Chemistry Solutions Manual 9th Edition

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SOLUTIONS MANUAL
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Chemical Foundations ......................................................................................... 1

Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions ...............................................................................25

Chapter 3 Stoichiometry .....................................................................................................46

Chapter 4 Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry ..................................93

Chapter 5 Gases ...............................................................................................................139

Chapter 6 Thermochemistry .............................................................................................184

Chapter 7 Atomic Structure and Periodicity ......................................................................215

Chapter 8 Bonding: General Concepts .............................................................................250

Chapter 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals .............................................................................304

Chapter 10 Liquids and Solids ............................................................................................341

Chapter 11 Properties of Solutions .....................................................................................380

Chapter 12 Chemical Kinetics ............................................................................................418

Chapter 13 Chemical Equilibrium ......................................................................................458

Chapter 14 Acids and Bases ...............................................................................................500

Chapter 15 Acid-Base Equilibria ........................................................................................563

Chapter 16 Solubility and Complex Ion Equilibria .............................................................621

Chapter 17 Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy.............................................................659

Chapter 18 Electrochemistry ..............................................................................................688

Chapter 19 The Nucleus: A Chemist’s View ......................................................................741

Chapter 20 The Representative Elements............................................................................760

Chapter 21 Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry.................................................782

Chapter 22 Organic and Biological Molecules ....................................................................810

iii
CHAPTER 1

CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS

Questions
17. A law summarizes what happens, e.g., law of conservation of mass in a chemical reaction or
the ideal gas law, PV = nRT. A theory (model) is an attempt to explain why something
happens. Dalton’s atomic theory explains why mass is conserved in a chemical reaction. The
kinetic molecular theory explains why pressure and volume are inversely related at constant
temperature and moles of gas present, as well as explaining the other mathematical
relationships summarized in PV = nRT.

18. A dynamic process is one that is active as opposed to static. In terms of the scientific
method, scientists are always performing experiments to prove or disprove a hypothesis or a
law or a theory. Scientists do not stop asking questions just because a given theory seems to
account satisfactorily for some aspect of natural behavior. The key to the scientific method is
to continually ask questions and perform experiments. Science is an active process, not a
static one.

19. The fundamental steps are

(1) making observations;

(2) formulating hypotheses;
(3) performing experiments to test the hypotheses.

The key to the scientific method is performing experiments to test hypotheses. If after the test
of time the hypotheses seem to account satisfactorily for some aspect of natural behavior,
then the set of tested hypotheses turns into a theory (model). However, scientists continue to
perform experiments to refine or replace existing theories.

20. A random error has equal probability of being too high or too low. This type of error occurs
when estimating the value of the last digit of a measurement. A systematic error is one that
always occurs in the same direction, either too high or too low. For example, this type of
error would occur if the balance you were using weighed all objects 0.20 g too high, that is, if
the balance wasn’t calibrated correctly. A random error is an indeterminate error, whereas a
systematic error is a determinate error.

21. A qualitative observation expresses what makes something what it is; it does not involve a
number; e.g., the air we breathe is a mixture of gases, ice is less dense than water, rotten milk
stinks.

The SI units are mass in kilograms, length in meters, and volume in the derived units of m3.
The assumed uncertainty in a number is ±1 in the last significant figure of the number. The
precision of an instrument is related to the number of significant figures associated with an

1
2 CHAPTER 1 CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS

experimental reading on that instrument. Different instruments for measuring mass, length, or
volume have varying degrees of precision. Some instruments only give a few significant
figures for a measurement, whereas others will give more significant figures.

22. Precision: reproducibility; accuracy: the agreement of a measurement with the true value.
a. Imprecise and inaccurate data: 12.32 cm, 9.63 cm, 11.98 cm, 13.34 cm
b. Precise but inaccurate data: 8.76 cm, 8.79 cm, 8.72 cm, 8.75 cm
c. Precise and accurate data: 10.60 cm, 10.65 cm, 10.63 cm, 10.64 cm

Data can be imprecise if the measuring device is imprecise as well as if the user of the
measuring device has poor skills. Data can be inaccurate due to a systematic error in the
measuring device or with the user. For example, a balance may read all masses as weighing
0.2500 g too high or the user of a graduated cylinder may read all measurements 0.05 mL too
low.

A set of measurements that are imprecise implies that all the numbers are not close to each
other. If the numbers aren’t reproducible, then all the numbers can’t be very close to the true
value. Some say that if the average of imprecise data gives the true value, then the data are
accurate; a better description is that the data takers are extremely lucky.

23. Significant figures are the digits we associate with a number. They contain all of the certain
digits and the first uncertain digit (the first estimated digit). What follows is one thousand
indicated to varying numbers of significant figures: 1000 or 1 × 103 (1 S.F.); 1.0 × 103 (2
S.F.); 1.00 × 103 (3 S.F.); 1000. or 1.000 × 103 (4 S.F.).

To perform the calculation, the addition/subtraction significant figure rule is applied to 1.5 −
1.0. The result of this is the one-significant-figure answer of 0.5. Next, the multi-
plication/division rule is applied to 0.5/0.50. A one-significant-figure number divided by a
two-significant-figure number yields an answer with one significant figure (answer = 1).

24. From Figure 1.9 of the text, a change in temperature of 180°F is equal to a change in
temperature of 100°C and 100 K. A degree unit on the Fahrenheit scale is not a large as a
degree unit on the Celsius or Kelvin scales. Therefore, a 20° change in the Celsius or Kelvin
temperature would correspond to a larger temperature change than a 20° change in the
Fahrenheit scale. The 20° temperature change on the Celsius and Kelvin scales are equal to
each other.

25. Straight line equation: y = mx + b, where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept. For
the TF vs. TC plot:
TF = (9/5)TC + 32
y= m x + b
The slope of the plot is 1.8 (= 9/5) and the y-intercept is 32°F.
For the TC vs. TK plot:
TC = TK − 273
y= mx + b
The slope of the plot is 1, and the y-intercept is −273°C.
CHAPTER 1 CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS 3

26. a. coffee; saltwater; the air we breathe (N2 + O2 + others); brass (Cu + Zn)
b. book; human being; tree; desk
c. sodium chloride (NaCl); water (H2O); glucose (C6H12O6); carbon dioxide (CO2)
d. nitrogen (N2); oxygen (O2); copper (Cu); zinc (Zn)
e. boiling water; freezing water; melting a popsicle; dry ice subliming
f. Elecrolysis of molten sodium chloride to produce sodium and chlorine gas; the explosive
reaction between oxygen and hydrogen to produce water; photosynthesis, which converts
H2O and CO2 into C6H12O6 and O2; the combustion of gasoline in our car to produce CO2
and H2O

Exercises

Significant Figures and Unit Conversions

27. a. exact b. inexact

c. exact d. inexact (π has an infinite number of decimal places.)

28. a. one significant figure (S.F.). The implied uncertainty is ±1000 pages. More significant
figures should be added if a more precise number is known.

b. two S.F. c. four S.F.

d. two S.F. e. infinite number of S.F. (exact number) f. one S.F.

29. a. 6.07 × 10 −15 ; 3 S.F. b. 0.003840; 4 S.F. c. 17.00; 4 S.F.

d. 8 × 108; 1 S.F. e. 463.8052; 7 S.F. f. 300; 1 S.F.

g. 301; 3 S.F. h. 300.; 3 S.F.

30. a. 100; 1 S.F. b. 1.0 × 102; 2 S.F. c. 1.00 × 103; 3 S.F.

d. 100.; 3 S.F. e. 0.0048; 2 S.F. f. 0.00480; 3 S.F.

g. 4.80 × 10 −3 ; 3 S.F. h. 4.800 × 10 −3 ; 4 S.F.

31. When rounding, the last significant figure stays the same if the number after this significant
figure is less than 5 and increases by one if the number is greater than or equal to 5.

a. 3.42 × 10 −4 b. 1.034 × 104 c. 1.7992 × 101 d. 3.37 × 105

32. a. 4 × 105 b. 3.9 × 105 c. 3.86 × 105 d. 3.8550 × 105

33. Volume measurements are estimated to one place past the markings on the glassware. The
first graduated cylinder is labeled to 0.2 mL volume increments, so we estimate volumes to
4 CHAPTER 1 CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS

the hundredths place. Realistically, the uncertainty in this graduated cylinder is ±0.05 mL.
The second cylinder, with 0.02 mL volume increments, will have an uncertainty of ±0.005
mL. The approximate volume in the first graduated cylinder is 2.85 mL, and the volume in
the other graduated cylinder is approximately 0.280 mL. The total volume would be:
2.85 mL
+0.280 mL
3.13 mL
We should report the total volume to the hundredths place because the volume from the first
graduated cylinder is only read to the hundredths (read to two decimal places). The first
graduated cylinder is the least precise volume measurement because the uncertainty of this
instrument is in the hundredths place, while the uncertainty of the second graduated cylinder
is to the thousandths place. It is always the lease precise measurement that limits the
precision of a calculation.

34. a. Volumes are always estimated to one position past the marked volume increments. The
estimated volume of the first beaker is 32.7 mL, the estimated volume of the middle
beaker is 33 mL, and the estimated volume in the last beaker is 32.73 mL.
b. Yes, all volumes could be identical to each other because the more precise volume
readings can be rounded to the other volume readings. But because the volumes are in
three different measuring devices, each with its own unique uncertainty, we cannot say
with certainty that all three beakers contain the same amount of water.
c. 32.7 mL
33 mL
32.73 mL
98.43 mL = 98 mL

The volume in the middle beaker can only be estimated to the ones place, which dictates that
the sum of the volume should be reported to the ones place. As is always the case, the least
precise measurement determines the precision of a calculation.

35. For addition and/or subtraction, the result has the same number of decimal places as the
number in the calculation with the fewest decimal places. When the result is rounded to the
correct number of significant figures, the last significant figure stays the same if the number
after this significant figure is less than 5 and increases by one if the number is greater than or
equal to 5. The underline shows the last significant figure in the intermediate answers.

a. 212.2 + 26.7 + 402.09 = 640.99 = 641.0

b. 1.0028 + 0.221 + 0.10337 = 1.32717 = 1.327
c. 52.331 + 26.01 − 0.9981 = 77.3429 = 77.34
d. 2.01 × 102 + 3.014 × 103 = 2.01 × 102 + 30.14 × 102 = 32.15 × 102 = 3215

When the exponents are different, it is easiest to apply the addition/subtraction rule when
all numbers are based on the same power of 10.

e. 7.255 − 6.8350 = 0.42 = 0.420 (first uncertain digit is in the third decimal place).
CHAPTER 1 CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS 5

36. For multiplication and/or division, the result has the same number of significant figures as the
number in the calculation with the fewest significant figures.

0.102 × 0.0821 × 273

a. = 2.2635 = 2.26
1.01

b. 0.14 × 6.022 × 1023 = 8.431 × 1022 = 8.4 × 1022; since 0.14 only has two significant
figures, the result should only have two significant figures.

c. 4.0 × 104 × 5.021 × 10 −3 × 7.34993 × 102 = 1.476 × 105 = 1.5 × 105

2.00 × 106
d. −7
= 6.6667 × 1012 = 6.67 × 1012
3.00 × 10
37. a. Here, apply the multiplication/division rule first; then apply the addition/subtraction rule
to arrive at the one-decimal-place answer. We will generally round off at intermediate
steps in order to show the correct number of significant figures. However, you should
round off at the end of all the mathematical operations in order to avoid round-off error.
The best way to do calculations is to keep track of the correct number of significant
figures during intermediate steps, but round off at the end. For this problem, we
underlined the last significant figure in the intermediate steps.

2.526 0.470 80.705

+ + = 0.8148 + 0.7544 + 186.558 = 188.1
3.1 0.623 0.4326
b. Here, the mathematical operation requires that we apply the addition/subtraction rule
first, then apply the multiplication/division rule.

6.404 × 2.91 6.404 × 2.91

= = 12
18.7 − 17.1 1.6

c. 6.071 × 10 −5 − 8.2 × 10 −6 − 0.521 × 10 −4 = 60.71 × 10 −6 − 8.2 × 10 −6 − 52.1 × 10 −6

= 0.41 × 10 −6 = 4 × 10 −7

3.8 × 10 −12 + 4.0 × 10 −13 38 × 10 −13 + 4.0 × 10 −13 42 × 10 −13

d. = = = 6.3 × 10 − 26
4 × 10 + 6.3 × 10
12 13
4 × 10 + 63 × 10
12 12
67 × 10 12

9.5 + 4.1 + 2.8 + 3.175 19.575

e. = = 4.89 = 4.9
4 4
Uncertainty appears in the first decimal place. The average of several numbers can only
be as precise as the least precise number. Averages can be exceptions to the significant
figure rules.

8.925 − 8.905 0.020

f. × 100 = × 100 = 0.22
8.925 8.925

38. a. 6.022 × 1023 × 1.05 × 102 = 6.32 × 1025

6 CHAPTER 1 CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS

6.6262 × 10 −34 × 2.998 × 108

b. = 7.82 × 10 −17
2.54 × 10 −9

c. 1.285 × 10 −2 + 1.24 × 10 −3 + 1.879 × 10 −1

= 0.1285 × 10 −1 + 0.0124 × 10 −1 + 1.879 × 10 −1 = 2.020 × 10 −1

When the exponents are different, it is easiest to apply the addition/subtraction rule when
all numbers are based on the same power of 10.

(1.00866 − 1.00728) 0.00138

d. = = 2.29 × 10 −27
6.02205 × 10 23
6.02205 × 10 23

9.875 × 10 2 − 9.795 × 10 2 0.080 × 10 2

e. × 100 = × 100 = 8.1 × 10 −1
9.875 × 10 2
9.875 × 10 2

9.42 × 10 2 + 8.234 × 10 2 + 1.625 × 103 0.942 × 103 + 0.824 × 103 + 1.625 × 103
f. =
3 3
= 1.130 × 103
1m 1000 mm 1m
39. a. 8.43 cm × × = 84.3 mm b. 2.41 × 102 cm × = 2.41 m
100 cm m 100 cm

1m 100 cm
c. 294.5 nm × × = 2.945 × 10 −5 cm
1 × 10 nm 9 m

1 km 1000 mm
d. 1.445 × 104 m × = 14.45 km e. 235.3 m × = 2.353 × 105 mm
1000 m m
1m 1 × 106 μm
f. 903.3 nm × × = 0.9033 μm
1 × 109 nm m

1 × 1012 g 1 kg
40. a. 1 Tg × × = 1 × 109 kg
Tg 1000 g

1 × 1012 m 1 × 109 nm
b. 6.50 × 102 Tm × × = 6.50 × 10 23 nm
Tm m

1g 1 kg
c. 25 fg × × = 25 × 10 −18 kg = 2.5 × 10 −17 kg
1 × 10 fg15 1000 g

1L
d. 8.0 dm3 × = 8.0 L (1 L = 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3 = 1000 mL)
dm 3

1L 1 × 10 6 μL
e. 1 mL × × = 1 × 103 μL
1 000 mL L
1g 1 × 1012 pg
f. 1 μg × × = 1 × 106 pg
1 × 10 6 μg g
CHAPTER 1 CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS 7

41. a. Appropriate conversion factors are found in Appendix 6. In general, the number of
significant figures we use in the conversion factors will be one more than the number of
significant figures from the numbers given in the problem. This is usually sufficient to
avoid round-off error.
1 lb 16 oz
3.91 kg × = 8.62 lb; 0.62 lb × = 9.9 oz
0.4536 kg lb
Baby’s weight = 8 lb and 9.9 oz or, to the nearest ounce, 8 lb and 10. oz.
1 in
51.4 cm × = 20.2 in ≈ 20 1/4 in = baby’s height
2.54 cm

1.61 km 1000 m
b. 25,000 mi × = 4.0 × 104 km; 4.0 × 104 km × = 4.0 × 107 m
mi km

 1m   1m 
c. V = 1 × w × h = 1.0 m ×  5.6 cm ×  ×  2.1 dm ×  = 1.2 × 10 −2 m3
 100 cm   10 dm 
3
 1 0 dm  1L
1.2 × 10 −2 m3 ×   × = 12 L
 m  dm 3
3 3
1000 cm 3  1 in   1 ft 
12 L × ×   = 730 in3; 730 in3 ×   = 0.42 ft3
L  2 . 54 cm   12 in 

1 lb 0.4536 kg
42. a. 908 oz × × = 25.7 kg
16 oz lb

1 qt 1 gal
b. 12.8 L × × = 3.38 gal
0.9463 L 4 qt

1L 1 qt
c. 125 mL × × = 0.132 qt
1000 mL 0.9463 L

4 qt 1L 1000 mL
d. 2.89 gal × × × = 1.09 × 104 mL
1 gal 1 .057 qt 1L

453.6 g
e. 4.48 lb × = 2.03 × 103 g
1 lb

1L 1.06 qt
f. 550 mL × × = 0.58 qt
1000 mL L

8 furlongs 40 rods
43. a. 1.25 mi × = 10.0 furlongs; 10.0 furlongs × = 4.00 × 102 rods
mi furlong

5.5 yd 36 in 2.54 cm 1m
4.00 × 102 rods × × × × = 2.01 × 103 m
rod yd in 100 cm
8 CHAPTER 1 CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS

1 km
2.01 × 103 m × = 2.01 km
1000 m
b. Let's assume we know this distance to ±1 yard. First, convert 26 miles to yards.
5280 ft 1 yd
26 mi × × = 45,760. yd
mi 3 ft
26 mi + 385 yd = 45,760. yd + 385 yd = 46,145 yards
1 rod 1 furlong
46,145 yard × = 8390.0 rods; 8390.0 rods × = 209.75 furlongs
5.5 yd 40 rods

36 in 2.54 cm 1m 1 km
46,145 yard × × × = 42,195 m; 42,195 m ×
yd in 100 cm 1000 m
= 42.195 km
2
10,000 m  1 km 
2
44. a. 1 ha × ×   = 1 × 10 −2 km 2
ha  1000 m 
2
160 rod 2  5.5 yd 36 in 2.54 cm 1m 
b. 5.5 acre × ×  × × ×  = 2.2 × 104 m2
acre  rod yd in 100 cm 
2
1 ha  1 km 
4
2.2 × 10 m × 2
= 2.2 ha; 2.2 × 10 m × 
4 2
 = 0.022 km2
1 × 10 4 m 2  1000 m 
c. Area of lot = 120 ft × 75 ft = 9.0 × 103 ft2
2
 1 yd 1 rod  1 acre $6,500 $31,000
9.0 × 10 ft × 
3 2
×  × 2
= 0.21 acre; =
 3 ft 5.5 yd  160 rod 0.21 acre acre

We can use our result from (b) to get the conversion factor between acres and hectares
(5.5 acre = 2.2 ha.). Thus 1 ha = 2.5 acre.

1 ha $6,500 $77,000
0.21 acre × = 0.084 ha; the price is: =
2.5 acre 0.084 ha ha

12 troy oz 20 pw 24 grains 0.0648 g 1 kg

45. a. 1 troy lb × × × × × = 0.373 kg
troy lb troy oz pw grain 1000 g

2.205 lb
1 troy lb = 0.373 kg × = 0.822 lb
kg

20 pw 24 grains 0.0648 g
b. 1 troy oz × × × = 31.1 g
troy oz pw grain

1 carat
1 troy oz = 31.1 g × = 156 carats
0.200 g
CHAPTER 1 CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS 9

1000 g 1 cm 3
c. 1 troy lb = 0.373 kg; 0.373 kg × × = 19.3 cm3
kg 19.3 g

1 scruple 1 dram ap 3.888 g

46. a. 1 grain ap × × × = 0.06480 g
20 grain ap 3 scruples dram ap
From the previous question, we are given that 1 grain troy = 0.0648 g = 1 grain ap. So the
two are the same.

8 dram ap 3.888 g 1 oz troy *

b. 1 oz ap × × × = 1.00 oz troy; *see Exercise 45b.
oz ap dram ap 31.1 g

1g 1 dram ap 3 scruples
c. 5.00 × 102 mg × × × = 0.386 scruple
1000 mg 3.888 g dram ap

20 grains ap
0.386 scruple × = 7.72 grains ap
scruple

1 dram ap 3.888 g
d. 1 scruple × × = 1.296 g
3 scruples dram ap

1 capsule
47. 15.6 g × = 24 capsules
0.65 g

80. mg acet
48. 1.5 teaspoons × = 240 mg acetaminophen
0.50 teaspoon

240 mg acet 1 lb
× = 22 mg acetaminophen/kg
24 lb 0.454 kg

240 mg acet 1 lb
× = 15 mg acetaminophen/kg
35 lb 0.454 kg
The range is from 15 to 22 mg acetaminophen per kg of body weight.

 3.00 × 10 8 m  1.094 yd 60 s 60 min 1 knot

49. warp 1.71 =  5.00 ×  ×
 × × ×
 s  m min h 2030 yd/h

= 2.91 × 109 knots

 
 5.00 × 3.00 × 10 m  × 1 km ×
8
1 mi 60 s 60 min
× × = 3.36 × 109 mi/h
 s 
  1000 m 1.609 km min h

100. m 100. m 1 km 60 s 60 min

50. = 10.4 m/s; × × × = 37.6 km/h
9.58 s 9.58 s 1000 m min h
10 CHAPTER 1 CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS

100. m 1.0936 yd 3 ft 34.2 ft 1 mi 60 s 60 min

× × = 34.2 ft/s; × × × = 23.3 mi/h
9.58 s m yd s 5280 ft min h

1m 9.58 s
1.00 × 102 yd × × = 8.76 s
1.0936 yd 100. m

65 km 0.6214 mi
51. × = 40.4 = 40. mi/h
h km

To the correct number of significant figures (2), 65 km/h does not violate a 40 mi/h speed
limit.

0.6214 mi 1h
52. 112 km × × = 1.1 h = 1 h and 6 min
km 65 mi

0.6214 mi 1 gal 3.785 L

112 km × × × = 9.4 L of gasoline
km 28 mi gal

2.45 euros 1 kg $1.32

53. × × = $1.47/lb
kg 2.2046 lb euro
One pound of peaches costs $1.47.

54. For the gasoline car:

1 gal $3.50
500. mi × × = $62.5
28.0 mi gal
For the E85 car:
1 gal $2.85
500. mi × × = $63.3
22.5 mi gal
The E85 vehicle would cost slightly more to drive 500. miles as compared to the gasoline
vehicle ($63.3 versus $62.5).

2
 5280 ft 
55. Volume of lake = 100 mi2 ×   × 20 ft = 6 × 10 ft
10 3

 mi 
3
 12 in 2.54 cm  1 mL 0.4 μg
6 × 1010 ft3 ×  ×  × × = 7 × 1014 μg mercury
 ft in  3
cm mL

1g 1 kg
7 × 1014 μg × × = 7 × 105 kg of mercury
1 × 10 μg
6
1 × 103 g

56. Volume of room = 18 ft × 12 ft × 8 ft = 1700 ft3 (carrying one extra significant figure)
CHAPTER 1 CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS 11

3 3 3
 12 in   2.54 cm   1m 
1700 ft × 
3
 ×   ×   = 48 m 3
 ft   in   100 cm 
400,000 μg CO 1 g CO
48 m3 × × = 19 g = 20 g CO (to 1 sig. fig.)
m 3
1 × 10 6 μg CO

Temperature

5 5
57. a. TC = (TF − 32) = (−459°F − 32) = −273°C; TK = TC + 273 = −273°C + 273 = 0 K
9 9
5
b. TC = (−40.°F − 32) = −40.°C; TK = −40.°C + 273 = 233 K
9
5
c. TC = (68°F − 32) = 20.°C; TK = 20.°C + 273 = 293 K
9
5
d. TC = (7 × 107°F − 32) = 4 × 107°C; TK = 4 × 107°C + 273 = 4 × 107 K
9
5 5
58. 96.1°F ±0.2°F; first, convert 96.1°F to °C. TC = (TF − 32) = (96.1 − 32) = 35.6°C
9 9
A change in temperature of 9°F is equal to a change in temperature of 5°C. So the
uncertainty is:

5° C
±0.2°F × = ±0.1°C. Thus 96.1 ±0.2°F = 35.6 ±0.1°C.
9° F
9 9
59. a. TF = × TC + 32 = × 39.2°C + 32 = 102.6°F (Note: 32 is exact.)
5 5

TK = TC + 273.2 = 39.2 + 273.2 = 312.4 K

9
b. TF = × (−25) + 32 = −13°F; TK = −25 + 273 = 248 K
5
9
c. TF = × (−273) + 32 = −459°F; TK = −273 + 273 = 0 K
5
9
d. TF = × 801 + 32 = 1470°F; TK = 801 + 273 = 1074 K
5

60. a. TC = TK − 273 = 233 − 273 = -40.°C

9 9
TF = × TC + 32 = × (−40.) + 32 = −40.°F
5 5
9
b. TC = 4 − 273 = −269°C; TF = × (−269) + 32 = −452°F
5
12 CHAPTER 1 CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS

9
c. TC = 298 − 273 = 25°C; TF = × 25 + 32 = 77°F
5
9
d. TC = 3680 − 273 = 3410°C; TF = × 3410 + 32 = 6170°F
5
9
61. TF = × TC + 32; from the problem, we want the temperature where TF = 2TC.
5
Substituting:
9 32
2TC = × TC + 32, (0.2)TC = 32, TC = = 160°C
5 0.2
TF = 2TC when the temperature in Fahrenheit is 2(160) = 320°F. Because all numbers when
solving the equation are exact numbers, the calculated temperatures are also exact numbers.

5 5
62. TC = (TF – 32) = (72 – 32) = 22°C
9 9
TC = TK – 273 = 313 – 273 = 40.°C

The difference in temperature between Jupiter at 313 K and Earth at 72°F is 40.°C – 22 °C =
18°C.

140 o C
63. a. A change in temperature of 140°C is equal to 50°X. Therefore, is the unit con-
50 o X
version between a degree on the X scale to a degree on the Celsius scale. To account for
the different zero points, −10° must be subtracted from the temperature on the X scale to
get to the Celsius scale. The conversion between °X to °C is:

140 o C 14 o C
TC = TX × − 10°C, TC = TX × − 10°C
50 o X 5o X
The conversion between °C to °X would be:

5o X
TX = (TC + 10°C)
14 o C
5o X
b. Assuming 10°C and are exact numbers:
14 o C

5o X
TX = (22.0°C + 10°C) = 11.4°X
14 o C
c. Assuming exact numbers in the temperature conversion formulas:

14 o C
TC = 58.0°X × − 10°C = 152°C
5o X
CHAPTER 1 CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS 13

TK = 152°C + 273 = 425 K

9o F
TF = × 152°C + 32°F = 306°F
5o C

64. a. 100oA 115oC A change in temperature of 160°C equals a

change in temperature of 100°A.

100oA 160oC 160°C

So is our unit conversion for a
100°A
degree change in temperature.
0oA -45oC
At the freezing point: 0°A = −45°C

Combining these two pieces of information:

100°A 5°A 8°C
TA = (TC + 45°C) × = (TC + 45°C) × or TC = TA × − 45°C
160°C 8°C 5°A
5 8 5
b. TC = (TF − 32) × ; TC = TA × − 45 = (TF − 32) ×
9 5 9
9  8  72 72°F
TF − 32 = ×  TA × − 45  = TA × − 81, TF = TA × − 49°F
5  5  25 25°A
8 8 3Tc
c. TC = TA × − 45 and TC = TA; so TC = TC × − 45, = 45, TC = 75°C = 75°A
5 5 5
8°C 72°F
d. TC = 86°A × − 45°C = 93°C; TF = 86°A × − 49°F = 199°F = 2.0 × 102°F
5°A 25°A
5°A
e. TA = (45°C + 45°C) × = 56°A
8°C

Density
3
453.6 g  2.54 cm 
65. Mass = 350 lb × = 1.6 × 105 g; V = 1.2 × 104 in3 ×   = 2.0 × 10 cm
5 3
lb  in 
mass 1 × 10 g
5
Density = = = 0.80 g/cm 3
volume 2.0 × 10 cm
5 3

Because the material has a density less than water, it will float in water.

4 3 4 2.0 g
66. V = π r = × 3.14 × (0.50 cm)3 = 0.52 cm 3 ; d = 3
= 3.8 g/cm3
3 3 0.52 cm
The ball will sink.
14 CHAPTER 1 CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS

3
4 3 4  1000 m 100 cm 
67. V= π r = × 3.14 ×  7.0 × 105 km × ×  = 1.4 × 10 cm
33 3
3 3  km m 
1000 g
2 × 1036 kg ×
mass kg
Density = = = 1.4 × 106 g/cm3 = 1 × 106 g/cm3
volume 1.4 × 10 cm
33 3

68. V = l × w × h = 2.9 cm × 3.5 cm × 10.0 cm = 1.0 × 102 cm3

615.0 g 6.2 g
d = density = =
1.0 × 10 cm
2 3
cm 3

0.200 g 1 cm 3
69. a. 5.0 carat × × = 0.28 cm3
carat 3.51 g

1 cm 3 3.51 g 1 carat
b. 2.8 mL × × 3
× = 49 carats
mL cm 0.200 g

0.789 g
70. For ethanol: 100. mL × = 78.9 g
mL
1000 mL 0.880 g
For benzene: 1.00 L × × = 880. g
L mL
Total mass = 78.9 g + 880. g = 959 g

33.42 g
71. V = 21.6 mL − 12.7 mL = 8.9 mL; density = = 3.8 g/mL = 3.8 g/cm3
8.9 mL
1 cm 3
72. 5.25 g × = 0.500 cm3 = 0.500 mL
10.5 g
The volume in the cylinder will rise to 11.7 mL (11.2 mL + 0.500 mL = 11.7 mL).

73. a. Both have the same mass of 1.0 kg.

b. 1.0 mL of mercury; mercury is more dense than water. Note: 1 mL = 1 cm3.

13.6 g 0.998 g
1.0 mL × = 14 g of mercury; 1.0 mL × = 1.0 g of water
mL mL

c. Same; both represent 19.3 g of substance.

0.9982 g 19.32 g
19.3 mL × = 19.3 g of water; 1.00 mL × = 19.3 g of gold
mL mL

d. 1.0 L of benzene (880 g versus 670 g)

8.96 g 1000 mL 0.880 g
75 mL × = 670 g of copper; 1.0 L × × = 880 g of benzene
mL L mL
CHAPTER 1 CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS 15

1L 1000 mL 0.789 g
74. a. 1.50 qt × × × = 1120 g ethanol
1.0567 qt L mL
3
 2.54 cm  13.6 g
b. 3.5 in3 ×   × = 780 g mercury
 in  cm 3

75. a. 1.0 kg feather; feathers are less dense than lead.

b. 100 g water; water is less dense than gold. c. Same; both volumes are 1.0 L.

1 cm 3
76. a. H2(g): V = 25.0 g × = 3.0 × 105 cm3 [H2(g) = hydrogen gas.]
0.000084 g
1 cm 3
b. H2O(l): V = 25.0 g × = 25.0 cm3 [H2O(l) = water.]
0.9982 g
1 cm 3
c. Fe(s): V = 25.0 g × = 3.18 cm3 [Fe(s) = iron.]
7.87 g
Notice the huge volume of the gaseous H2 sample as compared to the liquid and solid
samples. The same mass of gas occupies a volume that is over 10,000 times larger than the
liquid sample. Gases are indeed mostly empty space.

1 cm 3
77. V = 1.00 × 103 g × = 44.3 cm3
22.57 g
44.3 cm3 = 1 × w × h = 4.00 cm × 4.00 cm × h, h = 2.77 cm
1 cm 3
78. V = 22 g × = 2.5 cm3; V = πr2 × l, where l = length of the wire
8.96 g
2
 1 cm 
2
 0.25 mm 
2.5 cm = π × 
3
 ×   × l, l = 5.1 × 103 cm = 170 ft
 2   10 mm 

Classification and Separation of Matter

79. A gas has molecules that are very far apart from each other, whereas a solid or liquid has
molecules that are very close together. An element has the same type of atom, whereas a
compound contains two or more different elements. Picture i represents an element that
exists as two atoms bonded together (like H2 or O2 or N2). Picture iv represents a compound
(like CO, NO, or HF). Pictures iii and iv contain representations of elements that exist as
individual atoms (like Ar, Ne, or He).

a. Picture iv represents a gaseous compound. Note that pictures ii and iii also contain a
gaseous compound, but they also both have a gaseous element present.

b. Picture vi represents a mixture of two gaseous elements.

CHAPTER 2 ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS 27

27. Carbon is a nonmetal. Silicon and germanium are called metalloids because they exhibit both
metallic and nonmetallic properties. Tin and lead are metals. Thus metallic character
increases as one goes down a family in the periodic table. The metallic character decreases
from left to right across the periodic table.

28. a. A molecule has no overall charge (an equal number of electrons and protons are present).
Ions, on the other hand, have extra electrons added or removed to form anions (negatively
charged ions) or cations (positively charged ions).

b. The sharing of electrons between atoms is a covalent bond. An ionic bond is the force of
attraction between two oppositely charged ions.

c. A molecule is a collection of atoms held together by covalent bonds. A compound is

composed of two or more different elements having constant composition. Covalent
and/or ionic bonds can hold the atoms together in a compound. Another difference is that
molecules do not necessarily have to be compounds. H2 is two hydrogen atoms held
together by a covalent bond. H2 is a molecule, but it is not a compound; H2 is a diatomic
element.

d. An anion is a negatively charged ion; e.g., Cl−, O2−, and SO42− are all anions. A cation is a
positively charged ion, e.g., Na+, Fe3+, and NH4+ are all cations.

29. a. This represents ionic bonding. Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between
anions and cations.

b. This represents covalent bonding where electrons are shared between two atoms. This
could be the space-filling model for H2O or SF2 or NO2, etc.

30. Natural niacin and commercially produced niacin have the exact same formula of C6H5NO2.
Therefore, both sources produce niacin having an identical nutritional value. There may be
other compounds present in natural niacin that would increase the nutritional value, but the
nutritional value due to just niacin is identical to the commercially produced niacin.

31. Statements a and b are true. Counting over in the periodic table, element 118 will be the next
noble gas (a nonmetal). For statement c, hydrogen has mostly nonmetallic properties. For
statement d, a family of elements is also known as a group of elements. For statement e, two
items are incorrect. When a metal reacts with a nonmetal, an ionic compound is produced,
and the formula of the compound would be AX2 (alkaline earth metals form 2+ ions and halo-
gens form 1– ions in ionic compounds). The correct statement would be: When an alkaline
earth metal, A, reacts with a halogen, X, the formula of the ionic compound formed should be
AX2.

32. a. Dinitrogen monoxide is correct. N and O are both nonmetals, resulting in a covalent
compound. We need to use the covalent rules of nomenclature. The other two names are
for ionic compounds.

b. Copper(I) oxide is correct. With a metal in a compound, we have an ionic compound.

Because copper, like most transition metals, forms at least a couple of different stable
charged ions in compounds, we must indicate the charge on copper in the name. Copper
oxide could be CuO or Cu2O, hence why we must give the charge of most transition
Another random document with
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 [147] Alexander Ivánovich Meshchérski was the president of
the St. Petersburg magistracy, and later served in the Chief
Customs Chancery. Both he and his friend Perfílev, mentioned at
the end of the monody, led a life of luxury.
[148] See Catherine II.’s Prince Khlor, p. 280.
[149] Catherine had some villages in the Government of
Orenbúrg, near the settlements of the Kirgíz-Kaysák horde,—
hence the name given her by Derzhávin.
[150] Tartar chiefs, but courtiers are meant here.
[151] Through the promulgation of her laws.
[152] Derzhávin was much addicted to gambling in his early life,
and had even tried to mend his fortune by cheating.
[153] Catherine was not successful as a versifier.
[154] She loved neither Masons nor Martinists, who were a kind
of precursors of the modern spiritualists.
[155] Name of a Masonic lodge.
[156] The reference is to Potémkin, his dreams of conquering
India and Persia, his foppery, his sumptuous feasts.
[157] Characterisation of A. G. Orlóv.
[158] P. I. Pánin.
[159] Allusion to S. K. Narýshkin, who had introduced wind
instruments, where each player played but one note.
[160] A game which consists of throwing a large nail into a ring.
[161] Famous popular novels much in vogue in all Europe; the
latter is the English Bevys of Hamptoun; the allusion is here to the
rude manners of Prince Vyázemski.
[162] Lentyág and Bryúzga of Catherine’s Prince Khlor, by
whom she meant Potémkin and Vyázemski.
[163] In 1767 the Senate and deputies, who had been invited to
present a project for a new code of laws, proposed a title for the
Empress “Great, Most Wise, and Mother of the Country,” but she
declined it.
[164] This and the following lines refer to the reign of Empress
Anna, when the least inattention to the minutest details of Imperial
prerogatives brought about the severest persecution: it was
sufficient not to empty a beaker which was drunk to her health, or
to scratch out or correct her name in a document, or to drop a
coin with her picture upon it, in order to be immediately
denounced to the secret police. Then follows the reference to the
ice palace in which the marriage of the Court fool, Prince
Golítsyn, was celebrated; the other Court fools of the day were
the Princes Volkónski and Apráksin.
Yúri Aleksándrovich Neledínski-Melétski. (1752-
1829.)
After finishing his education in the University of Strassburg,
Neledínski occupied various posts in the army and with
legations. In 1800 he was made a Senator. He distinguished
himself in literature by his simple, deep-felt songs, two of
which, given below, have become enormously popular. His
other poems and translations from French authors are now
forgotten.
Sir John Bowring has translated his “Under the oak-tree,
near the rill,” “To the streamlet I’ll repair,” and “He whom
misery, dark and dreary”; the latter is the same as Lewis’s “He
whose soul from sorrow dreary.”

SONG

To the streamlet I’ll repair,

Look upon its flight and say:
“Bear, O fleeting streamlet, bear
All my griefs with thine away!”

Ah, I breathe the wish in vain!

In this silent solitude
Counted is each throb of pain:—
Rest is melancholy’s food.

Waves with waves unceasing blend,

Hurrying to their destiny:
E’en so thoughts with thoughts, and tend
All alike to misery.
And what grief so dark, so deep
As the grief interred within,
By the friend, for whom I weep,
All unnoticed, all unseen?

Yet, could I subdue my pain,

Soothe affection’s rankling smart,
Ne’er would I resume again
The lost empire of my heart.

Thou, my love, art sovereign there!

There thou hast a living shrine:
Let my portion be despair,
If the light of bliss be thine.

Loved by thee, oh, might I live,

’Neath the darkest, stormiest sky:
’Twere a blest alternative!
Grief is joy, if thou be nigh.

Every wish and every pray’r

Is a tribute paid to thee:
Every heart-beat—there, oh there,
Thou hast mightiest sovereignty.

To thee, nameless one! to thee

Still my thoughts, my passions turn;
’Tis through thee alone I see,
Think, and feel, and breathe, and burn.

If the woe in which I live

Ever reach thy generous ear,
Pity not, but oh, forgive
Thy devoted worshipper!
 In some hour of careless bliss
Deign my bosom’s fire to prove;
Prove it with an icy kiss,—
Thou shalt know how much I love!

—From Sir John Bowring’s Specimens of the Russian Poets, Part I.

STANZAS

He whose soul from sorrow dreary,

Weak and wretched, naught can save,
Who in sadness, sick and weary,
Hopes no refuge but the grave;
On his visage Pleasure beaming
Ne’er shall shed her placid ray,
Till kind fate, from woe redeeming,
Leads him to his latest day.

Thou this life preservest ever,

My distress and my delight!
And, though soul and body sever,
Still I’ll live a spirit bright;
In my breast the heart that’s kindled
Death’s dread strength can ne’er destroy,
Sure the soul with thine that’s mingled
Must immortal life enjoy.

That inspired by breath from heaven

Need not shrink a mortal doom,
To thee shall my vows be given
In this world and that to come.
My fond shade shall constant trace thee,
And attend in friendly guise,
Still surround thee, still embrace thee,
Catch thy thoughts, thy looks, thy sighs.
 To divine its secret pondering,
Close to clasp thy soul ’t will brave,
And if chance shall find thee wandering
Heedless near my silent grave,
E’en my ashes then shall tremble,
Thy approach relume their fire,
And that stone in dust shall crumble,
Covering what can ne’er expire!

—From W. D. Lewis’s The Bakchesarian Fountain.

FOOTNOTES:

[165] The last verses Derzhávin wrote.

 Mikhaíl Nikítich Muravév. (1757-1807.)
Muravév was an alumnus of the Moscow University, and
early distinguished himself for his intimate knowledge of the
ancient and many modern languages. In 1785 he became the
instructor of Alexander and Constantine, and when the first
ascended the throne, Muravév was made Senator, and later
Curator of the Moscow University. He not only did much for
the cause of education in Russia, but himself educated a new
generation of writers, among them Bátyushkov; through his
efforts Karamzín was made historiographer, and the Archives
were opened to him. In his prose and poetry, Muravév was
himself a follower of the pseudo-classic school, with an
addition of sentimentalism, through Karamzín’s influence. In
his classicism, however, he differs from all his contemporaries
in that he drew directly from the ancient sources, with which
he was intimately acquainted.
Sir John Bowring translated Muravév’s To the Goddess of
the Neva, Boleslav, and “She bent her head, and her tears
that fell.”

TO THE GODDESS OF THE NEVÁ

Glide, majestic Neva! Glide thee,

Decked with bright and peaceful smiles;
Palaces are raised beside thee,
’Midst the shadows of the isles.

Stormy Russian seas thou bindest

With the ocean—by the grave
Of our glorious Tsar thou windest,
Which thy graceful waters lave.
And the middle-ocean’s surges
All thy smiling naiads court;
While thy stream to Paros urges,
And to Lemnos’ classic port.

Hellas’ streams, their glory shaded,

See the brightest memories fade;
Glassy mirrors—how degraded!
Dimmed by Kislar Aga’s shade.

While thy happier face is bearing

Ever-smiling images,
On thy busy banks appearing
Crowds in gaiety and peace.

Thames’ and Tagus’ gathering prizes,

Spread their riches o’er thy breast,
While thy well-known banner rises,
Rises proudly o’er the rest.

In thy baths what beauties bathe them,

Goddesses of love and light;
There Erota loves to swathe them
In the brightest robes of night.

Cool thy smiling banks at even,

Cool thy grottoes and thy cells,
Where, by gentle breezes driven,
Oft the dancing billow swells.

Then thou gatherest vapours round thee,

Veil’st thee in thy twilight dress;
Love and mirth have now unbound thee—
Yield thee to thy waywardness.
 Thou dost bear the dying over,
Weary of this earthly dream;
And with awful mists dost cover
All the bosom of the stream.

With thy car thou troublest never

The calm silence of the deep;
Sirens dance around thee ever,
Laughing o’er thy quiet sleep.

Peaceful goddess! Oft the singer

Sees thee in his ecstasy,
On the rock he loves to linger,
Sleepless,—then he meets with thee.

—From Sir John Bowring’s Specimens of the Russian Poets, Part II.
 Vasíli Vasílevich Kapníst. (1757-1824.)
Kapníst, the son of a brigadier, entered the army as a
corporal in 1771, and was made a commissioned officer in
1775, but he soon retired to his native village of Obúkhovka in
the Government of Kíev, which he later described in the
manner of Horace. He was elected a Representative of the
Nobility of his district, later (upon his return to St. Petersburg),
became a member of the Academy, and rose to many other
honours. He early distinguished himself by translations and
imitations of Horace, in which he devoted a closer attention to
perfect form than any of his contemporaries, so that, but for a
somewhat antiquated language, he is read with pleasure even
at the present time. His chief reputation with his
contemporaries was earned by the comedy The Pettifoggery,
which had a phenomenal success, and was only superseded
by Griboyédov’s Intelligence Comes to Grief and Gógol’s The
Revizór. Like all the great comedies of Russia, The
Pettifoggery deals with the negative sides of social life, and
lays bare the corruption of officialdom. The plot of the play is
as follows: Pettifog devises a plan by which he is to get hold
of the property of Squareman. The latter is named in his
certificate of birth Theodotos; his father left his estate to this
Theodotos, but he naming himself Deodatus (Bogdán),
Pettifog argues before the judges that Deodatus is another
unlawful holder of that estate, and that it ought to revert to
himself, as a distant relative of the deceased man. To make
his case sure he bribes the judges, Gurgle, Snare, Gladly and
Wordy, and the Procurator Grab and Secretary Talon, and
sues for the hand of Sophia, the daughter of the Presiding
Judge Casetwister. All, however, ends well, for Pettifog is
denounced to the Senate and put in gaol, and the judges are
turned over to the criminal court, while Squareman marries
Sophia, his old sweetheart. The verses at the end of Act III.,
Scene 6, “Take, you’ll learn the art with ease,” went like wild-
 fire through all Russia, and became the byword for the large
host of bribers.
Sir John Bowring has translated his On Julia’s Death, also
reprinted in F. R. Grahame’s The Progress of Science, Art
and Literature in Russia.

FROM “THE PETTIFOGGERY”

ACT III., SCENE 6. FÉKLA, SOPHIA, ANNA, CASETWISTER, PETTIFOG,

GURGLE, SNARE, GLADLY, WORDY, GRAB, TALON AND SLY (tipsy, playing
cards)

Talon. They have picked me clean.

Gurgle. Well! We are not picking your own feathers.
Pettifog. My dear friend, always grab the jack-pot!
Talon. A well-born man grabs all in splendid style.
Wordy (to Pettifog). Your intimate has been flaying us.
Pettifog. That’s proper. (To Sly.) You had better rise. (To
Casetwister.) Will you not let him mix a punch for us? He is a great
hand at it.
Casetwister. Very well.
Gurgle. That’s right, for the young beauty has been watering us as
from a trough....
Sly (walking up to Anna). There is some brandy in the basket.
Fékla. His goose is cooked.
Pettifog. That’s so.
Casetwister. Whose?
Pettifog. Mine.
Gurgle. That accursed Theodotos has done it all.
 Gladly (to Grab, who has been looking into his cards). Leave my
ca-ca-ca——
Grab (putting his hand on his mouth). Stop your cawing.
Wordy. Say, Sly, stop courting her.
Casetwister. Anna, why have you run away from us? You had
better serve us the new punch; we will be obliged to you.
Fékla (to Anna). Hurry up.
(Anna serves to the guests punch and wine, while Fékla gives her
privately some signs: the guests are getting drunk.)
Snare. Oh, oh, we are getting there!
Pettifog. Eh?
Wordy (pointing to Sly). Ask him.
Sly. Sir, the trouble is, it’s all gone.
Pettifog. Keep it up; here is the wherewithal (throws a purse to
him).
Gurgle. The trouble is all with Theodotos.
Pettifog. It is easy for you to have your fun with Theodotos; but it’s
I who am having the trouble with him.
Casetwister. What of it? If it is true that through conspiracy
Deodatus has gotten away with Theodotos’s property, there is a law
for such a case.
Talon. I have already given the order to find the laws that cover the
case.
Casetwister. I suppose there are some statutes?
Talon. Lots of them, sir.
Wordy. And also some decrees?
Talon. There are.
Gurgle. And, of course, there must be a special ukase.
 Talon. There are several.
Grab. But clearest of all it is in the Institutes; you will find it in the
chapter where ... about it——
Snare. Rather dark.
Wordy. It’s an ace and a jack.
Casetwister. And then we may apply the law of false pretences?
Talon. Of course, we may, sir! It fits the case.
Gurgle. And we bring the Reglement in accord with the
Institutes....
Talon. Then all will agree with the above-mentioned ukase.
Gurgle. That’s it. You see, you can easily pass sentence.
Casetwister. Theodotos is out of the question. Deodatus is
certainly a villain; so we will take Theodotos’s property and give it
where it belongs. That’s my opinion.
Gurgle. Mine too.
Snare. And mine.
Wordy. And mine.
Gladly. A-a-and mine.
Grab. I agree with that unanimous opinion.
Pettifog. Thank you all.
Casetwister. ’Tis not hard to pick the laws.
Anna (aside, as she picks up the cards on the ground). And I will
pick the cards.
Casetwister. Where is the punch?
Fékla. Anna! Be quick about it, and serve them often all around,
and ask their favour.
Gurgle. Oh, we will soon ask hers.
Casetwister. Let’s have a song.
 Wordy. Let’s throw away the cards: the queen has forsaken me.
Snare. You deal with a heavy hand.
Casetwister (to Grab). Dear Procurator! You have a good voice:
give us a song!
Grab. Most gladly, but I have no voice.
Casetwister. The best way you can.
Gurgle. We will sing the refrain.
Grab (sings).

Take, you’ll learn the art with ease!

Take whatever you can seize!
God for this your hands did make,
That you may take!

(All repeat: Take, take, take!)

(Sophia shuts her ears and goes away.)

ACT IV., SCENE 6. CASETWISTER, FÉKLA AND TALON

Casetwister (to Talon). But hear, my dear. The rumour must be

false that some meddler has denounced us to the Senate for taking
bribes and for deciding wrongly cases at law.
Talon. I declare! What bad luck is that?
Casetwister. I could not find out all. But you, my friend, tell me in
truth what case it was we decided so wrongly that we did not cover
our tracks? I can’t think of any.
Talon (scratching his spine). Even if I were to go to confession, I
could not think of any.
Fékla. But that’s impossible.
 Casetwister. I beg you, wife, leave us alone! We know affairs
better than you.
Fékla. Indeed, I know as well as you. Is it not my business to
receive things and look after them? But may the wrath of the Lord
strike me on the spot, if my right hand knows what my left hand
takes.
Casetwister (to Talon). Say: it just occurs to me that there was
quite a disturbance about the note whose endorsement I ordered to
have scratched.
Talon. O sir, there is no cause for your worry there. I myself did the
scratching. The defendant suspected the plaintiff of changing the
endorsement. You decided the case properly according to the laws,
and ordered the note to be destroyed.
Fékla (to Casetwister). Well, you have done no more wrong there
than I.
Talon. Besides, you did not scratch the note, but only clean paper.
Fékla. Then where is your guilt? What sin is there in scratching
mere paper? None at all.
Casetwister. So much the better.
Talon. There is something else that occurs to me. Do you
remember the lawsuit for Simple’s estate? Pettifog, who had really
nothing to do with the case and had forgotten the name of Simple in
the lawsuit, contrived cunningly to sue Trickster, who had also not
the slightest right to the estate. We did not bother about finding out
whose the village in question was, and without further investigation,
in the absence of Simple, disposed of the lawsuit by adjudging
another’s property to the contending parties, which they proceeded
at once to divide among themselves. I can’t imagine what Simple is
going to say about it.
Casetwister. Let him say whatever he pleases, since he has paid
so little attention to it. Why should we worry about him now? We are
the judges. ’Tis our duty to know only that which is presented for our
consideration on paper. What right have we to know that the estate
under contention does not belong to the contending parties, but to
someone else? We should have to have some written proof of that;
in absence of the same, we simply must decide a lawsuit between
two parties strictly according to the laws. We cannot help it if both
were contending for something that did not belong to them.

OBÚKHOVKA

At peace with my neighbours and relatives, at peace with my

conscience, in love with my beloved family, I here with my joys alone
measure the stream of quiet days.
My cosey house with straw-thatched roof is all I want, neither too
low, nor too high; there is a nook in it for friendship, and indolence
has forgot to put a lock on the door, to notabilities unknown.
By a mount from the north protected, it stands upon a grassy hill,
and looks into groves and distant meadows, while Psel, winding like
a serpent, babbles as it tends towards the mills.
Nearby, the favourite child of nature, a vast shadowy forest,
surrounds it on all sides with its thick tree-tops, without
encroachment on the free expanse.
Before it, and on a small eminence, art, to please our eyes, having
given a gentle slope to abrupt mounds, has on a modest elevation
raised a modest temple to moderation.
Moderation, O heavenly friend, be ever my companion! You lead
men to happiness; but your altar, not known to all, is hidden from the
boastful rich.
You have taught me from earliest youth not to seek honour nor
gold, without pinions not to fly upwards, and in the glowworm not to
show the light to the wonderment of the world.
With you, the dearest one to me in the world, I treasure my fate;
whithersoever I glance with you, in every object I discover a new
charm.
 As I walk down the hill, the arbour covered by the dense shade of
trees calls the tired one, through the forest that bends into a vault, to
rest, and mirrors itself in the crystal stream below.
Coolness reigns here for ever and refreshes the feelings and the
mind, while the gentle, incessant murmur of the impetuous waterfall
induces sleep amidst sweet thoughts.
There suddenly twenty wheels begin to turn, and circle hastens
after circle; diamonds, opals, hyacinths, rain down from gleaming
bows, while pearls beat underneath in clouds.
Thus the vision of happiness moves the passions, and with them
the whole world is in motion. Fortunate he who gets away from them,
for they crush all, tear all in pieces that passes under their millstone.
Let us go, before it grows dark, to rest upon the nearby island; a
covered way leads to it, where the rays of the sun dare not glide
through the dark foliage.
There I shall sit down under a mossy elm, leaning against a mighty
trunk. Alas, not long, upon a hot day, will its leafy top carpet for me a
hospitable shade!
Already it has inclined its brow upon the water that has
undermined the steep bank; already it looks into the gloomy depth,—
and soon, in stormy weather, it will fall with upturned roots into the
water.
Thus in the world all is carried away by the stream of time amidst
an eternal strife; thus ancient altars have fallen; thus kingdoms and
kings have fallen, with the pillars of their thrones.
But to disperse painful thoughts, let us walk the path to the forest-
covered hill where Phœbus with brilliant beam reflects from the
zenith a mighty shade.
I see a modest plain with a hedge of crimson bushes: there Flora,
the tender mother of the gardens, has scattered her basket full of
fragrant flowers.
Farther off, in the realm of Pomona, fruit burdens the trees;
beyond is the vineyard of Bacchus, where, filled with nectar juice,
gleam amber clusters.
Is it possible to picture all the beauties of nature, and all its charm?
To weld there the distance with the horizon, to adorn here the vales
with flocks, and nap it with the golden harvest?
No, no! Abandon the vain endeavour! Already the sun has
disappeared behind the mountain; already above the ethereal azure,
’twixt clouds, twinkle bright stars and glisten on the waves of the
river.
I ascend the hill. The golden moon has swum out on a gentle
cloud, and, glinting through the bluish cirrus, leaves behind it a
gleaming path above the liquid glass.
Oh, how dear that place is to me when the satellite of the night
comes, in all her beauty, to weld with the dream of a pining soul the
remembrance of bright days!

ON JULIA’S DEATH

The evening darkness shrouds

The slumbering world in peace,
And from her throne of clouds
Shines Luna through the trees.
My thoughts in silence blend,
But gathered all to thee:
Thou moon! the mourner’s friend,
Oh, come and mourn with me!

Upon her grave I bow,

The green grave where she lies:
Oh, hear my sorrows now,
And consecrate my sighs!
This is her ashes’ bed,—
Here her cold relics sleep,—
Where I my tears shall shed,
While this torn heart can weep.
 O Julia! Never rose
Had half the charms of thee!
My comfort, my repose,—
Oh, thou wert all to me!
But thou art gone, and I
Must bear life’s load of clay,—
And pray, and long to die,
Though dying day by day.

But I must cease to sing,

My lyre all mute appears.
Alas! Its plaintive string
Is wetted with my tears.
Oh! Misery’s song must end,—
My thoughts all fly to thee:—
Thou moon! The mourner’s friend,
Oh, come and mourn with me!

—From Sir John Bowring’s Specimens of the Russian Poets, Part II.
 Adrián Moyséevich Gribóvski. (1766-1833.)
Gribóvski was a Little-Russian by birth. In 1784 he was
secretary to Derzhávin, the poet, who was then Governor of
Olónetsk. Then he served under Potémkin, and after his
death in 1791 he entered the service of Count Zúbov,
Catherine’s favourite. In 1795 he was Catherine’s Secretary of
State. Like so many Russian Memoirs of the eighteenth
century, Gribóvski’s Memoirs not only throw light on
contemporary events, but are of great importance for a
correct appreciation of the literature of the time. What
Gribóvski reports of the simplicity of Catherine’s private life
forms the subject of Derzhávin’s Felítsa (see p. 385 et seq.).

FROM HIS “MEMOIRS”

The Empress’s [Catherine II.] manner of life was of late years the
same: In the winter she resided in the large Winter Palace, in the
middle story, above the right, smaller entrance. Her own rooms were
few. Upon ascending a small staircase, one entered into a room
where, for the immediate dispatch of the Empress’s orders, there
stood behind a screen a writing table with writing material for the
secretaries of state and other officers. This room faced a small court,
and from it you passed into the boudoir, with its windows on the
Palace Square. Here stood a toilet table. Of the two doors in this
room, the one to the right led into the diamond room, the other, to the
left, into the sleeping-room, where the Empress generally received
her reports. From the sleeping-room one passed straight into the
interior boudoir, and to the left—into the study and mirror room, from
which one way led into the lower apartments, and the other, over a
gallery, into the so-called Neighbouring House. In these apartments
the Empress lived until spring, but sometimes she removed earlier to
the Tauric Palace, which had been built by Prince Potémkin on the
bank of the Nevá.