (2 in. to 4 in.), Inclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
IV-3-8 Charts for t Over 100 mm (4 in.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
VIII-2-1 Types of Tanks: Design Moments and Bending Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
VIII-2-2 Bending Moments in Noncircular Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
VIII-2-3 Noncircular Cargo Tank Structural Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
VIII-2-4 Noncircular Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
XVI-3-1 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
XVI-6-1 Limits for Torispherical Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
XVI-6-2 Limits for Ellipsoidal Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
XVI-6-3 Limits for Hemispherical Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
XIX-1 Constant, C, for Gas or Vapor Related to Ratio of Specific Heats (k = c p /c v ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
XIX-1M Constant, C, for Gas or Vapor Related to Ratio of Specific Heats (k = c p /c v ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
D-1 Sample Certificate of Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
J-1.2-1 Austenitic Stainless Steel Base Metal and HAZ Toughness Testing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . 332
J-1.2-2 Welding Procedure Qualification With Toughness Testing Requirements for Austenitic Stain-
less Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
J-1.2-3 Welding Consumable Pre-Use Testing Requirements for Austenitic Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . 334
xii
J-1.2-4 Production Toughness Testing Requirements for Austenitic Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
J-1.2-5 Austenitic-Ferritic Duplex, Ferritic Chromium, and Martensitic Stainless Steel Toughness
Testing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
TABLES
TG-130 Product Standards Referenced by This Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
TM-130.2-1 Carbon and Low Alloy Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
TM-130.2-2 High Alloy Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
TM-130.2-3 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
TM-130.2-4 Copper and Copper Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
TM-130.2-5 Nickel and Nickel Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
TM-130.2-6 Ferritic Steels With Tensile Properties Enhanced by Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
TM-130.2-7 Titanium and Titanium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
TM-210.1 Impact Test Temperature Differential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
TM-220.2 Minimum Lateral Expansion Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
TM-220.3 Charpy Impact Test Temperature Reduction Below Minimum Design Metal Temperature
(MDMT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
TM-240.1 Tabular Values for Figure TM-240.1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
TD-310.2-1 Values for M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
TD-310.2-2 Values for K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
TD-430 Values of Spherical Radius Factor K o for Ellipsoidal Head With Pressure on Convex Side . . . 72
TD-610.1 Values of Spherical Radius Factor, K 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
TD-650 Nozzle Attachment Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
TD-670 Minimum Number of Pipe Threads for Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
TD-680 Nozzle Neck Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
TW-130.4 Maximum Allowable Joint Efficiencies for Arc‐ and Gas‐Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
TF-220.3 Maximum Offset Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
TF-220.4 Thickness of Weld Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
TF-710-1(a) Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels — P-No. 1 . . . . . . 138
TF-710-1(b) Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels — P-No. 3 . . . . . . 139
TF-710-1(c) Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels — P-No. 9A . . . . . 140
TF-710-1(d) Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels — P-No. 9B . . . . . 141
TF-710-1(e) Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels — P-No. 10A . . . . 142
TF-710-1(f) Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels — P-No. 10B . . . . 142
TF-710-1(g) Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels — P-No. 10C . . . . 143
TF-710-1(h) Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels — P-No. 10F . . . . 143
TF-710-2 Alternative Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels . . . . . . 144
TF-720-1 Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for High Alloy Steels — P‐No. 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
TF-720-4 Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for High Alloy Steels — P‐No. 10H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
TF-720-5 Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for High Alloy Steels — P‐No. 10I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
TF-720-6 Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for High Alloy Steels — P‐No. 10K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
TF-740 Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Ferritic Steels Enhanced by Heat Treatment . . . 148
TE-230.2 Thickness Above Which Full Radiographic Examination of Butt‐Welded Joints Is Mandatory 154
1-1.8 Minimum Emergency Vent Capacity (Interpolation Allowed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
1-1.8M Minimum Emergency Vent Capacity (Interpolation Allowed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
1-1.9 Periodic Inspection and Test Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
1-4.1 Refrigerated Nontoxic Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
1-4.4-1 Design Load Factors for Normal Operations in Specified Transportation Modes . . . . . . . . . . . 226
1-4.4-2 Factors for Fatigue Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
3-1.1 Refrigerated Nontoxic Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
3-1.5-1 Design Load Factors for Normal Operations in Specified Transportation Modes . . . . . . . . . . . 234
3-1.5-2 Factors for Fatigue Analysis in Specified Transportation Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
4-6.1-1 Minimum Thicknesses, Test Pressures, Start-to-Discharge or Burst Pressures, and Minimum
Vapor‐Tightness Pressures of Relief Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
xiii
IV-3 Acceptable Rounded Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
XII-1 Standard Units for Use in Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
XVII-4-1 Allowable Materials and Design Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
XIX-1 Molecular Weights of Gases and Vapors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
C-1 Instructions for the Preparation of Manufacturer’s Data Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
C-2 Supplementary Instructions for the Preparation of Manufacturer’s or Assembler’s Certificate
of Conformance Forms TV-1 and TD-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
K-1 Preheating Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
FORMS
T-1A Manufacturer’s Data Report for Class 1 Transport Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . 300
T-1B Manufacturer’s Data Report for Class 2 Transport Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . 301
T-1C Manufacturer’s Data Report for Class 3 Transport Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . 302
T-2A Manufacturer’s Partial Data Report for Class 1 Transport Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . 303
T-2B Manufacturer’s Partial Data Report for Class 2 Transport Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . 304
T-2C Manufacturer’s Partial Data Report for Class 3 Transport Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . 305
T-3A Class 1 Transport Tank Manufacturer’s Data Report Supplementary Sheet . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . 306
T-3B Class 2 Transport Tank Manufacturer’s Data Report Supplementary Sheet . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . 307
T-3C Class 3 Transport Tank Manufacturer’s Data Report Supplementary Sheet . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . 308
TV-1 Manufacturer’s or Assembler’s Certificate of Conformance for Pressure Relief Valves . .. . .. . .. .. . 310
TD-1 Manufacturer’s Certificate of Conformance for Nonreclosing Pressure Relief Devices . . .. . .. . .. .. . 311
ENDNOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
xiv
Working Group on Creep Strength Enhanced Ferritic Steels (BPV II) Executive Committee (BPV III)
J. F. Henry, Chair W. F. Newell, Jr. R. S. Hill III, Chair J. C. Minichiello
J. A. Siefert, Secretary M. Ortolani A. Byk, Staff Secretary M. Morishita
F. Abe J. Parker T. M. Adams D. K. Morton
S. H. Bowes W. J. Sperko C. W. Bruny
J. A. Munshi
D. A. Canonico R. W. Swindeman P. R. Donavin
K. K. Coleman J. M. Tanzosh R. M. Jessee C. A. Sanna
P. D. Flenner R. H. Worthington R. B. Keating S. Sham
J. R. Foulds R. G. Young R. P. McIntyre W. K. Sowder, Jr.
G. W. Galanes F. Zeller
M. Gold G. Cumino, Contributing Member
F. Masuyama B. W. Roberts, Contributing
T. Melfi Member Subcommittee on Design (BPV III)
P. R. Donavin, Chair M. N. Mitchell
D. E. Matthews, Vice Chair W. J. O’Donnell, Sr.
G. L. Hollinger, Secretary E. L. Pleins
Working Group on Data Analysis (BPV II)
T. M. Adams S. Sham
J. F. Grubb, Chair W. Ren R. L. Bratton
J. P. Tucker
F. Abe M. Subanovic C. W. Bruny
W. F. Weitze
J. R. Foulds R. P. Deubler
M. J. Swindeman K. Wright
M. Gold R. I. Jetter
J. F. Henry R. W. Swindeman C. Jonker T. Yamazaki
M. Katcher B. W. Roberts, Contributing R. B. Keating J. Yang
F. Masuyama Member K. A. Manoly R. S. Hill III, Contributing Member
R. J. Masterson M. H. Jawad, Contributing Member
China International Working Group (BPV II)

Subgroup on Component Design (SC-D) (BPV III)
B. Shou, Chair X. Wang
A. T. Xu, Secretary F. Yang T. M. Adams, Chair T. M. Musto
W. Fang G. Yang R. B. Keating, Vice Chair T. Nagata
Q. C. Feng H.-C. Yang S. Pellet, Secretary A. N. Nguyen
S. Huo R. Ye G. A. Antaki E. L. Pleins
F. Kong L. Yin S. Asada I. Saito
H. Li D. Zhang J. F. Ball G. C. Slagis
J. Li H. Zhang C. Basavaraju
J. R. Stinson
S. Li X.-H. Zhang R. P. Deubler
G. Z. Tokarski
Z. Rongcan Yingkai Zhang P. Hirschberg
J. P. Tucker
S. Tan Yong Zhang O.-S. Kim
R. Klein P. Vock
C. Wang Q. Zhao
H. Kobayashi C. Wilson
J. Wang S. Zhao
Q.-J. Wang J. Zou K. A. Manoly J. Yang
R. J. Masterson C. W. Bruny, Contributing Member
D. E. Matthews A. A. Dermenjian, Contributing
J. C. Minichiello Member
COMMITTEE ON CONSTRUCTION OF NUCLEAR FACILITY D. K. Morton K. R. Wichman, Honorary Member
COMPONENTS (BPV III)
R. S. Hill III, Chair M. Morishita
R. B. Keating, Vice Chair D. K. Morton Working Group on Core Support Structures (SG-CD) (BPV III)
J. C. Minichiello, Vice Chair T. Nagata
A. Byk, Staff Secretary R. F. Reedy, Sr. J. Yang, Chair M. Nakajima
T. M. Adams I. Saito J. F. Kielb, Secretary M. D. Snyder
A. Appleton S. Sham L. C. Hartless A. Tsirigotis
R. W. Barnes C. T. Smith D. Keck R. Vollmer
W. H. Borter W. K. Sowder, Jr. T. Liszkai R. Z. Ziegler
C. W. Bruny W. J. Sperko H. S. Mehta J. T. Land, Contributing Member
T. D. Burchell J. P. Tucker
R. P. Deubler K. R. Wichman
A. C. Eberhardt C. S. Withers
Working Group on Design of Division 3 Containment Systems
R. M. Jessee Y. H. Choi, Delegate
(SG-CD) (BPV III)
R. I. Jetter T. Ius, Delegate
C. C. Kim H.-T. Wang, Delegate D. K. Morton, Chair E. L. Pleins
G. H. Koo M. Zhou, Contributing Member D. J. Ammerman C. J. Temus
V. Kostarev E. B. Branch, Honorary Member G. Bjorkman
X. Zhai
K. A. Manoly G. D. Cooper, Honorary Member V. Broz
D. E. Matthews D. F. Landers, Honorary Member S. Horowitz I. D. McInnes, Contributing Member
R. P. McIntyre R. A. Moen, Honorary Member D. W. Lewis H. P. Shrivastava, Contributing
M. N. Mitchell C. J. Pieper, Honorary Member J. C. Minichiello Member
xxvi
Working Group on HDPE Design of Components (SG-CD) (BPV III) Working Group on Valves (SG-CD) (BPV III)
T. M. Musto, Chair P. Krishnaswamy P. Vock, Chair C. A. Mizer

J. Ossmann, Secretary K. A. Manoly S. Jones, Secretary J. O’Callaghan
T. M. Adams M. Martin M. C. Buckley H. O’Brien
T. A. Bacon J. C. Minichiello R. Farrell K. E. Reid II
M. Brandes D. P. Munson G. A. Jolly J. Sulley
D. Burwell F. J. Schaaf, Jr. J. Klein I. H. Tseng
S. Choi R. Stakenborghs T. Lippucci J. P. Tucker
J. R. Hebeisen H. E. Svetlik
Working Group on Vessels (SG-CD) (BPV III)

Working Group on Piping (SG-CD) (BPV III) D. E. Matthews, Chair T. J. Schriefer
C. Wilson, Secretary M. C. Scott
G. A. Antaki, Chair R. B. Keating
C. Basavaraju P. K. Shah
G. Z. Tokarski, Secretary V. Kostarev
J. V. Gregg, Jr. J. Shupert
T. M. Adams D. Lieb
M. Kassar
T. A. Bacon T. B. Littleton C. Turylo
R. B. Keating
C. Basavaraju Y. Liu D. Vlaicu
D. Keck
J. Catalano J. F. McCabe W. F. Weitze
J. Kim
F. Claeys J. C. Minichiello T. Yamazaki
O.-S. Kim
C. M. Faidy I.-K. Nam
T. Mitsuhashi R. Z. Ziegler
R. G. Gilada M. S. Sills
M. Nair A. Kalnins, Contributing Member
N. M. Graham G. C. Slagis
M. A. Gray N. C. Sutherland
R. J. Gurdal C.-I. Wu
R. W. Haupt A. N. Nguyen, Contributing Member
A. Hirano N. J. Shah, Contributing Member Subgroup on Design Methods (SC-D) (BPV III)
P. Hirschberg E. A. Wais, Contributing Member
M. Kassar E. C. Rodabaugh, Honorary C. W. Bruny, Chair D. Keck
J. Kawahata Member S. McKillop, Secretary M. N. Mitchell
K. Avrithi W. J. O’Donnell, Sr.
W. Culp P. J. O’Regan
P. R. Donavin
W. D. Reinhardt
J. V. Gregg, Jr.
H. T. Harrison III P. Smith
Working Group on Pressure Relief (SG-CD) (BPV III) S. D. Snow
K. Hsu
J. F. Ball, Chair A. L. Szeglin C. Jonker W. F. Weitze
K. R. May D. G. Thibault M. Kassar K. Wright
D. Miller I. H. Tseng
Working Group on Design Methodology (SG-DM) (BPV III)

Working Group on Pumps (SG-CD) (BPV III) S. D. Snow, Chair J. F. McCabe
C. F. Heberling II, Secretary S. McKillop
R. Klein, Chair M. Higuchi
K. Avrithi S. Ranganath
D. Chowdhury, Secretary R. Ladefian C. Basavaraju W. D. Reinhardt
P. W. Behnke W. Lienau D. L. Caldwell D. H. Roarty
R. E. Cornman, Jr.
K. J. Noel D. Dewees P. K. Shah
X. Di
R. A. Patrick C. M. Faidy R. Vollmer
M. D. Eftychiou
J. Sulley R. Farrell S. Wang
A. Fraser
R. Udo H. T. Harrison III W. F. Weitze
C. Gabhart
P. Hirschberg J. Wen
R. Ghanbari A. G. Washburn
M. Kassar T. M. Wiger
R. B. Keating K. Wright
J. Kim J. Yang
H. Kobayashi R. D. Blevins, Contributing Member
T. Liszkai M. R. Breach, Contributing Member
Working Group on Supports (SG-CD) (BPV III)
J. R. Stinson, Chair S. Pellet
U. S. Bandyopadhyay, Secretary I. Saito
K. Avrithi H. P. Srivastava Working Group on Environmental Effects (SG-DM) (BPV III)
T. H. Baker
C. Stirzel
F. J. Birch C. Jonker, Chair J. Kim
R. P. Deubler G. Z. Tokarski B. D. Frew, Secretary J. E. Nestell
N. M. Graham P. Wiseman W. Culp M. Osterfoss
R. J. Masterson C.-I. Wu P. J. Dobson T. J. Schriefer
xxvii
Another random document with
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“They’ve just called away two,” replied Nick; “and we’ve got to stand
by to get on board as quickly as anybody. I mean to stretch my little legs on
the snow, anyhow.”
The sledge-dogs were barking with joy, and vaulting and leaping over
each other, a perfect whirlwind of happiness.
They were convinced in their own minds that they were back again in
Greenland, and would soon be landed to live happy ever after. Even the
Shetland ponies stretched long necks towards the iceberg. They snuffed
something unusual, anyhow, and felt that something was going to happen.
But the behaviour of the bears was strangest of all. I believe that long
before the berg was sighted, these yellow-white monsters were aware of its
presence on the horizon.
They became unusually restive, walking rapidly up and down their cage,
and tossing their heads in the air.
There was none too much room in their quarters, so, of course, they got
in each other’s way. Gruff was a good-hearted bear, and kind even to his
dog companions, but he knew he was king of that cage, and conducted
himself according. If their language of eyes and gestures could be translated
into English, it would be as follows:—
“I’m certain,” Gruff said to Growley—“I’m certain, my dear, we are
near home at last, and won’t I be glad, just! I’m longing for a bit of fresh
seal-steak.”
“And so am I,” said Growley.
“And so am I,” said Grumpey, yawning.
Gruff slued smartly round, and landed Grumpey a blow that sent him
sprawling on the deck.
“Who asked your opinion, eh? Can’t you learn better manners than
interfere when your king and queen are talking?”
“Which I didn’t mean no harm,” whimpered Grumpey.
“Hold your tongue, sir! You’re not to answer; you’re not to wink even,
when I speak. Take that, and that, and that.”
And Gruff whacked Grumpey all round the cage, and made him sit
quietly in a corner with his consort Meg.
“As I was saying,” said the king, “when that impudent rascal interrupted
me, we must be near home, and I’m going on shore to see how matters
stand, as soon’s I get half a chance.”
“Oh, you’re never going to leave me!” cried Growley.
“My dear wife, never! How could such a thing enter your head? I’ll
come back when—when—when I’ve had a look round.”
Gruff was as good as his word, and hardly had the boats been hauled up
on the sea-foot of the iceberg than, in the stillness of the morning, the sound
of a mighty plash was heard, followed by shouting and hallooing. Gruff had
escaped, and was sturdily ploughing his way shorewards.
Gruff could have swum twenty miles through the sea, and been just as
calm and self-possessed as he was when he hauled himself, hand over hand,
up out of the water.
He shook himself, and gallons of spray flew in all directions. He shook
himself again and again, and then he was ready for a romp.
He gave vent to a coughing roar that made the welkin ring—a roar that
was echoed back from the ice-peaks above, and caused the very boats to
shake.
It was a joy-shout, however, and then his antics commenced. They were
somewhat ungainly, it is true, for he tumbled on his back, he stood on end,
first on his hind legs, then on his head, then he went shuffling off in search
of a seal with the two Newfoundlands, who could move much quicker than
he, racing round and round him, and barking for joy. No seal was to be
found, but Gruff smote, first one king penguin, then another. They lay dead
on the snow, the air full of their beautiful feathers. These birds were nice
eating, and Gruff made a hearty meal off them, and licked his great chops
with satisfaction.
He seemed very happy and contented after this, and lay down in the sun
to sleep, while our heroes went prospecting round and over this wondrous
island of ice.
When the boys sat down at last on the lee-side of the iceberg to rest and
enjoy a sun-bath, what impressed them most, I think, was the intensity of
the silence.
There was not a sound to be heard save the lapping of the waves against
the ice-cliffs, and the strange cries of the penguins, which, although the
birds were fully half a mile off, could be most distinctly heard. No one
talked save in subdued tones. To have rudely broken the holy silence would
have seemed something akin to sacrilege.
Beyond the jagged snow-ridge was the dark rippling sea—wondrously
blue to-day—while high above the sky itself looked like another ocean, the
clouds like bergs of snow-clad ice.
“On such a day as this,” said Ingomar, “what a pleasure it is even to live
and have one’s being!”
“Isn’t it just like being in another world?” cried Charlie, enthusiastically.
“Ay, lad, ay, and you are already coming under the glamour of the ice-
spirit. The influence is felt in the seas around the North Pole, where you’ve
been so long; but old sailors have told me that it is far more perceptible
down here.”
“The very dogs appear to feel it. Look, both Nick and Nora are sound
asleep!”
“No one,” he added, “can understand the glamour that steals over one in
these regions. It is usually ascribed to a species of magnetism which affects
the mind, the very soul itself, with a gentle, contented languor, which is
nothing if it be not happiness. For sailors, who have once experienced it,
will return again and again to the seas of ice, and brave dangers cheerfully
that the bravest mariners of other oceans would hesitate to face.”
“Is it the silence, I wonder,” said Walt, “that makes one drowsy? I could
sleep now.”
“It is the silence, Walt, but not that alone. For we are breathing the purest
air in all the wide, wide world. Besides, though we cannot perceive it, the
whole of this great island of ice is for ever gently rising and falling on the
Antarctic swell.
“But now, boys, what about returning?”
“Sit yet a little longer,” pleaded Charlie. “I like to fancy that we are
Crusoes, just we three, or that there is nobody in the world but ourselves
and the dogs.”
“Are we going to shoot some specimens of gulls and penguins?” said
Walt. “We have our guns. Isn’t it a pity not to use them?”
“No; rather would it be a pity if we did. It is nearly the end of October
now, Walt. It is springtime, or almost, in these regions. Why, then, should
we disturb the happiness of the feathered race? It seems to me that a curse
would follow us in all our cruising if we stained the pure white surface of
our first iceberg with the blood of even one of God’s beautiful birds.”
“I fear Gruff has no such romantic scruples,” said Charlie. “For here he
comes shuffling down towards us; and with his great chest bedabbled with
gore, he does look a very disreputable person indeed.”
Gruff certainly did, and he was rather flustered too, for presently round a
neighbouring hummock came Slap-dash himself and a couple of Yak-Yaks.
Gruff was wanted, and didn’t like the idea of going on board just yet.
But more than this, for when the beautiful bear made up his mind not to
do a thing, it took a good deal of coaxing to cause him to alter his
determination.
Though no one on the ice knew it, the ship had been brought as near to
the ice as possible with safety, for under the water a berg is usually four
times as large as the portion exposed.
Slap-dash tried all the persuasion possible, but Gruff, although headed
off by the Newfoundlands, refused to be wheedled.
Even the dogs did not dare to go too near.
“I advise you to keep at a respectable distance,” Gruff seemed to say.
“One touch of my little foot would bury you both in the snow, and you’d
never bark again in this world.”
“I’m not going off for hours yet,” he told Slap-dash; and away he
scampered to discuss another penguin.
To have attempted force might have led to an accident, and so at long
last all hands returned to the boat, and rowed away towards the ship, dogs
and all.
Gruff was close to the sea now, and staring after them.
“Oh,” he said to himself, “if that’s your little game, here is for after you.
I can’t forget my poor dear wife Growley.”
He leapt into the sea.
Now, when a snow-bear takes to the water, he swims with terrible
strength and speed.
To their consternation, they could soon perceive that Gruff was gaining
on them, and would undoubtedly attempt to scramble on board, and so
capsize the boat.
“Give way, men!” shouted Ingomar. “Pull for dear life!”
A whaler is not a racing-boat, but the sailors made her fly through the
water for all that, and all in time they gained the ship’s side and got on
board.
Next moment Gruff was alongside also, and on board too. He was so
glad to see his wife again that he promptly knocked her into the lee-
scuppers.
Then the two had a stand-up fight or a terrible wrestling match.
But bears are like the Lowland Scots, and biting and scratching is their
method of making love.
* * * * *
Having made all the observations needed, the good ship once more
pursued her way eastwards and by north towards her destination.
CHAPTER IV
IN FEATHER-LAND—A TERRIBLE ACCIDENT
“How are you, old man?”

“By George, Jack, I am glad to see you!”
“How well you’re looking, Tom!”
“Why, Jim, is that really your silly old self?”
“Me, and nobody else, lad. How’ve ye been?”
“Been roughing it a trifle. Got driven out of our track a piece, you know.
Something smashed and we couldn’t make up our leeway.”
“So glad to see you!”
“Been long here?”
“Three whole blessed weeks. The Elephant behaved splendidly all
through, except in a typhoon. A real Indian Oceaner that were, Jack. But we
called at Mauritius and got letters.”
“Letters?”
“Ay, lad—letters from home. The last we’ll have for many a long month
and year.”
These scraps of conversation are but specimens of those heard on board
the good Sea Elephant, fore and aft, when the Walrus people boarded her at
Kerguelen, after dropping anchor in a natural rock-girt harbour of that Isle
of Desolation.
Captain Mayne Brace was himself in charge of the whaler which had
brought them here, with Ingomar and Charlie; and now they were below in
the sister-ship’s cosy saloon, and for a whole hour the conversation never
lagged nor flagged.
Everybody was just as jolly as jolly could be, and Dr. Wright had
scarcely a case on the sick-list worth talking about.
True that in hoisting the crow’s-nest a rope which had been dried at the
galley-fire, and was somewhat scorched in one place, had snapped. The
crow’s-nest was hurled to the deck again, but only one man had been
injured.
There was no work done to-day. The mariners visited each other, and
gave themselves up to enjoyment. When the music from a merry little string
band was not sounding from the ’tween decks of the Sea Elephant, you
could hear it distinctly enough swelling over the water from another merry
little string band on board of the Walrus, and hear the shouting, and even
the laughter, of the crew as well.
Now and then came the coughing roar of the great bears or the shrill but
joyful barking of the dogs. Gruff couldn’t understand why he and his wife
were not permitted to join the dancers on deck. But this might have been
somewhat awkward for the sailors of the Elephant who were visiting the
Walrus, for though King Gruff knew every one of his own crew, from the
captain down to the ship’s cat, he might have treated strangers a trifle
roughly. Those who have had the pleasure or pain of waltzing with a Polar
bear on the Arctic ice, have been heard to admit afterwards that it is
possible to find a much more gentle partner.
This first evening or night—for the days were now long and bright—was
one that the crews of those barques would remember long after this under
far more dreary circumstances.
But the letters? Ah, yes; a swift mail steamer had brought those to the
capital of Mauritius Isle, and now they were handed over to the officers and
crew of the Walrus. They nearly all brought joy and comfort.
Charlie’s and Walt’s were especially nice, and the same may be said of
Ingomar’s letter from his father and sister.
The young fellow had written weeks before he had left England, and
here were the answers. The sister’s letter was sweet, as sisters’ letters seem
always to be; and the father’s—well, his son could read between the lines,
and he felt certain that there had been tears in the good but proud old man’s
eyes as he penned the following lines: “You are a brave boy, Hans. You are
a true Armstrong, and it is just possible I may have been a trifle harsh to
you. I would rather, however, you had not gone away, especially to the wild
and treacherous seas around the Antarctic Pole. Come back to me, boy—I
say come back to me, because I feel certain you will with honour. Come
back to your sister and mother.”
“I’ll return with honour, dad,” said Ingomar to himself, as he folded the
letter and placed it in his pocket. “I’ll come back to you with honour, or
never return again. It is a handsome letter, and, father, you have a heart that
I was cruel enough to vex and chafe. I’ll never part with this letter, for, ah!
dad, it shows, however you try to hide it, that you have already forgiven
your prodigal son.”
He looked very handsome as he stood there in his little cabin, to which
he had stolen away to read the letters from home over again.
There was the rattle of oars in rowlocks, and he knew a boat from the
Elephant was coming swinging alongside.
Then footsteps overhead, and presently entered his friend Lieutenant
Curtis.
“Hillo, Armstrong!”
“Hillo, Curtis!”
They shook hands.
“There is going to be a council of war—war with the ice—to-morrow
forenoon, and you and I have to be there. But meanwhile I want you to
come for a cruise on shore to have a look at the birds.”
“I’m with you; and I suppose there will be room for the boys?”
“Lots. They can take an oar each. They are strong enough.”
The extreme dreariness and loneliness of these rugged, dark, and hilly
shores during some months of the year can be better imagined than
described.
Kerguelen was the first to discover the isle. He was a French admiral,
but evidently he did not like the looks of it, and his examination must have
been but cursory, for he made but one or two half-hearted attempts to
examine the place, putting it down in his log as a portion of the great
Antarctic continent, about which we have all heard so much.
But other brave mariners managed to put the world to rights, and so
Kerguelen was found to be an island.
The rivalry that exists between all nations in the exploration of the great
snow lands and seas of ice has done much good. We have most of us had a
share in it, and so whether the first man to find either Pole be British or
American, or even a Dane or Frenchman, no one else will begrudge him the
honour.
No wonder that Kerguelen and Cook himself were glad to get clear away
from this island, for the gales that rage around it are often terrific in the
Southern autumn. The very appearance of the sky, too, is forbidding, with
its awful rolling cumulus or its hues of leaden grey or inky black.
But it was November when the men of the Walrus rowed our heroes on
shore, and the day happened to be calm and fine—hardly a breath of wind,
hardly a cloudlet in all the firmament.
Now and then a seal’s great head would be raised above the smooth
surface of the ocean, and round, wondering eyes would gaze thoughtfully
on the wanderers, then slowly sink once more.
And there were gulls afloat on the water and gulls in the sky.
Cormorants could be seen, skuas, and now and then the lovely snow-
white petrel.
Some of these had their nests on rocky cliffs, others on the more level
shore, but the skuas preferred higher ground, and the droll and weird-
looking king penguins had flocked to higher regions still, and formed
crowded cities that they might build and converse in peace.
Young Curtis was a student of Nature, and had many other scientific
attainments, which made him an excellent companion. There was no
finding one’s self weary where Arnold was. The rocks, the birds, the fossils,
the seaweeds, and medusæ, the fish, and the flora, all too rare or scarce,
formed the subject of most fascinating conversation.
And this young and brave officer had already explored much of
Kerguelen, and taken many observations which were bound to be useful in
many branches of science. So to-day he was capable of acting as guide to
the little picnic.
It was more than springtime in these latitudes. It wanted but little over a
month till midsummer, so the birds were very busy indeed. The penguins
were an especial study, and their droll ways amused the boys greatly.
“Arrant thieves, they are,” said Curtis. “They are at present too busy
examining us. But if one sees a chance, he does not hesitate a moment to
steal his neighbour’s eggs, and stick to them too.”
“It is a good thing,” said Ingomar, “we did not bring the dogs with us.”
“Yes, indeed, Hans. They would have caused much destruction and
havoc.”
The men followed the officers, and brought bags of matting, in which to
stow a few hundred eggs.
Birds’-nesting is sinful, but eggs are needed for food, and those of gulls
and penguins are very nice eating indeed. The flesh of the birds may have a
fishy taste, if the creatures have not been skinned, but the eggs have no bad
taste whatever.
The females sat quietly on their nests, as fearless as frogs, and satisfied
themselves with dabbing or pecking at the trousers or boots of the intruders.
The cock penguins also take turn about with the hens to sit on the eggs, but
at present they were not on watch. They lined the streets of this strange
feather-land, and were always ready to fight if any one went too near them.
“Why are there so many birds down yonder on the water or flying about
the rocks?” Walt asked.
“Oh,” replied Curtis, “that is a secret not known to all naturalists. Many
of these birds are fishing for the rookery, or rather, for their own particular
nest in it; but there are very many who choose not to enter into the holy
bonds of matrimony at all, and great rogues and cheats these bachelors are,
and seem to do their best, or rather worst, to annoy the more sober and staid
married folks.
“And this is true,” he added, “of nearly all birds that congregate in
colonies, and even of our own humble household British sparrow.”
After a most delightful luncheon, in which the eggs of the sea-birds
figured largely, it was proposed by Curtis that they should re-embark, and,
rowing round past a cape, visit a still undiscovered part of the island.
They had some difficulty in finding a landing-place, but managed to do
so at last, and leaving two men with the boat, the others started off into the
interior in search of adventures.
No wild beasts here, no savages, for the place is uninhabited. The hearts
of our heroes were young, however; and although they journeyed quite six
miles into the interior, through rugged ravines and ice-cold streams,
without, of course, the vestige of a road, all were as happy as the day was
going to be long.
They found many rare specimens of flora, some eggs, and a few fossils
of long-extinct shells.
They were returning by what was considered a near cut, though the
ground was higher and far rougher, when suddenly, on the brink of a ravine,
the ground gave way under the feet of poor Curtis, and he suddenly
disappeared into a kind of crevasse.
They could hear him shouting for a very short time, but his cries seemed
to wax feebler and feebler, and then were heard no more.
What was to be done? To descend was impossible without a rope, and
here there was none.
But Ingomar, as soon as he recovered somewhat from the grief and
shock—for it was firmly believed that Curtis must be dead—despatched
men back to the boat, to row in all haste to the ship and procure assistance.
This was, indeed, a sad calamity with which to wind up a very happy
day.
While the men were gone, Ingomar and the boys did their very best to
find some entrance on lower ground into the crevasse, but were altogether
unsuccessful.
There was nothing to be done, therefore, but to wait.
Perhaps time had never seemed more long to any one than it now did to
our heroes.
The sun went down at last in orange and crimson, his beams lighting up
the waves with unusual splendour, but no one to-night could appreciate the
scenery under such circumstances.
The men returned at length, and brought with them not only ropes, but
even lanterns; for although there would be a long summer twilight, night
would soon fall, and doubtless it would be dark enough at the bottom of the
terrible chasm.
It was Ingomar himself who volunteered to be lowered down, and he
would brook no contradiction. Was not Arnold Curtis his friend—a friend to
whom somehow he had become peculiarly attached?
So the lantern was lighted, Ingomar placed his limbs in the bight of the
rope, and immediately gave the order to lower away gently.
In a few seconds’ time he had sunk to the bottom of the abyss.
CHAPTER V
INGOMAR HIMSELF HAD A DREAM TO DREAM
Long minutes went by, and still no signal came from below to haul up.
One of the sailors—a light-weight, but strong—had just proposed
shinning down the rope, when suddenly it was shaken three successive
times, and the men commenced hauling up with every care.
Charlie and Walt had nothing to do, and their suspense was therefore
dreadful.
The rope seemed so thin. What if it should suddenly snap from chafing
over the sharp edge of the rock!
At last, however, brave Ingomar’s handsome, resolute face was seen
over the precipice. And in his arms he bore a sad burden.
Curtis was not tall, so his weight was nothing in comparison with the
strength of his rescuer. But his face hung backwards, and was covered with
blood.
The doctor, who had come back with the men, now made attempts to
resuscitate his unfortunate patient. But for a long time he was unsuccessful.
At last Arnold opened his eyes, and was presently able to swallow a little
cordial, and even to talk a word or two, though very incoherently.
“There is no fracture,” said Dr. Wright, as the unfortunate lieutenant
relapsed once more into insensibility. “Bear him to the boat most carefully,
men, and we will follow.”
“No fracture, doctor. I’m so glad.”
Then Ingomar fainted. The strain had been too much for even his strong
physique.
He was laid on his back, however, and soon revived. When fairly
restored and able to take the road gently leaning on Charlie’s arm—
“I say, Charlie,” he said, “wasn’t it a blessing that I didn’t succumb when
about halfway up the cliff?”
Ingomar was smiling, but the boy shuddered as he thought of the narrow
escape of the first lieutenant and Hans Armstrong himself, the two principal
men of the expedition. Had the dreadful accident occurred, and the bold
rescuer been obliged to quit hold while being hauled to bank, it would have
cast a gloom over all the hands which nothing could ever have dispelled.
I believe if people would only try to look upon the bright side of things
in this world, they would always find something to be thankful for.
The captain’s cabin in the Sea Elephant was the largest and best in the
ship. It was right aft, and there was a minimum of noise above it. This was
at once apportioned to the lieutenant, who had not yet recovered sensibility.
Nor did he for three long days.
The shock to brain and system generally had been very great, and would
have killed a less strong man. Even the loss of blood, so said Dr. Wright,
had been in no way against his patient.
Ingomar constituted himself Arnold’s nurse, and a gentle and tender one
he made, Charlie and Walt relieving him now and then.
Meanwhile, good work was being done on shore. Not only were
observations both by night and day taken, and surveys made and soundings
ascertained, but the sailors were now busy in the erection of a stone house
or cabin, which was to be the abode of five men and an officer for probably
a whole year—their home, indeed; and a more dreary one than this it would
be impossible to conceive, especially throughout the long and terrible
winter. They were to have the companionship of two of the best dogs,
plenty of provisions, and everything likely to conduce to their comfort, with
books to read, and even games to while away the time. Moreover, they
would be engaged every day in taking observations, for the advancement of
science, for every little aids; but, nevertheless, it would be—
“A weary time, a weary time.”
One evening Dr. Wright came into the saloon or mess-place.

He was looking sad.
“Has a change come?” said the captain.
“I fear so,” said Wright.
“Then we need not ask what it is?”
“No; I fear my patient is sinking, although, mind you, even yet there is
hope.”
It was one of those still nights which we find in these far Southern
climes, when the stars shine clear and bright above, and are reflected from
the dark, smooth sea, when, in the middle watch, hardly a sound is to be
heard except the gentle lapping of the water around the stern, a sound that
often resembles the talking of people in low, subdued monotones, only that
and the solemn far-off boom of the waves breaking drowsily on the rugged
rocks and shore.
Wright had given Ingomar his last instructions, and left him sitting
quietly by the cotside, Arnold’s favourite Eskimo dog near his feet, for the
faithful beast could seldom be prevailed upon to leave the cabin or even to
touch a morsel of food.
Presently, and most unexpectedly, the patient breathed a sigh, and
opened his eyes. Ingomar was standing over him in a moment with his
finger on his pulse.
That pulse was flickering and uncertain, but it seemed stronger; but well
did Hans know that these signs might be but the forerunner of death and
darkness.
A spoonful of cordial was held to the poor fellow’s lips, and this he
swallowed.
“Have—have I—been long ill? How——”
Ingomar smiled, but shook his head.
“Don’t speak just yet awhile,” he half whispered. “You have been ill, but
now I think you will recover. Be of good cheer. I’ll go for the doctor now.”
When he returned with Wright, Ruby the dog was sitting by the bed with
his cheek resting softly on his master’s hand.
It was such a pretty show of affection that Ingomar would not disturb
him.
Not long after this Curtis had fallen into a gentle sleep, and his nurse had
resumed his watch.
The change, the happy change, had come during that sleep, the clogged
wheels of life were once more moving steadily round, and when the doctor
again entered the cabin, he pronounced him out of danger.
It was not until next night, however, and in the stillness of a night just
like its predecessor, that the patient was allowed to talk a little, for Dr.
Wright’s orders were very peremptory, and were being carried out to the
letter.
“Hans Armstrong,” said Curtis, quietly, “you may tell me all.”
Hans did so.
“And you saved my life?”
“That is little credit to me, Arnold. Some one else would have done so
had I not.”
“But it is a credit to you. I have reason to love the name of Armstrong; it
will be a name dearer to me now than ever.
“But, Hans, when I am strong enough I am going to return to that
crevasse, and descend.”
“Indeed?”
“Yes, indeed, for there I must have dropped a gold locket, which
contained a portrait of the girl I love.”
Ingomar smiled.
“Keep your mind easy,” he said. “I found the locket, and here it is. I did
not open it—I deemed it sacred.”
“Oh, thanks! thanks!” he cried, taking the trinket, and with somewhat
shaky hands succeeding in opening it.
Probably one glance at the sweet face it contained did as much to place
the patient out of danger as days of nursing.
“Look, Hans—look for yourself. Is she not beautiful?”
No wonder that Ingomar started as he looked upon it, rubbed his eyes,
and looked again.
“Why—why——” he said.
“Yes, Hans, a portrait of my Marie.”
“Nay, but my Marie—my sister Marie.”
“Thank God,” murmured Curtis.
He did not speak again for several seconds.
“I say thank God, Hans, for this reason. Ever since we met I have been
struck by the strange likeness there is between you and Marie; and being of
the same name, I could not help thinking that you might be some near
relative—a cousin, and perhaps a lover. My mind is now relieved, and I
shall get speedily well.”
“But still I am puzzled. Where did you meet poor Marie?”
“I met her at a ball in New York. I think, Hans, it was love at first sight.
It was so with me, at all events. And though we have known each other for
but a very short time, it seems as if we had been acquainted for years.”
Ingomar was deep in thought.
“Did she speak of father and mother, and—of me?”
“She often talked of her father and mother, Hans, but seldom of you. She
grew so sad when she mentioned you, and it was always as ‘poor brother
who is dead and gone.’ And now, Hans, are we still as good friends?”
“Here is my hand, Arnold. It is a brother’s hand; I shall live in hopes of
sister Marie and you being happy—some day. But how strange we should
have met, and that I should have saved your life!”
“I care little for life save for her.”
“True, Arne; I have felt like that myself before now, when in love with
Cheena, the daughter of an Indian backwood chief.”
“Some day, Hans, you will tell me that story. But, Hans, there is
something I still have on my mind; and if I unburden myself to you, I shall
be in a fair way to happiness.”
“Here,” said Ingomar, “drink this first. I fear I am leading you into too
much talk.”
Arnold did as he was told, then continued—
“It was after I knew your sister, and after we loved each other, that I
found out your father was very wealthy, and that she would one day be so.
This discovery made me very unhappy. Though I myself am connected with
the peerage, my family are poor at present. I knew Marie would not believe
I was trying to woo her for her wealth. Heavens! she would be rich had she
not a single sou; but her father might object. And so I told her all.”
“And did it make any difference?”
“To Marie not the slightest. But to me it did. I was determined she
should not bind herself to a roving sailor like myself. It was in grief and
sorrow, ay, and in tears, that we parted. I had heard that one or two
expeditions were bound for the Antarctic, and I determined to join. I have
done so, and I feel it is for the best. If I die—well, all will be over. If, during
the years of enforced absence in these seas, Marie forgets me—well, all will
be over just the same, and I still can pray for her happiness should I never
see her more.”
“But,” said Ingomar, “suppose she does not forget you?”
“Ah! then,” said Arne, with a faint smile, “I may still dare to hope. This
hope, dear Hans, I have. It is this hope that makes me live again, and this
hope that I will cherish whatever happens.”
Once more he clasped Hans’ hand, and, still clasping it, fell into a gentle
sleep. Ingomar now spread a rug over his knees, and went to sleep in
Captain Bell’s easy-chair.
For Ingomar himself had a dream to dream.
CHAPTER VI
“TO THE WEST, TO THE WEST”
At the council or consultation that took place some days after this in the
ward-room of the Walrus, both Charlie and Walt were present, but, of
course, were not supposed to speak.
It was resolved therein that, instead of plunging at once into the great
ice-pack, and attempting to find out the South Pole by one bold rush, the
two ships should first spend ten or eleven months in sailing completely
round the world that lies all beneath or south of the latitudes of Kerguelen
and Cape Horn or Tierra del Fuego, and other southern lands around the
Antarctic Continent.
But they were to sail in different directions, one, the Sea Elephant, going
eastwards, the good old Walrus westwards.
Perhaps they might meet halfway round on the high seas. Anyhow—if
all turned out well—they hoped once more to unite their forces at
Kerguelen, and thence bear up for the pole itself, or, at all events, get South
as far as possible.
This had not been the first intention of the expedition, but the officers
thereof were, of course, right in altering their plans.
But what about the bears, and dogs, and the Eskimos themselves?
This was a matter for serious consideration. It was true that there was
food enough for all on board the Walrus, and that during explorations,
surveyings, and observation-taking all along the line of route, they would be
able to catch enough fish to keep the bears and Yak dogs in good health and
condition.
“With all my love for the creatures we are so fond of calling the lower
animals,” said Captain Mayne Brace, “I must admit that bears and Yak dogs
are not the very best shipmates one can possess. What say you, Mr.
Milton?”
“No, sir; we found that out in bringing the beggars home. A bear doesn’t
sleep so sweetly as a well-cared-for baby. Gruff is apt to wake at night to
cough or yawn, and when he does so he wakes his wife, and she coughs or
yawns; then the dogs join, and bedlam isn’t a circumstance to the row they
make.”
“Well, now,” continued Brace, “I have a question to put. Why shouldn’t
we leave them all here on Kerguelen till our return?”
“Why,” cried Captain Bell, “that is a splendid idea of yours. The Yak-
Yaks can build their own shelters, and feed and look after the whole pack.
Are you agreeable to that proposal, Mr. Armstrong?”
“Oh, quite. In fact, Captain Bell, the bears and dogs are not the best
companions; their voices are hardly melodious enough to conduce to sleep,
and they are like Artemus Ward’s elephants—they are powerful eaters. So I
agree.”
And all agreed. And as soon as everything was got ready on shore, both
Eskimos and animals were landed; and then the two ships bade each other
farewell, and each steamed away on her own track.
It will thus be seen that both vessels would sail round the world, and
each would make different observations and explorations.
But for the present, at all events, we must sail away in the Walrus.
Strangely enough, for the first few days the men actually missed the
bears and dogs.
Dumpty himself, who was very fond of Gruff and even Growley, used to
stand staring in at the empty cage for a quarter of an hour at a time, and
openly declared that he couldn’t sleep half so well now the dear old chaps
were gone; and many of the crew also thought the change was not one for
the better. However, that remained to be seen.
I must remind the reader just here that, though neither Charlie nor Walter
was bound apprentice, they were, nevertheless, already good sailors, and
that, moreover, they determined to adopt the sea as a profession eventually.
They now tried, therefore, to learn all they could, and were not too proud or
lazy to help on deck, and even take their trick at the wheel.
This latter is hard work and weary, especially when the thermometer is at
or below zero, a high wind blowing, and when your mittens get frozen to
the spokes. It is bad enough in tropical seas, with the sun beating down
almost vertically on one’s head, the waves all aglitter with light and heat,
and the pitch a-boil between the planks of the quarter-deck. And yet—
having done both—I much prefer the heat to the excessive cold of Polar
seas when steering.
Whenever time permitted, the boys now sought the companionship of
Ingomar. He was a treasure, to their way of thinking. There was no feeling
lonely when he was there, whether it were treading the decks by day or
listening to his stories and talk at eventide.
Where he had picked up all his knowledge was a puzzle to both lads, and
his yarns, at all events, bore an exceedingly strong resemblance to the truth.
There was plenty of music on board, and besides this, almost every one
could sing a bit. Before leaving Kerguelen the dogs generally began to sing
when the band began to play. The bandsmen could now play in peace, and
there was no Gruff nor Grumpey to imitate the trombone. Wallace the collie
was far too much of a gentleman to interrupt. Well, there were games of all
sorts to go in for in fine weather, and when the storms raged and stormy
winds blew, they could read and yarn.
Perhaps the Walrus was not so well found in food and drinkables as an
Atlantic liner. Yet there was enough, and everything was of the best.
What more could heart of sailor desire?
I think, though, that Ingomar, who remained in the Walrus, would have
been glad if his friend Curtis had made one of the crew of this ship.
One word from the American and the transference would have been
accomplished; but he did not speak that word. It would, he thought, look as
if he, being the owner of the ships, were interfering with the arrangements
thereof.
“Perhaps, after all,” he said to himself, “it is better as it is. We don’t
know what may transpire yet. Arnold does not look a bit too strong, and—
well, I should not like to see him sink and die.”
* * * * *
“Right gaily goes a ship when the wind blows free.” Thus sing some
sailor lads.
And the wind did blow free, and fast also, some few days after the two
discovery vessels parted company.
Not with the force of a gale, however, but that of a strong breeze, almost
like a joyous trade wind, that filled the white and flowing sail and bent the
gallant masts. This is perhaps a trifle too figurative, for the masts of ships
like these would take a deal of wind before they bent, and when they did so,
they would probably break. Of course the Walrus was not in low enough
latitudes to catch the regular or trade winds.
These, it will do you, reader, no harm to know, are really north winds
and south winds, that seem out of their course by the motion of the earth in
its revolution. In the north of the equator, and its belts of calm and variable
winds, and extending from about 10° N. lat. to about 30° N., we have the
N.E. trades; and south of the equatorial belt we get, as you would naturally
expect, the S.E. trades.
That is near enough for most landsmen to know. If, however, you ask
why the winds blow towards the equator, I need only tell you that Nature
abhors a vacuum. Well, along the great hot regions round the earth’s waist
you have such a vacuum, because heated air always ascends, and winds
rush in from both sides to fill it up.
The winds far south of the trades have often, in summer particularly, a
northerly direction, because the ocean is here warmer than the ice. But these
are very variable.
On the whole, perhaps, the study of the winds is best left to the
meteorologist.
A single glance at a map of the Antarctic will show any one what a vast
stretch of lonesome ocean there is betwixt Kerguelen and Tierra del Fuego,
which is the lowest land of the great South American continent.
The wind to the Walrus, and to the Sea Elephant as well, would be ever
welcome, unless it came in the somewhat questionable shape of a hurricane,
because they must steam just as little as possible. The Elephant, it is true,
had more than filled up at Mauritius. In fact, she had arrived at Kerguelen a
bumper ship, with coals, coals everywhere, and these she had shared with
the Walrus.
More than this, in the Sea Elephant’s passage back to Kerguelen, she
would probably call at the Cape to coal up again—or somewhere else; and,
indeed, in a voyage such as this, a good deal has to be left to what is termed
blind chance, though be assured chance never is or was blind—every wind
and every current of the ocean is but obeying inexorable laws in blowing or
flowing whither it does.
* * * * *
Navigation, nowadays, is so strange and difficult a study to a mere
outsider, or ’longshoreman, that although told that the Walrus was bearing
up for the Crozet Islands, and although they could easily position these on
the map or chart, and knew therefore that they lay to the nor’ard and west of
Kerguelen, Charlie and Walt were considerably puzzled when they looked
at the compass to see which way the ship’s head was.
“We seem to be going a bit zigzag, don’t we, Charlie, old man?” said
Walt to his companion one fine forenoon.
“I thought so too, Walt; but I suppose we’ll get there all the same. Come
along. Don’t puzzle your head; the dogs want a scamper, and luckily we’re
off duty.”
Everybody was dressed in extra clothing now, and this added
considerably to everybody’s breadth of beam, but especially, apparently, to
Dumpty’s. He was, indeed, a curious figure; and the Newfoundlands and
ship’s collie all seemed to know there was something rather ridiculous
about his build, and were never tired getting some fun out of him.
Dumpty had been throwing a wooden belaying-pin along the decks to-
day, that the wise animals might have exercise. And this was a species of

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2017 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel

Code Section XII Rules for Construction

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China International Working Group (BPV II)

T. M. Musto, Chair P. Krishnaswamy P. Vock, Chair C. A. Mizer

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IN FEATHER-LAND—A TERRIBLE ACCIDENT

“How are you, old man?”

INGOMAR HIMSELF HAD A DREAM TO DREAM

One evening Dr. Wright came into the saloon or mess-place.

“TO THE WEST, TO THE WEST”

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