Migration is defined as “movement from one country, place or locality to another.

”
Whether voluntary or forced, migration has profoundly shaped our world. Starting
with the slow outward movement of our common African ancestors, migration is as old
as humanity itself and played an important role in the evolution of culture and
civilization. Without migrants spreading their various cultures, languages,
religions, customs, ideas and ways of life, the course of world history most
certainly would have evolved quite differently. Today, 3 percent of the world’s
population—at least 258 million people—live outside of their country of origin. As
the global population increased from 3.7 billion in 1970 to 7.2 billion today,
globalization, economic inequalities and demographic developments have contributed
to sizeable migratory flows, predominantly from the Global South to the Global
North. Fifty percent of global migrants have moved from the developing countries to
the developed zones of the world and contribute anywhere from 40 to 80 percent of
their labor force. Their growth even outstripped the population growth in the
developing countries (3 percent versus only 0.6 percent). According to the think-
tank McKinsey Global Institute, “first generation immigrants constitute 13 percent
of the population in Western Europe, 15 percent in North America, and 48 percent in
the GCC countries.” The majority of migrants remain in the United States, United
Kingdom, and Australia. Once settled, migrants contribute enormously to raising the
productivity of their host countries.

Throughout the course of human history, humanity faced various factors that caused
them to move out from one place to another. During the early periods, migrations
were likely driven by climate, food availability, and other environmental factors.
The "out of Africa" theory, the most widely accepted model of the geographic origin
and early migration of anatomically modern humans, suggest that dramatic climate
fluctuations over 100,000 years ago created favorable environmental conditions that
triggered periodic waves of human migration out of Africa. As time passed, in the
latter stages of human civilization, colonialism, war, enslavement, and persecution
began to fuel migrations, too. During the transatlantic slave trade, at least 12
million African are enslaved and forced to relocate to the Americas between 1500
and the 1860s. Similarly, during the aftermath of World War II in 1945, hundreds of
thousands of Holocaust survivors and other civilians are displaced, emigrating to
Western Europe, the territory of British-Mandate Palestine, and the United States.
But they weren’t the last, migration continues until today in the 21st century,
driven by famine, natural disasters, and human rights abuses. Beginning in 2013,
migrants from North Africa and the Middle East began to move in increasingly larger
numbers into Europe, seeking to escape poverty and political instability in their
homelands. In the future however, the changing climate may fuel even more mass
movements. A 2018 World Bank report found that more than 143 million people may
soon become “climate migrants,” driven from their homes by floods, droughts, and
water scarcity. But no matter the reasons are, migration will likely continue as
long as there are humans—and as long as there are places to go.

In the Philippines, migration is evident in what is called as labour migration.

Filipinos see migration as a way to improve their economic situation. Through the
years, hundreds of thousands of Filipinos have migrated or transferred to richer
regions of the Philippines such as the National Capital Region, Cavite-
LagunaBatangas-Rizal-Quezon Region (CALABARZON), and Central Luzon. The Philippine
Statistics Authority (PSA) and University of the Philippines Population Institute
(UPPI) indicated that 59 percent of the entire population are considered migrants;
in which about 45 and 89 percent of it, whether local or international migrants,
are driven by employment. This is evident from the steady growth of overseas
Filipino workers (OFWs) as regularly reported by the PSA. The Philippines is one of
the foremost origin countries for migrants around the world with an estimated 5.4
million emigrants in 2019, including approximately 2.3 million migrant workers, who
are more commonly known as Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs). These OFWs are spread
across over 200 countries and work in a diverse range of occupations, at varying
skill levels. The majority of OFWs are concentrated in the Middle East region
(47.7%), followed by the Asia & Pacific region (39.8%). Most OFWs are laborers and
unskilled workers (39%), while 18.2% are in trades and related work, and 15.4% work
as plant machine operators and assemblers. Remittances sent in by OFWs are a
significant component of the Philippines’ GDP, composing around 10% in total.

Sure, here are the key points from each paragraph:

Slide 1:
- Migration is defined as the movement from one location to another
- Today, about 3 percent of the global population, or at least 258 million people,
reside outside their country of birth.
- Half of all global migrants have moved from developing to developed regions,
contributing between 40 and 80 percent of their labor force.
- First-generation immigrants make up 13 percent of the population in Western
Europe, 15 percent in North America, and 48 percent in the GCC countries.
- The majority of migrants settle in the United States, United Kingdom, and
Australia, significantly boosting the productivity of these host countries.

Slide 2:
- In the early stages, migrations were likely driven by environmental factors such
as climate and food availability.
- As civilization progressed, factors such as colonialism, war, enslavement, and
persecution also fueled migrations.
- Migration continues in the 21st century, driven by factors such as famine,
natural disasters, and human rights abuses.
- Since 2013, increasing numbers of migrants from North Africa and the Middle East
have moved to Europe to escape poverty and political instability in their home
countries.
- Future climate change may drive even more mass migrations. A 2018 World Bank
report predicted that over 143 million people could soon become “climate migrants,”
forced from their homes by floods, droughts, and water scarcity.

Dokos, T. (2017). Migration and Globalization -Forms, Patterns and Effects.

https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/Faktencheck/Leaders__Dialogues/
Salzburger_Trilog_2017/7_Migration_and_Globalization.pdf

‌lakemore, E. (2019, February 28). Migration facts and information. National

B
Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/migration

‌idelle, N., & Lomibao, G. (2023). Migration in the Philippines: What Happened to
F
Those Left Behind? The Impact of Migration in the Philippines: What About Those
Left Behind? https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Pages/MediaAndResearch/PublicationsAndReports/
Discussion%20Papers/DP202301.pdf

‌N BRIEF. (n.d.). https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Industries/Public%20and

I
%20Social%20Sector/Our%20Insights/Global%20migrations%20impact%20and
%20opportunity/MGI-People-on-the-Move-In-brief-December-2016.pdf

‌W, 1615 L. S., Suite 800Washington, & Inquiries, D. 20036USA202-419-4300 | M.-8.-

N
8. | F.-4.-4. | M. (2012, March 8). Overview of Migrants’ Origins and Destinations.
Pew Research Center’s Religion & Public Life Project.
https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/03/08/religious-migration-overview-of-
migrants-origins-and-destinations/
How would Nozick's Libertarian Justice, Rawls' Justice as Fairness, and Mill's
Utilitarian Justice address income inequality within a society?

Income inequality refers to the uneven distribution of income within a population,

which is often accompanied by wealth inequality, the uneven distribution of wealth.
Industrialization and globalization is one of the major factors that worsen the
issue of income inequality as they led to a significant economic growth but the
benefits were not evenly distributed, leading to a widening gap between the rich
and the poor. Nozick's Libertarian Justice, Rawls' Justice as Fairness, and Mill's
Utilitarian Justice are theories offers a different perspective on what constitutes
justice and how it should be achieved in society; while all three theories provide
frameworks for understanding justice and fairness, they differ in their approaches
to the issue of income inequality. Robert Nozick's concept of libertarian justice,
states that individuals have a right to property as long as they acquire it without
violating the rights of others; any distribution of resources, regardless of its
inequality, is fair and just if it comes from fair distribution through legal
means. Therefore, Nozick's theory may not take a direct position regarding the
issue of income inequality, but rather challenges the notion that income inequality
is inherently unfair. For example, if someone became wealthy through legitimate
transactions, such as becoming a successful entrepreneur, Nozick would not see this
inequality as unjust at all.

Moreover, the concept of justice of John Rawls, called "Justice as Fairness",

emphasizes the importance of equal opportunities which can alleviate income
inequality by ensuring equal opportunities for all. The theory focuses on two basic
principles: the principle of freedom and the principle of equality; where the
latter is further divided into "fair equality of opportunity" and the "principle of
difference". Considering the concept of fair equality of opportunity, the theory
suggests that in order to alleviate the issue of income inequality, all job
positions and opportunities should be available for everyone regardless of their
social status; advocating for equal access to wealth and income regardless of one's
initial circumstances. On the other hand, the difference principle would consider
an unequal distribution of wealth and income if such differences favor the status
of disadvantaged members of society. In its essence, economic inequality is
considered justified only if it leads to a compensative benefits for everyone,
especially to the most disadvantaged; an example is through initiatives like
financial aids to support the socioeconomically disadvantaged.

Lastly, John Stuart Mill's concept of utilitarian justice revolves around the
utilitarian principle, which asserts that actions are morally right if they
contribute to the general well-being of humanity. Regarding the problem of income
inequality, Mill's utilitarian framework indicates that actions should aim to
maximize overall happiness, therefore, if income inequality causes widespread
discontent, it will be considered unfair.
Mill also pointed out the injustice of individuals' life prospects being
determined primarily by the circumstances of their birth rather than their
efforts, so he is likely to support policies that reduce income inequality by
rewarding achievement and effort rather than inherited privilege. In essence, the
theory proposes to address income inequality through social reforms that emphasizes
the importance of meritocracy and fairness in the distribution of wealth as a means
of reducing income disparities.