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Index of Applications

BIOLOGY AND LIFE SCIENCES Petroleum production, 292 MATHEMATICS AND GEOMETRY
Age distribution vector, 378, 391, 392, 395 Profit, from crops, 50 Adjoint of a matrix, 134, 135, 142, 146, 150
Age progression software, 180 Purchase of a product, 91 Collinear points in the xy-plane, 139, 143
Age transition matrix, 378, 391, 392, 395 Revenue Conic section(s), 226, 229
Agriculture, 37, 50 fast-food stand, 242 general equation, 141
Cosmetic surgery results simulation, 180 General Dynamics Corporation, 266, 276 rotation of axes, 221–224, 226, 229,
Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 365 Google, Inc., 291    383–385, 392, 395
Galloping speeds of animals, 276 telecommunications company, 242 Constrained optimization, 389, 390, 392,
Genetics, 365 software publishers, 143   395
Health care expenditures, 146 Sales, 37 Contraction in R2, 337, 341, 342
Heart rhythm analysis, 255 concession area, 42 Coplanar points in space, 140, 143
Hemophilia A, 365 stocks, 92 Cramer’s Rule, 130, 136, 137, 142, 143, 146
Hereditary baldness, 365 Wal-Mart, 32 Cross product of two vectors, 277–280,
Nutrition, 11 Sales promotion, 106 288, 289, 294
Population Satellite television service, 85, 86, 147 Differential equation(s)
Software publishing, 143 linear, 218, 225, 226, 229
of deer, 37
second order, 164
of laboratory mice, 91
system of first order, 354, 380, 381,
of rabbits, 379 ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY    391, 392, 395, 396, 398
of sharks, 396
Aircraft design, 79 Expansion in R2, 337, 341, 342, 345
of small fish, 396
Circuit design, 322 Fibonacci sequence, 396
Population age and growth over time, 331
Computer graphics, 338 Fourier approximation(s), 285–287, 289, 292
Population genetics, 365
Computer monitors, 190 Geometry of linear transformations in R2,
Population growth, 378, 379, 391, 392, 336–338, 341, 342, 345
Control system, 314
395, 396, 398 Hessian matrix, 375
Controllability matrix, 314
Predator-prey relationship, 396 Jacobian, 145
Cryptography, 94–96, 102, 107
Red-green color blindness, 365 Lagrange multiplier, 34
Data encryption, 94
Reproduction rates of deer, 103 Laplace transform, 130
Decoding a message, 96, 102, 107
Sex-linked inheritance, 365 Least squares approximation(s), 281–284, 289
Digital signal processing, 172
Spread of a virus, 91, 93 linear, 282, 289, 292
Electrical network analysis, 30, 31, 34, 37,
Vitamin C content, 11 quadratic, 283, 289, 292
150
Wound healing simulation, 180 Linear programming, 47
Electronic equipment, 190
X-linked inheritance, 365 Magnification in R2, 341, 342
Encoding a message, 95, 102, 107
Encryption key, 94 Mathematical modeling, 273, 274, 276
BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS Parabola passing through three points, 150
Engineering and control, 130
Partial fraction decomposition, 34, 37
Airplane allocation, 91 Error checking
Polynomial curve fitting, 25–28, 32, 34, 37
Borrowing money, 23 digit, 200
Quadratic form(s), 382–388, 392, 395, 398
Demand, for a rechargeable power drill, 103 matrix, 200
Quadric surface, rotation of, 388, 392
Demand matrix, external, 98 Feed horn, 223
Reflection in R2, 336, 341, 342, 345, 346
Economic system, 97, 98 Global Positioning System, 16
Relative maxima and minima, 375
of a small community, 103 Google’s Page Rank algorithm, 86 Rotation
Finance, 23 Image morphing and warping, 180 in R2, 303, 343, 393, 397
Fundraising, 92 Information retrieval, 58 in R3, 339, 340, 342, 345
Gasoline sales, 105 Internet search engine, 58 Second Partials Test for relative extrema, 375
Industrial system, 102, 107 Ladder network, 322 Shear in R2, 337, 338, 341, 342, 345
Input-output matrix, 97 Locating lost vessels at sea, 16 Taylor polynomial of degree 1, 282
Leontief input-output model(s), 97, 98, 103 Movie special effects, 180 Three-point form of the equation of a plane,
Major League Baseball salaries, 107 Network analysis, 29–34, 37 141, 143, 146
Manufacturing Radar, 172 Translation in R2, 308, 343
labor and material costs, 105 Sampling, 172 Triple scalar product, 288
models and prices, 150 Satellite dish, 223 Two-point form of the equation of a line,
production levels, 51, 105 Smart phones, 190 139, 143, 146, 150
Net profit, Microsoft, 32 Televisions, 190 Unit circle, 253
Output matrix, 98 Wireless communications, 172 Wronskian, 219, 225, 226, 229

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
PHYSICAL SCIENCES Newton’s Second Law of Motion, 164 Smokers and nonsmokers, 91
Acoustical noise levels, 28 Ohm’s Law, 322 Sports
Airplane speed, 11 Pendulum, 225 activities, 91
Area Planetary periods, 27, 274 Super Bowl I, 36
of a parallelogram using cross product, Primary additive colors, 190 Television watching, 91
   279, 280, 288, 294 RGB color model, 190 Test scores, 108
of a triangle Stiffness matrix, 64, 72
using cross product, 289 Temperature, 34
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
using determinants, 138, 142, 146, Torque, 277
Traffic flow, 28, 33 Canonical regression analysis, 304
  150 Least squares regression
Astronomy, 27, 274 Undamped system, 164
Unit cell, 213 analysis, 99–101, 103, 107, 265, 271–276
Balancing a chemical equation, 4 cubic polynomial, 276
Beam deflection, 64, 72 end-centered monoclinic, 213
Vertical motion, 37 line, 100, 103, 107, 271, 274, 276, 296
Chemical quadratic polynomial, 273, 276
changing state, 91 Volume
of a parallelepiped, 288, 289, 292 Leslie matrix, 331, 378
mixture, 37 Markov chain, 85, 86, 92, 93, 106
reaction, 4 of a tetrahedron, 114, 140, 143
Water flow, 33 absorbing, 89, 90, 92, 93, 106
Comet landing, 141 Multiple regression analysis, 304
Computational fluid dynamics, 79 Wind energy consumption, 103
Work, 248 Multivariate statistics, 304
Crystallography, 213 State matrix, 85, 106, 147, 331
Degree of freedom, 164 Steady state probability vector, 386
Diffusion, 354 Stochastic matrices, 84–86, 91–93, 106, 331
SOCIAL SCIENCES AND
Dynamical systems, 396
Earthquake monitoring, 16 DEMOGRAPHICS
Electric and magnetic flux, 240 Caribbean Cruise, 106 MISCELLANEOUS
Flexibility matrix, 64, 72 Cellular phone subscribers, 107 Architecture, 388
Force Consumer preference model, 85, 86, 92, 147 Catedral Metropolitana Nossa Senhora
matrix, 72 Final grades, 105 Aparecida, 388
to pull an object up a ramp, 157 Grade distribution, 92 Chess tournament, 93
Geophysics, 172 Master’s degrees awarded, 276 Classified documents, 106
Grayscale, 190 Politics, voting apportionment, 51 Determining directions, 16
Hooke’s Law, 64 Population Dominoes, A2
Kepler’s First Law of Planetary Motion, 141 of consumers, 91 Flight crew scheduling, 47
Kirchhoff’s Laws, 30, 322 regions of the United States, 51 Sudoku, 120
Lattice of a crystal, 213 of smokers and nonsmokers, 91 Tips, 23
Mass-spring system, 164, 167 United States, 32 U.S. Postal Service, 200
Mean distance from the sun, 27, 274 world, 273 ZIP + 4 barcode, 200
Natural frequency, 164 Population migration, 106

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 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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Elementary Linear Algebra

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Elementary Linear Algebra
8e

Ron Larson
The Pennsylvania State University
The Behrend College

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

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 Elementary Linear Algebra © 2017, 2013, 2009 Cengage Learning
Eighth Edition
WCN: 02-200-203
Ron Larson

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Student Edition
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 Contents

1 Systems of Linear Equations 1

1.1 Introduction to Systems of Linear Equations 2
1.2 Gaussian Elimination and Gauss-Jordan Elimination 13
1.3 Applications of Systems of Linear Equations 25
Review Exercises 35
Project 1 Graphing Linear Equations 38
Project 2 Underdetermined and Overdetermined Systems 38

2 Matrices 39
2.1 Operations with Matrices 40
2.2 Properties of Matrix Operations 52
2.3 The Inverse of a Matrix 62
2.4 Elementary Matrices 74
2.5 Markov Chains 84
2.6 More Applications of Matrix Operations 94
Review Exercises 104
Project 1 Exploring Matrix Multiplication 108
Project 2 Nilpotent Matrices 108

3 Determinants 109
3.1 The Determinant of a Matrix 110
3.2 Determinants and Elementary Operations 118
3.3 Properties of Determinants 126
3.4 Applications of Determinants 134
Review Exercises 144
Project 1 Stochastic Matrices 147
Project 2 The Cayley-Hamilton Theorem 147
Cumulative Test for Chapters 1–3 149

4 Vector Spaces 151

4.1 Vectors in Rn 152
4.2 Vector Spaces 161
4.3 Subspaces of Vector Spaces 168
4.4 Spanning Sets and Linear Independence 175
4.5 Basis and Dimension 186
4.6 Rank of a Matrix and Systems of Linear Equations 195
4.7 Coordinates and Change of Basis 208
4.8 Applications of Vector Spaces 218
Review Exercises 227
Project 1 Solutions of Linear Systems 230
Project 2 Direct Sum 230

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
vi Contents

5 Inner Product Spaces 231

5.1 Length and Dot Product in R n 232
5.2 Inner Product Spaces 243
5.3 Orthonormal Bases: Gram-Schmidt Process 254
5.4 Mathematical Models and Least Squares Analysis 265
5.5 Applications of Inner Product Spaces 277
Review Exercises 290
Project 1 The QR-Factorization 293
Project 2 Orthogonal Matrices and Change of Basis 294
Cumulative Test for Chapters 4 and 5 295

6 Linear Transformations 297

6.1 Introduction to Linear Transformations 298
6.2 The Kernel and Range of a Linear Transformation 309
6.3 Matrices for Linear Transformations 320
6.4 Transition Matrices and Similarity 330
6.5 Applications of Linear Transformations 336
Review Exercises 343
Project 1 Reflections in R 2 (I) 346
Project 2 Reflections in R 2 (II) 346

7 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 347

7.1 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 348
7.2 Diagonalization 359
7.3 Symmetric Matrices and Orthogonal Diagonalization 368
7.4 Applications of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 378
Review Exercises 393
Project 1 Population Growth and Dynamical Systems (I) 396
Project 2 The Fibonacci Sequence 396
Cumulative Test for Chapters 6 and 7 397

8 Complex Vector Spaces (online)*

8.1 Complex Numbers
8.2 Conjugates and Division of Complex Numbers
8.3 Polar Form and DeMoivre’s Theorem
8.4 Complex Vector Spaces and Inner Products
8.5 Unitary and Hermitian Matrices
Review Exercises
Project 1 The Mandelbrot Set
Project 2 Population Growth and Dynamical Systems (II)

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 Contents vii

9 Linear Programming (online)*

9.1 Systems of Linear Inequalities
9.2 Linear Programming Involving Two Variables
9.3 The Simplex Method: Maximization
9.4 The Simplex Method: Minimization
9.5 The Simplex Method: Mixed Constraints
Review Exercises
Project 1 Beach Sand Replenishment (I)
Project 2 Beach Sand Replenishment (II)

10 Numerical Methods (online)*

10.1 Gaussian Elimination with Partial Pivoting
10.2 Iterative Methods for Solving Linear Systems
10.3 Power Method for Approximating Eigenvalues
10.4 Applications of Numerical Methods
Review Exercises
Project 1 The Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) Method
Project 2 United States Population

Appendix A1
Mathematical Induction and Other Forms of Proofs

Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Tests A7

Index A41

Technology Guide*

*Available online at CengageBrain.com.

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 Preface
Welcome to Elementary Linear Algebra, Eighth Edition. I am proud to present to you this new edition. As with
all editions, I have been able to incorporate many useful comments from you, our user. And while much has
changed in this revision, you will still find what you expect—a pedagogically sound, mathematically precise, and
comprehensive textbook. Additionally, I am pleased and excited to offer you something brand new— a companion
website at LarsonLinearAlgebra.com. My goal for every edition of this textbook is to provide students with the
tools that they need to master linear algebra. I hope you find that the changes in this edition, together with
LarsonLinearAlgebra.com, will help accomplish just that.

New To This Edition

NEW LarsonLinearAlgebra.com
This companion website offers multiple tools and
resources to supplement your learning. Access to
these features is free. Watch videos explaining
concepts from the book, explore examples, download
data sets and much more.

5.2 Exercises 253

true or False? In Exercises 85 and 86, determine
whether each statement is true or false. If a statement
is true, give a reason or cite an appropriate statement
from the text. If a statement is false, provide an example
that shows the statement is not true in all cases or cite an
appropriate statement from the text.
85. (a) The dot product is the only inner product that can be
defined in Rn.
(b) A nonzero vector in an inner product can have a
norm of zero.
86. (a) The norm of the vector u is the angle between u and
the positive x-axis.
(b) The angle θ between a vector v and the projection
of u onto v is obtuse when the scalar a < 0 and
acute when a > 0, where av = projvu.
87. Let u = (4, 2) and v = (2, −2) be vectors in R2 with
the inner product 〈u, v〉 = u1v1 + 2u2v2.
(a) Show that u and v are orthogonal.
(b) Sketch u and v. Are they orthogonal in the Euclidean
sense?
88. Proof Prove that
u + v2 + u − v2 = 2u2 + 2v2
for any vectors u and v in an inner product space V.
89. Proof Prove that the function is an inner product on Rn.
〈u, v〉 = c1u1v1 + c2u2v2 + . . . + cnunvn, ci > 0
Finding Inner Product Weights
90. Proof Let u and v be nonzero vectors in an inner
product space V. Prove that u − projvu is orthogonal
find c1 and c2 for the inner product of R2,
〈u, v〉 = c1u1v1 + c2u2v2
to v.
91. Proof Prove Property 2 of Theorem 5.7: If u, v,
such that the graph represents a unit circle as shown.
and w are vectors in an inner product space V, then
〈u + v, w〉 = 〈u, w〉 + 〈v, w〉.
92. Proof Prove Property 3 of Theorem 5.7: If u and v
94. Use the result of Exercise 93 to find W⊥ when W is the
span of (1, 2, 3) in V = R3.
95. guided Proof Let 〈u, v〉 be the Euclidean inner
product on Rn. Use the fact that 〈u, v〉 = uTv to prove
that for any n × n matrix A,
(a) 〈ATAu, v〉 = 〈u, Av〉
and
(b) 〈ATAu, u〉 = Au2.
Getting Started: To prove (a) and (b), make use of both
the properties of transposes (Theorem 2.6) and the
properties of the dot product (Theorem 5.3). REVISED Exercise Sets
(i) To prove part (a), make repeated use of the property
〈u, v〉 = uTv and Property 4 of Theorem 2.6. The exercise sets have been carefully and extensively
(ii) To prove part (b), make use of the property
〈u, v〉 = uTv, Property 4 of Theorem 2.6, and examined to ensure they are rigorous, relevant, and
Property 4 of Theorem 5.3.
cover all the topics necessary to understand the
96. CAPSTONE
(a) Explain how to determine whether a function
fundamentals of linear algebra. The exercises are
defines an inner product.
(b) Let u and v be vectors in an inner product space V,
ordered and titled so you can see the connections
such that v ≠ 0. Explain how to find the orthogonal
projection of u onto v.
between examples and exercises. Many new skill-
building, challenging, and application exercises have
In Exercises 97–100,
been added. As in earlier editions, the following
pedagogically-proven types of exercises are included.
97. y 98. y
• True or False Exercises
3 4
2
||u|| = 1 ||u|| = 1
1

Proofs
are vectors in an inner product space V and c is any real
number, then 〈u, cv〉 = c〈u, v〉. −3 − 2 2 3
x
−3 −1 1 3
x
•
93. guided Proof Let W be a subspace of the inner −2

product space V. Prove that the set

W⊥ = { v ∈ V: 〈v, w〉 = 0 for all w ∈ W } 99.
−3

y 100.
−4
y
• Guided Proofs
Writing Exercises
5 6
is a subspace of V.
Getting Started: To prove that W⊥ is a subspace of ||u|| = 1
4
||u|| = 1
•
V, you must show that W⊥ is nonempty and that the 1

• Technology Exercises (indicated throughout the

x x
closure conditions for a subspace hold (Theorem 4.5). −5 − 3 1 3 5 −6 6
(i) Find a vector in W⊥ to conclude that it is nonempty. −4
(ii) To show the closure of W⊥ under addition, you −5 −6 text with )
need to show that 〈v1 + v2, w〉 = 0 for all w ∈ W
101. Consider the vectors
and for any v1, v2 ∈ W⊥. Use the properties of
inner products and the fact that 〈v1, w〉 and 〈v2, w〉
are both zero to show this.
u = (6, 2, 4) and v = (1, 2, 0)
from Example 10. Without using Theorem 5.9, show
Exercises utilizing electronic data sets are indicated
(iii) To show closure under multiplication by a scalar,
proceed as in part (ii). Use the properties of inner
that among all the scalar multiples cv of the vector
v, the projection of u onto v is the vector closest to by and found at CengageBrain.com.
products and the condition of belonging to W⊥. u—that is, show that d(u, projvu) is a minimum.

9781305658004_0502.indd 253 8/18/15 10:21 AM

ix

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
x Preface

Table of Contents Changes

Based on market research and feedback from users,
Section 2.5 in the previous edition (Applications of
2 Matrices
Matrix Operations) has been expanded from one section 2.1 Operations with Matrices
to two sections to include content on Markov chains. 2.2 Properties of Matrix Operations
2.3 The Inverse of a Matrix
So now, Chapter 2 has two application sections: 2.4 Elementary Matrices
Section 2.5 (Markov Chains) and Section 2.6 (More 2.5 Markov Chains
2.6 More Applications of Matrix Operations
Applications of Matrix Operations). In addition,
Section 7.4 (Applications of Eigenvalues and
Eigenvectors) has been expanded to include content
on constrained optimization.

Trusted Features
Data Encryption (p. 94)

Computational Fluid Dynamics (p. 79)

®
For the past several years, an independent website—
CalcChat.com—has provided free solutions to all
odd-numbered problems in the text. Thousands of
students have visited the site for practice and help Beam Deflection (p. 64)

with their homework from live tutors. You can also

use your smartphone’s QR Code® reader to scan the
icon at the beginning of each exercise set to
access the solutions. Information Retrieval (p. 58)

Flight Crew Scheduling (p. 47)

Clockwise from top left, Cousin_Avi/Shutterstock.com; Goncharuk/Shutterstock.com;
39
Gunnar Pippel/Shutterstock.com; Andresr/Shutterstock.com; nostal6ie/Shutterstock.com
62 Chapter 2 Matrices

2.3 The Inverse of a Matrix 9781305658004_0201.indd 39 9/10/15 10:21 AM

Find the inverse of a matrix (if it exists). Chapter Openers

Use properties of inverse matrices.
Use an inverse matrix to solve a system of linear equations. Each Chapter Opener highlights five real-life
Matrices and their inverses
applications of linear algebra found throughout the
Section 2.2 discussed some of the similarities between the algebra of real numbers and chapter. Many of the applications reference the
the algebra of matrices. This section further develops the algebra of matrices to include
the solutions of matrix equations involving matrix multiplication. To begin, consider
the real number equation ax = b. To solve this equation for x, multiply both sides of
Linear Algebra Applied feature (discussed on the
the equation by a−1 (provided a ≠ 0).
next page). You can find a full list of the
ax = b
(a−1a)x = a−1b applications in the Index of Applications on the
(1)x = a−1b
x = a−1b inside front cover.
The number a−1 is the multiplicative inverse of a because a−1a = 1 (the identity
element for multiplication). The definition of the multiplicative inverse of a matrix is
similar.
Section Objectives
definition of the inverse of a Matrix
An n × n matrix A is invertible (or nonsingular) when there exists an n × n
A bulleted list of learning objectives, located at
matrix B such that
the beginning of each section, provides you the
AB = BA = In
where In is the identity matrix of order n. The matrix B is the (multiplicative) opportunity to preview what will be presented
inverse of A. A matrix that does not have an inverse is noninvertible (or
singular). in the upcoming section.
Nonsquare matrices do not have inverses. To see this, note that if A is of size
m × n and B is of size n × m (where m ≠ n), then the products AB and BA are of
different sizes and cannot be equal to each other. Not all square matrices have inverses. Theorems, Definitions, and
Properties
(See Example 4.) The next theorem, however, states that if a matrix does have an
inverse, then that inverse is unique.

theoreM 2.7 Uniqueness of an inverse Matrix Presented in clear and mathematically precise
If A is an invertible matrix, then its inverse is unique. The inverse of A is
denoted by A−1. language, all theorems, definitions, and properties
proof are highlighted for emphasis and easy reference.
If A is invertible, then it has at least one inverse B such that
AB = I = BA.
Assume that A has another inverse C such that Proofs in Outline Form
AC = I = CA.
In addition to proofs in the exercises, some
Demonstrate that B and C are equal, as shown on the next page.
proofs are presented in outline form. This omits
the need for burdensome calculations.

QR Code is a registered trademark of Denso Wave Incorporated

9781305658004_0203.indd 62 8/18/15 11:34 AM

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 [ ]
1 0 . . . 0 c11 c12 . . . c1n
0 1 . . . 0 c21 c22 . . . c2n
.
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
0 0 . . . 1 cn1 cn2 . . . cnn
3.1 The Determinant of a Matrix By 113
the lemma following Theorem 4.20, however, the right-hand side of this matrix
is Q = P−1, which implies that the matrix has the form [I P−1], which proves the Preface xi
theorem.
Theorem 3.1 expansion by Cofactors

Discovery Let A be a square matrix of order n. Then the determinant of A is

n
In the next example, you will apply this procedure to the change of basis problem
from Example 3.
∑ det(A) = ∣A∣ = aijCij = ai1Ci1 + ai2Ci2 + . . . + ainCin ith row
Using the Discovery feature helps you develop j=1 expansion
Finding a transition Matrix
an intuitive understanding of mathematical
or
n jth column
det(A) = ∣A∣ = ∑ a C ij = a1jC1j + a2jC2j +
. . .+a C . See LarsonLinearAlgebra.com for an interactive version of this type of example.
concepts and relationships. i=1
ij nj nj expansion
Find the transition matrix from B to B′ for the bases for R3 below.
When expanding by cofactors, you do not need to find cofactors of zero entries, B = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} and B′ = {(1, 0, 1), (0, −1, 2), (2, 3, −5)}
Technology Notes because zero times its cofactor is zero.
solution
aijCij = (0)Cij 5.3 Orthonormal Bases: Gram-Schmidt Process 255
Technology notes show how you can use =0
First use the vectors in the two bases to form the matrices B and B′.
D I S C O V E RY Example 1 describes another nonstandard orthonormal basis for R3.
graphing utilities and software programs
[ ] [ ]
1 0 0 1 0 2
The row (or column) containing the most zeros is usually the best choice for expansion
B= 0 1 0 and B′ = 0 −1 3
by cofactors. The next example demonstrates1. Let B = {(1, 0), (1, 2)} a nonstandard Orthonormal Basis for R 3
appropriately in the problem-solving process. and B′ = {(1, 0), (0, 1)}.
this. 0 0 1 1 2 −5
3
Show that the set is an orthonormal basis for R .
[B′ B] and use Gauss-Jordan elimination to rewrite [B′ B] as
Many of the Technology notes reference the The Determinant Form the matrix Then form the matrix

2.
[of
B′ aBmatrix
]. of order 4 [I3 P−1]. S = {v , v , v } =
1
,
1
,0 , − , {(
√2 √2 2√2
,
2 2 1
, ,− , )( ) (3 )}
Technology Guide at CengageBrain.com.
1 2 3
√2 √2 6 6 3 3 3
Make a conjecture

[ ] [ ]
Find the determinant of 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 −1 4 2
about the necessity of SOlutiOn
0 −1 3 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 −7 −3

[ ]
1 −2 3 0 using Gauss-Jordan First show that the three vectors are mutually orthogonal.
1 2 −5 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 −2 −1
−1 1 0 2 elimination to obtain 1 1
A= . v1 ∙ v2 = −that
From this, you can conclude + +transition
0=0
0 2 0 3
the transition matrix 6 the
6 matrix from B to B′ is
P −1 when the change 2 2

[ ]
3 4 0 −2 −1 v14∙ v3 =2 − +0=0
of basis is from a z

nonstandard basis to P−1 = 3 −7 −33√ . 2 3√2

soluTion √2 √2 2√2
a standard basis. 1 −2 −1
v2 ∙ v3 = − − + =0
Notice that three of the entries in the third column are zeros. So, ,to− eliminate
,
2 , 2of
−some
6 6
, 2 2
3
Multiply P−1 byNow,
9
2 2 1
the coordinate ( 9
) 9 ( )
= [1 2 −1]T to see that the result is the
of 1x because
each vector ismatrix
3 3 3 k
the work in the expansion, use the third column. v2 of length
v3 same as that obtained in Example 3.
∣A∣ = 3(C13) + 0(C23) + 0(C333) + 0(C43) i
v1 = √v1 ∙ v1 = √12 + 12 + 0 = 1
v2 = √v2 ∙ v2 = √18 1 1
v1 j + 18 + 89 = 1
The cofactors C23, C33, and C43 have zero coefficients, so you need only find the
TeChnology 1 , linear = √v3 ∙ v3 = √9 is
v3Crystallography
4 4
+ the
1
9 + 9science
= 1. of atomic and molecular
cofactor C13. To do this, delete the first row and third columnx of A and evaluate
( )
1the y
,0
2 2 structure. In a crystal, atoms are in a repeating pattern
Many graphing utilities and algeBra

∣ ∣
determinant of the resulting matrix. So, S is an orthonormal set. The three vectors do not lie in the same plane (see Figure
called a lattice. The simplest repeating unit in a lattice is a
software programs can 3

−1 1 2
Figure 5.11
applied5.11), so you know that they span R . By Theorem 4.12, they form a (nonstandard)
unitbasis
orthonormal cell.for
Crystallographers
R3. can use bases and coordinate
find the determinant of
matrices in R3 to designate the locations of atoms in a
a square matrix. If you use C13 = (−1) 1+3
0 2 3 Delete 1st row and 3rd column.
unit cell. For example, the figure below shows the unit
a graphing utility, then you may −2

∣ ∣
3 4 an Orthonormal
cell known as end-centered Basis for P3
monoclinic.
see something similar to the
screen below for Example 4. −1 1 2 In P3 , with the inner product
The Technology guide at = 0 2 3 Simplify. 〈 p, q〉 = a0b0 + a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3
CengageBrain.com can help 3 4 −2
you use technology to find a the standard basis B = { 1, x, x2, x3 } is orthonormal. The verification of this is left as an
exercise. (See Exercise 17.)
determinant. Expanding by cofactors in the second row yields

∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
A
1 2 −1 2 −1 1 One possible coordinate matrix for the top end-centered
Time-frequency analysis of irregular physiological signals,
[[1 -2 3 0 ] C13 = (0)(−1)2+1 + (2)(−1)2+2 + (3)(−1)2+3 linear is [xas
(blue) atom such = [12 12 1]cardiac
]B′ beat-to-beat
T
.
[-1 1 0 2 ] 4 −2 3 −2 3 4 rhythm variations (also known
algeBra as heart rate variability or HRV), canBrazhnykov
[0 2 0 3 ] be difficult. This is
Andriy/Shutterstock.com
[3 4 0 -2]] = 0 + 2(1)(−4) + 3(−1)(−7) applied because the structure of a signal can include multiple
det A periodic, nonperiodic, and pseudo-periodic components.
= 13. Researchers have proposed and validated a simplified HRV
39
analysis method called orthonormal-basis partitioning and
You obtain time-frequency representation (OPTR). This method can
detect both abrupt and slow changes in the HRV signal’s
∣A∣ = 3(13) 9781305658004_0407.indd 213
structure, divide a nonstationary HRV signal into segments
8/18/15 11:58 AM
= 39. that are “less nonstationary,” and determine patterns in the
HRV. The researchers found that although it had poor time
resolution with signals that changed gradually, the OPTR
method accurately represented multicomponent and abrupt
changes in both real-life and simulated HRV signals.
(Source: Orthonormal-Basis Partitioning and Time-Frequency
Representation of Cardiac Rhythm Dynamics, Aysin, Benhur, et al,
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 52, no. 5)
108 Chapter 2 Matrices Sebastian Kaulitzki/Shutterstock.com

2
9781305658004_0301.indd 113
Projects
8/18/15 2:14 PM

1 Exploring Matrix Multiplication

The table shows the first two test scores for Anna, Bruce, Chris, and David. Use the 9781305658004_0503.indd 255 8/18/15 4:07 PM
Test 1 Test 2
Anna 84 96
table to create a matrix M to represent the data. Input M into a software program or
a graphing utility and use it to answer the questions below.
1. Which test was more difficult? Which was easier? Explain.
Linear Algebra Applied
Bruce
Chris
56
78
72
83
2. How would you rank the performances of the four students? The Linear Algebra Applied feature describes a real-life
[] []
1 0
David 82 91
3. Describe the meanings of the matrix products M
0
and M
1
.

4. Describe the meanings of the matrix products [1 0 0 0]M and [0 0 1 0]M.

application of concepts discussed in a section. These
5. Describe the meanings of the matrix products M
1
1
and 12M
1
1
.[] [] applications include biology and life sciences, business
6. Describe the meanings of the matrix products [1 1 1 1]M and 14 [1 1 1 1]M. and economics, engineering and technology, physical
7. Describe the meaning of the matrix product [1 1 1 1]M
1
[]
sciences, and statistics and probability.
.
1
8. Use matrix multiplication to find the combined overall average score on
both tests.
9. How could you use matrix multiplication to scale the scores on test 1 by a
factor of 1.1?

2 Nilpotent Matrices
Capstone Exercises
Let A be a nonzero square matrix. Is it possible that a positive integer k exists such
that Ak = O? For example, find A3 for the matrix
The Capstone is a conceptual problem that synthesizes
key topics to check students’ understanding of the
[ ]
0 1 2
A= 0 0 1 .
0 0 0 section concepts. I recommend it.
A square matrix A is nilpotent of index k when A ≠ O, A2 ≠ O, . . . , Ak−1 ≠ O,
but Ak = O. In this project you will explore nilpotent matrices.
1. The matrix in the example above is nilpotent. What is its index?
2. Use a software program or a graphing utility to determine which matrices below
are nilpotent and find their indices.
Chapter Projects
(a)
0
0 [ 1
0 ] (b)
0
1[ 1
0 ] (c)
0
1
0
0 [ ] Two per chapter, these offer the opportunity for group
activities or more extensive homework assignments,
[ ] [ ]
0 0 1 0 0 0
[ ]
1 0
(d) (e) 0 0 0 (f) 1 0 0
1 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 and are focused on theoretical concepts or applications.
3. Find 3 × 3 nilpotent matrices of indices 2 and 3.
4. Find 4 × 4 nilpotent matrices of indices 2, 3, and 4. Many encourage the use of technology.
5. Find a nilpotent matrix of index 5.
6. Are nilpotent matrices invertible? Prove your answer.
7. When A is nilpotent, what can you say about AT? Prove your answer.
8. Show that if A is nilpotent, then I − A is invertible.

Supri Suharjoto/Shutterstock.com

9781305658004_020R.indd 108 9/8/15 8:41 AM

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Instructor Resources
Media
Instructor’s Solutions Manual
The Instructor’s Solutions Manual provides worked-out solutions for all even-numbered
exercises in the text.
Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero (ISBN: 978-1-305-65806-6)
is a flexible, online system that allows you to author, edit, and manage test bank
content, create multiple test versions in an instant, and deliver tests from your LMS,
your classroom, or wherever you want. This is available online at cengage.com/login.

Turn the Light On with MindTap for Larson’s Elementary Linear Algebra
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digital learning solution and representation of your course that turns cookie cutter into
cutting edge, apathy into engagement, and memorizers into higher-level thinkers.

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xii

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
10 Chapter 1 Systems of Linear Equations

1.1 Exercises See CalcChat.com for worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

Linear Equations In Exercises 1–6, determine whether Graphical Analysis In Exercises 31–36, complete parts
the equation is linear in the variables x and y. (a)–(e) for the system of equations.
1. 2x − 3y = 4  2. 3x − 4xy = 0 (a) Use a graphing utility to graph the system.
3 2 (b) Use the graph to determine whether the system is
3. + − 1 = 0  4. x 2 + y2 = 4
y x consistent or inconsistent.
5. 2 sin x − y = 14  6. (cos 3)x + y = −16 (c) If the system is consistent, approximate the solution.
(d) Solve the system algebraically.
Parametric Representation In Exercises 7–10, find (e) Compare the solution in part (d) with the
a parametric representation of the solution set of the approximation in part (c). What can you conclude?
linear equation.
7. 2x − 4y = 0  8. 3x − 12 y = 9 31. −3x − y = 3 32. 4x − 5y = 3
6x + 2y = 1 −8x + 10y = 14
9. x + y + z = 1
33. 2x − 8y = 3 34. 9x − 4y = 5
10. 12x1 + 24x2 − 36x3 = 12 1 1 1
2x + y = 0 2x + 3 y = 0
Graphical Analysis In Exercises 11–24, graph the 35. 4x − 8y = 9 36. −14.7x + 2.1y = 1.05
system of linear equations. Solve the system and
0.8x − 1.6y = 1.8 44.1x − 6.3y = −3.15
interpret your answer.
11. 2x + y = 4 12. x + 3y = 2 System of Linear Equations In Exercises 37–56, solve
x−y=2 −x + 2y = 3 the system of linear equations.
14. 1 1
− 3y = 1 37. x1 − x2 = 0 38. 3x + 2y = 2
13. −x + y = 1 2x
3x1 − 2x2 = −1 6x + 4y = 14
3x − 3y = 4 −2x + 43 y = −4
39. 3u + v = 240 40. x1 − 2x2 = 0
15. 3x − 5y = 7 16. −x + 3y = 17
u + 3v = 240 6x1 + 2x2 = 0
2x + y = 9 4x + 3y = 7
17. 2x − y = 5 18. x − 5y = 21 41. 9x − 3y = −1 42. 23x1 + 16x2 = 0
1 2 1
5x − y = 11 6x + 5y = 21 5x + 5y = − 3 4x1 + x2 = 0
x+3 y−1 x−1 y+2 x−2 y−1
19. + = 1 20. + =4 43. + = 2
4 3 2 3 4 3
2x − y = 12 x − 2y = 5 x − 3y = 20
21. 0.05x − 0.03y = 0.07 22. 0.2x − 0.5y = −27.8 x1 + 4 x2 + 1
44. + = 1
0.07x + 0.02y = 0.16 0.3x − 0.4y = 68.7 3 2
3x1 − x2 = −2
x y 2x y 2
23. + =1 24. + = 45. 0.02x1 − 0.05x2 = −0.19
4 6 3 6 3
x−y=3 4x + y = 4 0.03x1 + 0.04x2 = 0.52
46. 0.05x1 − 0.03x2 = 0.21
Back-Substitution In Exercises 25–30, use back- 0.07x1 + 0.02x2 = 0.17
substitution to solve the system.
47. x − y − z = 0
25. x1 − x2 = 2 26. 2x1 − 4x2 = 6
x + 2y − z = 6
x2 = 3 3x2 = 9
2x −z=5
27. −x + y − z = 0 28. x − y = 5 48. x + y + z = 2
2y + z = 3 3y + z = 11 −x + 3y + 2z = 8
1
2z = 0 4z = 8 4x + y =4
29. 5x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 0 30. x1 + x2 + x3 = 0 49. 3x1 − 2x2 + 4x3 = 1
2x1 + x2 =0 x2 =0 x1 + x2 − 2x3 = 3
2x1 − 3x2 + 6x3 = 8
The symbol     indicates an exercise in which you are instructed to use a
graphing utility or software program.

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Another random document with
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which many have of shuffling cards, so that when dealing at whist or
écarté, &c., he could put into his own hand or that of others the cards
he pleased. He added that, though possessing this extraordinary
faculty from boyhood, he had never taken advantage of it in a
dishonest or unworthy manner except when, as quite a youth, he
desired to go to Paris to make his way in the world as a conjurer, and
his father, a poor gentleman, had not been able to give him more
than a few gold pieces wherewith to defray the expenses of his
journey. He described how he had started with his knapsack from
some town in Austria, occasionally travelling by diligence, and
passing the nights at inns on the road. During the journey, Bosco
said, he frequently had a gold piece changed, and whilst the change
was being delivered he managed to recover the gold coin, and thus
arrived at Paris with sufficient means to enable him to live until he
found employment. ‘Since then,’ he added, ‘I have been an honest
man.’
Other recollections of those days follow.
Lord and Lady Londonderry arrived at Constantinople and called
on the Ambassador, and Lady Londonderry requested his Excellency
to present her to the Sultan.
As the presentation of a European lady to H.I.M. had never been
heard of in those days, Lord Ponsonby declined to take steps to
meet the wishes of the fair lady, on the plea that such an
unprecedented request might give annoyance to the Sultan. Lady
Londonderry was, however, determined to gain her point, and also to
show Lord Ponsonby that if he had not sufficient influence to obtain
such a special favour from the Sultan, another Representative might
be found who would pay more attention to her wishes.
 Lady Londonderry had made the acquaintance at Vienna of Baron
Stummer, the Austrian Ambassador at Constantinople, who, though
he had not the powerful influence which Lord Ponsonby then
enjoyed, was regarded by the Sultan and his Ministers as a very
important personage to whose wishes it was politic and advisable to
attend.
Lady Londonderry made known her request to the Baron, who at
first demurred for the same reason as Lord Ponsonby; but pressed
by the fair dame—who pleaded that she only asked for a private
interview with the Sultan—and knowing that Lord Londonderry held a
high position in his own country, he promised to mention her wishes
to Reshid Pasha, who was at that time Minister for Foreign Affairs
and spoke French fluently, to ascertain whether it was possible that
such an extraordinary favour could be granted by H.I.M.
Reshid Pasha raised many objections; but being most desirous to
please the Austrian Ambassador, he informed him that there was
one possible way by which the lady could be brought very privately
into the presence of His Majesty. He had heard, he said, that the
noble lady travelled with untold wealth in diamonds, &c.: the Sultan
was passionately fond of jewelry, of which he made frequent
purchases; and possibly His Majesty might consent, on learning that
there was a person in Constantinople who had a large assortment of
jewels, that she should be allowed to bring them herself to the
Palace. Should His Majesty consent, the Pasha informed the Baron,
no one but himself (Reshid) and Lady Londonderry would be present
at the interview with the Sultan, and in such case he would act as
interpreter.
Reshid Pasha having made known to the Sultan that a person
had arrived at Constantinople with a wonderful collection of most
valuable jewelry, asked whether His Majesty would like to see them.
The following conversation is said to have taken place:—
Sultan. ‘Let the jewelry be brought and prices stated.’
Reshid. ‘This individual never trusts the jewelry to any one, and
would have to come in person.’
Sultan. ‘Bring the jeweller.’
Reshid (in a hesitating manner). ‘I beg your Majesty’s pardon for
indelicacy, but it is—it is—a female[4], and she always carries the
jewels on her person when she wishes to dispose of them for sale,
and never puts them in a case.’
Sultan. ‘Bring her, and let her put them all on. You come also, to
interpret.’
Reshid returned and told the Baron he might inform Lady
Londonderry that she would be presented at a private audience by
him, but that the Sultan, having heard of the fame of her jewelry, had
particularly requested she would put it all on, and he, the Pasha,
hoped therefore she would raise no objection to such a strange
request.
Lady Londonderry was very good-natured, and being much
amused at the condition made by the Sultan, consented to put on all
her most valuable jewelry.
On arrival at the Palace, Reshid Pasha conducted Lady
Londonderry into the presence of the Sultan. Her dress glittered with
diamonds, pearls, turquoises, and other precious stones.
‘Pekkei—good,’ said the Sultan (as Lady Londonderry curtseyed),
‘she has brought magnificent jewels.’
 Reshid (turning to the lady). ‘His Majesty graciously bids you
welcome.’
Lady Londonderry bowed and expressed her thanks in French.
Reshid (interpreting). ‘She says she has other jewelry, but could
not put on all.’
Sultan. ‘Ask her what is the price of that diamond necklace.’
Reshid. ‘His Majesty inquires whether this is your first visit to
Constantinople.’
Lady Londonderry. ‘It is my first visit, and I am delighted with all I
have seen.’
Reshid (to Sultan). ‘She asks a million of piastres.’
Sultan. ‘That is too much.’
Reshid (to Lady Londonderry). ‘His Majesty asks whether you
have seen the Mosques. If not, offers you a firman.’
Lady Londonderry expresses her thanks.
Sultan. ‘What price does she put on that set of turquoises?’
Reshid (to Lady Londonderry). ‘His Majesty says that perhaps you
would like to take a walk in the garden.’
Lady Londonderry expresses her thanks, and would like to see
the garden.
Reshid (to Sultan). ‘She says 400,000 piastres.’
Sultan. ‘Take her away, I shall not give such prices.’
Reshid (to Lady Londonderry). ‘His Majesty graciously expresses
satisfaction at having made your acquaintance.’
 Lady Londonderry curtseys low and withdraws from His Majesty’s
presence to visit the garden with the amiable and courteous Reshid
Pasha.

* * * * *

In the summer months at Constantinople, Turkish ladies and their

children were wont to drive in ‘arabas’ to the ‘Sweet Waters.’ Groups
of Mohammedan women of the better class, with their families and
slaves, were to be seen in picturesque dresses reclining on carpets
and cushions, enjoying coffee, sweetmeats, &c., under the shade of
the fine old trees on this beautiful spot. Men were not allowed to
approach the ground where the women were seated. Kavasses
warned off intruders; but the members of Embassies, especially
when accompanied by a kavass, were not interfered with, even if
they walked near the groups of women.
Turkish ladies in those days wore the ‘yashmak’ or veil, supposed
to cover their faces, but worn so low as frequently to expose even
the mouth, and at the ‘Sweet Waters’ yashmaks were thrown aside
still more, thus displaying embroidered jackets, bright-coloured belts,
and silk or cotton ‘shalvas.’ Turkish women, even the far-famed
Circassians, are not in general pretty, but they have fine eyes and a
piquant expression.
When passing these groups of ladies, I have often heard
humorous remarks, evidently intended to reach the ears of the
unabashed ‘Frank’ who had ventured to intrude amongst them.
One evening, when taking a walk, I had wandered to a secluded
spot, when I suddenly came upon two Turkish ladies and a slave
taking coffee. One of the ladies looked up and smiled, making some
remark to her companion, evidently about myself, the purport of
which I did not quite understand. I merely returned the smile and
walked hurriedly away, for the dinner-hour at the Embassy was
approaching. I had gone but a short distance when I heard some one
running up behind me. On turning round I was accosted by an old
black woman, who, in a breathless voice, said, ‘Khanem’ (my
mistress), ‘whom you have just passed, requests that you will give
her a pin for her dress.’
As I happened to have a pin, I was about to hand it to the slave,
when she said, ‘Khanem wishes you to bring it to her;’ adding, in a
whisper, ‘there is no one near, and she has something to say to you.’
Looking at my watch, I replied it was late, and requested her to tell
her mistress that I was sorry I could not comply with her request,
adding, ‘Tell me, who is your beautiful khanem?’
The slave replied, ‘She is the wife of the late Sultan Mahmud’s
dwarf.’
I had already heard something about this lady, but having a vivid
recollection of a late adventure of Baron B., a member of a foreign
Legation and a particular friend of mine, whom I had helped out of a
serious scrape where his life had been in great danger, and who had
been obliged to quit Constantinople suddenly (having been given to
understand that unless he left the country his recall would be
required by the Turkish Government), I made up my mind not to
satisfy my curiosity by seeking for an interview with the fair
Circassian.
The next day, I requested a Turkish police officer of high rank,
who had aided me in helping Baron B. out of the scrape to which I
have alluded, to tell me what he knew about the wife of the dwarf,
not mentioning, however, the incident which had occurred at the
‘Sweet Waters.’
 The officer then related the following tale:—
‘Sultan Mahmud had a humpbacked dwarf, with a hideous
countenance, but who was renowned for wit and humour. This
monster was frequently admitted by the Sultan into the harem when
H.M. was seated with his odalisques enjoying the “chebúk.”
‘To please the ladies, the dwarf was made a constant butt, both by
H.I.M. and the odalisques, and he answered them by his gibes and
ready repartee: having full permission to say what he pleased, even
should he cast reflections on H.I.M.’s sacred person.
‘Amongst the odalisques who happened to be present one
evening, was a tall Circassian of great beauty, with a graceful figure.
She was very lively, and in order to amuse the Sultan, had made pert
remarks about the admirable figure and handsome countenance of
the dwarf, thus giving rise to much merriment, in which the Sultan
Mahmud joined. Turning to the dwarf, H.I.M. said, “Now if you can
kiss Leila (the tall Circassian) she shall be your wife.”
‘The dwarf replied, “Can a dog reach the moon? Can a bramble
entwine the top of the lofty cypress?”
‘The Circassian continued to make fun of the dwarf, who
appeared to take no further thought of the Sultan’s words, though it
was observed he kept his eye on her tall figure.
‘Later in the evening, when the pipe which the Sultan was
smoking had to be renewed, Leila bent down for that purpose. In a
moment the dwarf, watching his opportunity, sprang up and kissed
her as she stooped. She struck him, and, in a volley of violent and
passionate language, implored the Sultan to punish him for his
insolence and outrage.
 ‘The dwarf exclaimed, “The Commander of the Faithful, the Sultan
of Sultans, has spoken. His word cannot be broken. I claim Leila for
my wife.”
‘The Sultan looked displeased; and, after a pause, with a severe
expression on his countenance, ordered the dwarf to leave the room;
then, turning to Leila, said, “Retire. Henceforth consider yourself the
wife of the dwarf. A dowry shall be given you, and the wedding shall
forthwith take place. Depart from my presence. I see you no more.”
‘The Circassian, as she left the room, turned towards the dwarf,
who was also about to withdraw, and cursed him, saying, “Monster!
The day will come when you will rue and bitterly repent your cruel
treachery.”
‘Leila duly became the wife of the dwarf. She drove about in her
“araba” through the streets of Pera, and, wearing a transparent
“yashmak” lowered to the chin, even entered the shops, and
conversed—when not observed—with Europeans. She visited the
studio of a French artist, by whom her portrait was painted in water-
colours, and of which she allowed copies to be taken to present to
favourite Franks with whom she became acquainted. Her conduct
became a source of great scandal, and was brought under the notice
of the Sultan.
‘H.I.M. said, “Let her be free to do what she pleases. I committed
a great injustice in giving her to the dwarf; but my word could not be
set aside.”’
The police officer having thus concluded his story, I inquired
where the French artist lived, and, calling on him, offered to
purchase a copy of the portrait. He told me he could not give it
without the consent of the wife of the dwarf. I then requested him to
let her know that the ‘Frank,’ one of the British Secretaries, of whom
she had requested the gift of a pin at the ‘Sweet Waters,’ begged for
her portrait. Her consent was thereupon given, on condition that I
should not show it to any one in Constantinople.
I paid a round sum for the water-colour, and on my return to
England, after Lord Ponsonby had resigned the post of Ambassador,
I gave the portrait of the beautiful Circassian to Lady Ponsonby—
from whom I had received great kindness—as a souvenir of
Constantinople.

* * * * *

Very extraordinary hours were kept at the Embassy: we rarely sat

down to dinner before 9.30, and frequently not till ten p.m. At eleven
o’clock Lord and Lady Ponsonby had a rubber of whist in which I
was always required to take a hand, it being thought I knew more
about the game than the other members of the Embassy. As his
Excellency required that Lady Ponsonby should be his partner, and
as that charming lady knew very little about the game, they almost
invariably lost.
After whist, Lord Ponsonby was wont to request one of the
attachés to remain and converse, and his Excellency would then
hold forth for hours upon events present and future, both in Turkey
and Egypt; foretelling much that has since happened to the ‘Sick
Man.’ One night, when it was my watch, and I had listened to his
Lordship until I nearly fell asleep and was conscious that dawn was
approaching, he rose, opened one of the blinds and said, ‘The sun is
rising. I think it is time, Mr. Hay, to go to bed. Have you followed and
understood my views upon the Eastern Question?’ I answered, I
had, to the best of my ability. ‘Then,’ said he, ‘have the goodness to
embody to-morrow in a memorandum all that you may have
retained.’ Observing that I looked aghast at having such a task
imposed upon me, he patted me on the shoulder and added, ‘Well,
well, don’t trouble yourself. Eat, drink, and sleep; the rest’s a joke.’
There was great charm in the manner of both Lord and Lady
Ponsonby, and they showed much kindness to all the members of
the Embassy. There was not one of us who would not have been
ready to make any sacrifice of time and pleasure to meet their
wishes.
Lord Ponsonby was not a wealthy peer, but his expenditure was
lavish as far as the table was concerned. Briant, a Frenchman, was
steward and head cook, and his wife was maid to Lady Ponsonby.
They received £400 a year between them for their services, but it
was well known by the members of the Embassy that Briant, during
the few years he had been at Constantinople, had been enabled to
deposit several thousand pounds in one of the banks at Pera,
levying a heavy percentage on everything that he purchased, wine
included, and some of which it was discovered he was in the habit of
selling to an hotel in Pera; so when any member of the Embassy
passed a night in the town and dined at the said hotel, he always
called for ‘Chateau Briant’! An old friend of Lord Ponsonby’s, who
remained for some months on a visit at the Embassy, hearing of the
scandalous manner in which Briant was accumulating money at the
bank, thought it would be a friendly act to make known to his
Lordship that which was in the mouth of every one—Briant’s system
of peculation. He did so. Lord Ponsonby thanked him for the
information and observed, ‘How much do you think Briant robs
annually and deposits in the bank?’
‘At least £1000 a year,’ his friend replied.
 ‘Pray,’ said Lord Ponsonby, ‘pray keep what has passed between
us most secret; I had thought Briant’s pilferings far exceeded that
sum. I would not, for double that amount, lose such an excellent
chef. Keep it secret, Mr. ———, keep it secret!’
Though he may not have possessed the brilliant talents of his
successor, the great ‘Elchi,’ Lord Ponsonby acted with much energy,
decision, and success in carrying out the views which he knew were
entertained by that most admirable of statesmen, Lord Palmerston,
regarding the Turkish Empire at the time when Mehemet Ali, backed
by France, was seeking to declare his independence, and to place
Egypt under the aegis of the latter power; to attain which object has
been, and is, the aim of France even up to the present day.
The Sultan, Abdul Mijid, and his Minister, Reshid Pasha, accepted
thankfully and unreservedly the dictum of Lord Ponsonby in all
questions—and as long as Palmerston was at the head of foreign
affairs, Lord Ponsonby carried out his views in the East without a
check, notwithstanding the vigorous opposition made by the French
Ambassador, Monsieur Pontet, and the constant threat that extreme
measures would be adopted by France under certain contingencies;
but when Lord Aberdeen came into power and sought to pursue a
conciliatory policy towards France, Lord Ponsonby received
dispatches, couched in a spirit which pointed out distinctly that he
should moderate his action in support of the Sultan against Mehemet
Ali’s pretensions. From private letters that Lord Ponsonby received
from friends at home, he knew more or less what was the tenor of
the instructions contained in those dispatches, so he did not break
the seals but continued to follow up vigorously the same policy as
before, until the object he had in view, viz., Mehemet Ali’s
submission to the Porte, was achieved, and then Lord Ponsonby
retired, or was required to retire.
 It happened one day that I was standing near the Ambassador at
his writing-table whilst he was giving me directions to convey a
message to an Armenian banker of the Porte, upon a monetary
question affecting the interests of the Turkish Government. He pulled
open the drawer of the table at which he was seated to get out a
paper, and I caught a glimpse of several sealed dispatches,
addressed to his Excellency, from the Foreign Office. Lord
Ponsonby, whilst closing the drawer, perceiving, as I suppose, an
expression of surprise on my face, looked up with a smile, and re-
opening the drawer, said, ‘You are astonished, Mr. Hay, at seeing
such a number of Foreign Office dispatches lying here unopened: so
am I!—for though I had certainly left in this drawer a few sealed
letters, they have since been breeding;’ adding, whilst he re-closed
the drawer, ‘Let them breed!’
Those were days when an Ambassador possessed extraordinary
powers, and could carry out a policy which he considered best for
the interests of his country, without allowing himself to be fettered by
the vacillating views of Government and be moved—as now
happens—like a puppet, by telegraph wires or other rapid means of
communication.
In pursuance of instructions received from Lord Ponsonby, I called
on the Armenian banker, before mentioned, at his private dwelling.
This was a beautiful house, fitted up in the same manner as was
then usual with Turks, for the Armenians of Constantinople at that
time adopted the Turkish mode of living. The Armenian women
veiled their faces and wore costumes similar to those of the
Mohammedans, except that their slippers were red, whereas those
used by Turkish females were yellow.
 After making known to the porter who I was, and that I had come
upon an errand from the Ambassador, the old banker came to meet
me, led me to a room set apart for receiving his guests, and seated
me on a luxurious divan. He was attired in a handsome Armenian
costume, wearing a black head-dress much like an inverted iron
cauldron.
A few moments after my arrival, a damsel of about seventeen—
daughter of the banker—set before me a ‘narghileh,’ and adroitly
placed between my lips the amber mouthpiece. I had never used a
‘narghileh’ or smoked ‘tumbaki,’ which is the form of tobacco
employed in that kind of pipe, and was glad to have an opportunity of
trying it, as presented to me by the Armenian maiden.
She was a pretty girl, with brilliant dark eyes, and features much
resembling those of a Jewess of Morocco. The Turkish costume,
with its yellow satin ‘shalvas’ or trousers, and the graceful shawl
which girded her waist, looked most picturesque and charming, and I
sank back on the cushions and gurgled my hubble-bubble with
satisfaction; whilst another pretty damsel, a younger sister, brought
in coffee, which she presented with a graceful bow.
The banker and I talked and puffed, drank coffee and sherbet,
and eat sweetmeats of all kinds which were brought to us in
succession. I felt happy, as if I had reached the seventh heaven of
the Mohammedan. Time slipped by very quickly. I had finished the
business of my mission when the old banker looked at his watch, put
aside his ‘narghileh’ and fidgeted a little, thus giving me clearly to
understand it would be convenient that I should leave. Much as I was
enjoying myself, I was also of the same opinion, and made an effort
to rise and get my feet to the ground—for I was seated cross-legged
on the divan—but could not move them; they seemed to be
paralysed. The banker, not knowing my state, and fancying perhaps
that my admiration for his pretty daughters had checked my
departure, told them rather roughly, when they again appeared
smiling and bringing more Turkish sweetmeats, that their presence
was no longer required, and then, looking once more at his watch,
he said most politely, and with profuse apologies, ‘I see the hour is
past at which I ought to present myself to the Porte.’
I made many excuses for not having taken my leave and told him,
with a nervous laugh, that I felt very strange sensations, but did not
know the cause; that on attempting to rise I found I had no control
over my legs, and could not remove them from the divan, feeling as
if my body did not belong to me. I added, ‘You can see however I am
not deprived of my senses.’ Could it be the effect of the narghileh—
which I had never smoked before—and that the tumbaki had
produced this extraordinary languor in my limbs, as it possibly
contained opium?
The Armenian appeared much amused on hearing of my helpless
state. He assisted me from the divan, supporting me while I tried to
walk, and finding that I could not do so, a daughter was summoned
to fetch some cordial, which the maiden, with an expression of mirth,
brought and administered. Having taken this and rested awhile, I
regained the use of my legs. The banker, on my taking leave,
expressed repeatedly his regret that I should have suffered any
inconvenience from the effects of the narghileh, and added that were
not his presence required at the Porte he would have insisted on my
remaining at his house to rest for that night at least.
About a year or more after this incident, when Sir Stratford
Canning had replaced Lord Ponsonby as Ambassador, a fancy ball
was given by Lady Canning at the Embassy at Pera, and I was
requested by her Ladyship to take the lead and the direction of the
dancing. I was dressed in Highland costume, and had selected for
my partner in the cotillon the daughter of the Armenian banker
mentioned in this story. In those days Armenian ladies rarely mixed
in European society, but she had been permitted on this special
occasion to appear at the ball at the Embassy, accompanied by her
father. She was beautifully dressed in the ancient Armenian
costume, was certainly the belle of the evening, and waltzed like a
sylph, so made a perfect partner for one who loved dancing as I did,
and we led the various figures in the cotillon with great spirit. Our
conversation was carried on in Turkish, which I spoke fluently.
Whilst we danced I observed that one of the Turkish Ministers,
who was present at the ball, took every opportunity of coming close
to where I happened to halt with my partner; gazing at her rudely, as
I thought, especially as she was a shy and modest girl.
At last, when the cotillon was drawing to a close, the Pasha came
up to us smiling and said, ‘Pekkei, pekkei’ (very good). ‘You are
suited to each other. She is “chok ghazal” (very pretty), and you are
a well-favoured youth. You must marry her: she will have money; you
have position. My friend the banker will consent; I am pleased.’ And
so the old fellow rattled on, much to my dismay and to the confusion
of the pretty Armenian maiden.
I remonstrated courteously with the old Minister, saying, ‘My
partner is very beautiful, but we have not thought of love or marriage,
for we are of different nations and creeds. Moreover, she would not
accept me as a candidate for wedlock, even if I offered myself; but I
shall always look back with pleasure to this evening when I have
been honoured by having such a lovely partner for this dance.’
 ‘Ah,’ said the Pasha, ‘she is, I know, the daughter of the banker. I
will speak to him and arrange matters, for I should like to make you
both happy.’
Luckily the time had come for me to bring the cotillon to a close;
so, bowing to the meddling old gentleman, I carried off my partner to
her father, telling her how vexed I felt; for she must have suffered
great annoyance from the foolish language held by the Pasha. The
fair Armenian replied, very shyly and prettily, that she did not think he
had said anything from malice, so she hoped I would forgive, as she
had done, his remarks. To this I readily agreed, and leading her back
to where her father the banker was standing I took my leave, and
never met again the pretty Armenian.
 CHAPTER V.

CONSTANTINOPLE WITH SIR STRATFORD CANNING. 1841.

Sir Stratford Canning succeeded Lord Ponsonby as

Ambassador in 1841. He arrived at Constantinople on board a
Government steamer, and all the members of the Embassy
presented themselves on the arrival of his Excellency. These were
Charles Bankhead, Secretary of Embassy, Percy Doyle, Charles
Alison, and myself; Lord Napier and Ettrick, William Maule,
Mactavish, and Count Pisani, keeper of the archives, besides the
elder Pisani (Etienne). Robert Curzon, afterwards Lord Zouche,
accompanied his Excellency as private secretary.
The fame of Sir Stratford for severity towards his subordinates
had preceded him, and we all felt sad at the loss of our late chief, the
kind and courteous Lord Ponsonby, and at the prospect of being
ruled with an iron hand.
Sir Stratford inquired of Doyle as to the method employed in the
conduct of business at the Chancery. He replied that office hours
were from eleven till half-past three, but that Lord Ponsonby allowed
the gentlemen of the Embassy to attend at, or leave, the Chancery
when they pleased, so long as the work was done efficiently. Sir
Stratford said that such an irregular way of conducting business
would not suit him and that he should appoint one of the gentlemen
to hold the key of the archives, to receive the dispatches and letters
and come to him for orders every morning. Then, turning towards us,
he added, ‘I am not acquainted personally with any one of you, and
therefore have no ground for selection, but I choose Mr. Hay.’
Gladness flashed across the faces of the other attachés, and,
when out of hearing of the great Elchi, they chaffed me by saying,
‘You are the smallest, so his Excellency thinks he can get the better
of you if there is a row!’
When we arrived at the Embassy, which was at that time at
Buyukdere, I was summoned, and was directed by the Ambassador
to take possession of the key of the archives and not to allow any
one to have access to, or to see, the dispatches which might be
received from, or written to, the Secretary of State on political
subjects, and that I should be held responsible if anything of
importance transpired. Sir Stratford told me his reason for making
this arrangement was that an attaché, at one of the Missions he had
held, had by foolish indiscretion betrayed the contents of an
important dispatch to a member of a foreign Legation. He directed
that I should myself copy all dispatches of importance to the
Secretary of State and give out the rest of the work to the other
attachés.
I made known to the Secretary of Embassy, Bankhead, and to the
attachés, the instructions I had received. They were indignant—it
appeared to me with good reason—that they were not to be trusted;
especially Bankhead, who remonstrated and said he considered he
had a right to see all the dispatches to and from the Foreign Office,
and therefore should pay no attention to the Ambassador’s
directions. I replied that, having told them the orders I had received,
they were free to act as they thought fit and that I was not going to
be a Cerberus, but suggested that they should remonstrate with Sir
Stratford and not with me.
 Sir Stratford seems to have been satisfied with his selection of Mr.
Hay as his confidential attaché, for shortly after he writes in a note
dated from Buyukdere to Mr. Hay at the Embassy, ‘I have welcomed
your first communication to me in writing. All quite clear. Everything
necessary, nothing superfluous.’

In 1843, the British Consul at Broussa laid before the Ambassador

complaints against the Pasha of the district where he resided, and
the latter had also brought under the notice of the Porte grievances
of a serious character, alleged to have been suffered from the
proceedings of the Consul. Attempts were made by both the Porte
and the Ambassador to bring about a settlement of the differences
but without success. British subjects, Ionians, and Turks whose
interests were affected by this state of affairs, appealed to the
Embassy and to the Porte, urging that steps should be taken to
secure the ends of justice.
Sir Stratford Canning proposed to the Porte that an officer of the
Embassy should be sent to Broussa to make an inquiry into the
conduct of the two functionaries, and that he should be empowered
both by the Porte and the Ambassador to bring about a settlement of
these differences, which had been a constant source of vexatious
correspondence.
Sir Stratford selected me for this duty, and delivered to me letters
from the Porte to the Pasha and from himself to the Consul,
acquainting them respectively that I had been authorised to inquire
into the various questions at issue, and to endeavour to bring about
a settlement.
Accompanied by a Greek servant, who knew the country and
could act as guide, I embarked in a steamer which took us to a port
where we hired horses and proceeded to Broussa.
 Both the Consul and Pasha, on my arrival, offered me hospitality,
which I declined under the peculiar circumstances in which I was
placed by my mission.
The day after my arrival the Pasha summoned a Divan of several
local notables, who were to give evidence, and the Consul was also
requested to attend.
When I entered the Divan, being then a youth of about twenty-six,
I was much shocked at seeing that the Pasha, Consul, and other
notables—upon whom I had, as it were, to sit in judgment—were
men with white and hoary beards and of a venerable appearance.
After pipes and coffee, the hearing of the various subjects in
dispute commenced. Though I refer to this scene, as it affects the
end of my tale, it is needless to relate what passed, further than to
mention that I found both Pasha and Consul were in the wrong, but
that neither had acted in a manner to require any severe censure on
the part of the Porte or Ambassador, and I drew up a report in that
sense. On my return journey to the port, having heard that game was
plentiful, I gave my horse to the Greek to lead and wandered over
the country. I had good sport; and the Greek frequently warned me
that unless we kept to the beaten path and rode on quickly, we
should not be able to reach the port before dark.
Continuing however to shoot, I wandered after game many miles
from the road, or rather track, until it became so dark that I could no
longer see the birds rise. On remounting, I told the Greek to lead the
way, but he declined; he knew not where we were, nor even what
direction to take. It was a bright clear night, and at a distance of
about two miles I espied a light; thither I decided to direct our steps
and to ask for shelter for the night, or for a guide.