AN2DROM: Anti-drowsiness Device

for Motorcyclist

Maddikera Kalyan Chakravarthi, Tamil Selvan Subramaniam,

M. F. A. B. Mohamad Basri, Y. V. Pavan Kumar, D. John Pradeep,
and Ch. Pradeep Reddy

Abstract The purpose of the project is to develop a device that can detect and
prevent motorcyclists from drowning during a motorcycle ride. The idea of building
the project is because the rate of accidents for motorcyclists every year is very high.
Additionally, safety issue issues for motorcyclists are less than advanced technology
on wheeled vehicles. This device is designed by using the sensor input on the rider’s
head to detect head tilt; it was called an accelerometer. One of the drowsiness and
sleepy symptoms is head drooping or lose muscle tone. The project is divided into
two parts, namely the detector circuit and the operating control circuit. The detector
circuit is to detect the inclination of the head by using an accelerometer detector. It
will transmit data to the control circuit which will release the vibration and sound
output as it prevents drowsiness and warns users. Next, the project uses Arduino Nano
microcontrollers to control the detector circuit and the control circuit. Between the
two circuits, it is connected to the wireless transmission medium which is Bluetooth.
The development process used is based on a waterfall model which contains five
phases namely analysis, design, implementation, testing and maintenance. Three

M. Kalyan Chakravarthi (B) · Y. V. Pavan Kumar · D. John Pradeep

School of Electronics Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522237, India
e-mail: kalyanchakravarthi.m@vitap.ac.in
Y. V. Pavan Kumar
e-mail: pavankumar.yv@vitap.ac.in
D. John Pradeep
e-mail: john.darsy@vitap.ac.in; pradeep.ch@vitap.ac.in
T. Selvan Subramaniam
Faculty of Technical and Vocational Education, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Parit Raja, Malaysia
e-mail: tselvan@uthm.edu.my
M. F. A. B. Mohamad Basri
Soft IP Logic Programmer (GT), INTEL Programmable Solutions Group (PSG), Penang,
Malaysia
Ch. P. Reddy
School of Computer Science and Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra
Pradesh 522237, India

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 485
N. Subhashini et al. (eds.), Futuristic Communication and Network Technologies,
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 966,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8338-2_40
486 M. Kalyan Chakravarthi et al.

types of analysis have been done which are engineering analysis, expert analysis and
user analysis. First, the circuit analysis is performed on the output of the voltage in
the vibration motor and the buzzer using the oscilloscope. Second, expert analysis is
done based on the design and functionality of the product. As the result, it is shown
that the average level for the result stated in good level. Third, the analysis of users
who give feedback from the five users that used the product. Overall, this project has
achieved its objectives, and it works fine.

Keywords Anti-drowsiness · Fatigue · Motorcyclist · Safety road · Sleepiness

1 Introduction

The use of motorcycles as daily transport to do daily activities is the main choice
of residents in Malaysia. According to studies, it is also one of the important trans-
portations for most countries in Asia [1]. Motorcycles have cheaper travel costs such
as no toll charges, lower oil costs and low maintenance costs. In addition, it is also
to avoid traffic congestion for the use of vehicles in urban areas where the traffic
is high. The comparison of the selling price is also in favor of a motorcycle which
is much cheaper than a four-wheeled vehicle like a car. A drowsy detector is a tool
that detects fatigue and lethargy symptoms in users that can cause drowsiness. This
is a device that warrants motorcyclists and releases them to give a fresh start. Tech-
nological advancements to detect or prevent drowsiness on vehicle users are a big
challenge in achieving the objective of avoiding accidents on road. Due to the danger
of drowning on the road, one tool needs to be developed to counteract the effects [2].

1.1 Problem Statement

Based on the issue that has been given in the background of the problem, it can be
noted that the lack of a product or device is in the alarm system to detect drowsiness
and fatigue among motorcyclists. Nowadays, despite technological advancement, the
drowning tracking system for motorcyclists has not been much created. Otherwise
for cars, nowadays, a drowsy tracking system for car driving has been created and
upgraded with high technologies [3–6]. These alarm systems have been developed
with various forms of systems such as audible alarms (audiotries), seat shaking, eye
flicker detectors and car movements with driving ratings.
The use of the existing system for the safety of motorcyclists indicates that it
cannot be practiced as too many detectors plug on the helmet, undetectable at night
and hard to find on the market. Therefore, the development of this product will
give a better innovation than the existing system or product. The use of wireless
technology as a means of connectivity is very important as it simplifies the system to
run smoothly because the use of wires on motorcycles is extremely unsuitable and
AN2DROM: Anti-drowsiness Device for Motorcyclist 487

can cause negligence and accident. Furthermore, the selection of the head tilt sensors
will provide a new input in the safety review of the motorcyclist [7, 8].
Additionally, existing systems or products also do not have such dampening tools
on systems that are available in previous studies. The development of this AN2DROM
has a warning device, and a drowsy prevention application is applied to the product
developed. For example, use a buzzer to generate a warning sound and vibrator on a
jacket that will release the user to stay awake from sleepiness [9, 10].

1.2 Objective

The objectives of this paper are given as follows. Develop a device to overcome
drowsiness and fatigue by motorcyclists while riding a motorcycle.
• Perform analysis and testing of a device to overcome drowsiness by motorcyclists
while riding a motorcycle.
• Test the functionality of the built-in sleep detector device.

2 Methodology

Methodology/ research method that will be used to develop project processes with
selected design models is explained in the current section. The developer will focus on
the methods during this study and project which is conducted. The methodology that
developers will do is gradually by phase in the waterfall model. This tool development
involves phases such as analysis, design, implementation, testing and maintenance.

2.1 Phase 1: Analysis

In the initial phase, the analysis will be carried out according to the objectives and
problems that arise until this device is developed. Hence, some steps are needed
in implementing the analysis and planning of early research, identifying problems
and gathering information and planning. An alternative solution is suggested for
ensuring that the objective is met and the problem is solved. With data collected
from the analysis, the developer has three options either not to use the current system,
improve existing systems or develop a new system.
488 M. Kalyan Chakravarthi et al.

2.2 Phase 2: Design

In this phase, the function is defined in three divisions, which are used to determine
the parts of the circuitry hardware, the part of the software to be used and the project
overview. In the design that is to be implemented, there are several aspects to be
taken into consideration which are in terms of consumer safety, the functionality of
a project and something of a reality. Figure 1 explains the circuit design schema of
the detector. Figure 2 explains the circuit of operational control.

(i) The design of the circuit

(ii) The design of the implementation of the system is explained with a better clarity
in Fig. 3.

Fig. 1 Circuit of detector

Fig. 2 Circuit of operational

control
AN2DROM: Anti-drowsiness Device for Motorcyclist 489

Fig. 3 Overview of the

design

2.3 Phase 3: Implementation

The development of AN2DROM is divided into two parts, namely circuit devel-
opment and panel box development. In the development of the circuit, it is used
to connect the components involved on the donut board for a connection. For
panel development, it describes the work processes performed to place the output
components on the jacket. As per Table 1, it shows the process of work done in
implementation.
The overall completed prototype of the design is as shown in Fig. 4.

Table 1 Work process in implementation

No. Process
1 Programming on the detector and operational control microcontroller
2 Setting on master–slave Bluetooth module
3 Development of circuit connection by process of soldering
4 Development of buildup panel circuit boxes
5 Development of jackets and connections on it
6 Overall product completion

Fig. 4 Overall product

completion
490 M. Kalyan Chakravarthi et al.

2.4 Phase 4: Testing and Finding

(i) Testing and Analysis Circuit

The first testing process that is carried out after the completion of the development
phase is to test the product produced which are the inputs for the head tilt sensor and
the output produced by the buffer and the buzzer. The testing used was using appro-
priate equipment like oscilloscope and multimeter. Figure 5 gives a comprehensive
picture of the experimentation trials done by wearing the completed prototype. The
result is as shown in Table 2.

(ii) Expert Confirmation

In this section, analysis is based on feedback given by three experts. Expert selection
is based on expertise and experience in the field of electronics, mechatronics and
electronic medicine. The developer performs an analysis based on the feedback or
answers given by the specialist selected in the field of expert confirmation as well
as the expert checklist created. Each expert’s confirmation will be divided into two
parts which are design and functionality. As the result, this product achieved a good
average level for both parts. The indicator is used as in the summary finding and
calculation. The results are given in Tables 3, 4 and 5.

Fig. 5 Testing on input for

head tilt

Table 2 Testing on volts

Output Volts
output components
Vibration Motor 1 3.32 V
Vibration Motor 2 4.88 V
Vibration Motor 3 3.60 V
Vibration Motor 4 3.24 V
Vibration Motor 5 4.24 V
Vibration Motor 6 2.60 V
Buzzer 2.88 V
AN2DROM: Anti-drowsiness Device for Motorcyclist 491

Table 3 Summary finding calculation

Nominal Category Average Level
Yes Agree 3 Excellent
2 Good
1 Intermediate
No Disagree 0 Weak
Average calculation formula = Total agree/No of items
Percentage calculation formula = (Average level/3) × 100%

Table 4 Finding of expert feedback confirmation on the design of AN2DROM

No. Item Expert Agree Percentage (%)
1 2 3
1 The product is easy to ✓ ✓ ✓ 3 100
operate
2 This product has a neat ✓ 1 33
array of components
3 This product has a suitable ✓ ✓ 2 67
size to handle
4 This product has technical ✓ ✓ ✓ 3 100
safety features
5 This product is user-friendly ✓ ✓ 2 67
6 Circuit development is easy ✓ ✓ ✓ 3 100
to understand
7 Good product framework ✓ ✓ ✓ 3 100
development
8 The materials used are ✓ ✓ ✓ 3 100
practical
9 The concept of this product ✓ ✓ ✓ 3 100
coincides with the issue of
the accident
10 The design of the product is ✓ ✓ ✓ 3 100
suitable for motorcyclist
Average level 2.6 87

2.5 Phase 5: Maintenance

Last but not least is the maintenance process after the testing, which is very significant.
This process is to be done after introducing some errors in the circuit hardware, like
plugging out wires from the terminals. It is also for the further improvement on this
AN2DROM in future.
492 M. Kalyan Chakravarthi et al.

Table 5 Finding of user feedback on testing of AN2DROM

No. Item User
1 2 3 4 5
1 The product has an interesting design ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
2 This product is easy to wear and use ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
3 The cost of the product is reasonable ✓ ✓ ✓
4 I feel comfortable while wearing this product ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
5 I can feel the vibration on the body that is produced from the jacket ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
6 I can hear the sound of the buzzer issued clearly ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
7 This product can help me avoid drowsiness while riding a motorcycle ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
8 This product can help reduce the rate of motorbike accidents on the road ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

3 Discussion

This product is developed to overcome drowsiness and fatigue problems by motor-

cyclists. It is stated that the main contributor to the rate of road accidents is due to
the attitude of the road users [11–13]. This discussion is based on the objective of
the study to determine the achievement of the objectives and the advantages and
disadvantages of this product during development. In addition, the issues discussed
are also problems that occur during product construction and testing. AN2DROM is
developed based on a development model of the waterfall model. In the design phase,
the initial design is to use a smartphone as an input detector. After doing research,
the design is changed using an accelerometer detector to detect head tilt as one of
the symptoms of drowsiness. The operating circuit is also designed for the output
circuit using a vibration motor and a buzzer.
Both of these circuits use a Bluetooth module that will be the medium of data
transmission and data reception. The developer uses Bluetooth because this product
involves rides on the roads, so the appropriate medium is wireless. Furthermore, the
process of designing the system and programming of the microcontroller used is
using Arduino. The use of this microcontroller on both circuits to control processes
and data will make the product work. The next phase is the implementation phase.
During the development process, the process takes a while to examine the selection
of suitable materials and sizes. Material selection is based on reasonable cost so it is
not too expensive which will cause the cost of the product to be expensive [14–16].
The use of the size of the detector box and the operating circuit box is also taken into
factor.
The engineering analysis process is a process of testing on products and circuits
that have been developed. The developer performs two types of analysis which are
analyzing the head tilt on the detection box and analyzing the output released by the
motor vibration and the buzzer on the circuit. The first analysis process is to analyze
the head tilt on the detector box. This process is done by examining the level of head
tilt that will release the output. The process is done using a protector degree ruler.
AN2DROM: Anti-drowsiness Device for Motorcyclist 493

This process successfully achieves the level of tilt that is producing output only when
it reaches 30° and exceed. The second process is to analyze the output that has been
generated. Six motorcycles and one buzzer are used. This analysis process uses tools
such as oscilloscopes. The analysis is performed by observing the resulting wave
on the oscilloscope and the value of the voltage released. Both of these analysis
processes achieve the objectives.
After the design phase and implementation phase, the testing phase is done on
the product to determine the available functionality as in the last objective. This
functionality is taken into a factor by referring to the testing of the circuit and expert
assessment. The functionality of this product is to determine that AN2DROM works
well from one part to one part. Starting from data calculations through head tilt,
transmission and receiving of data through the Bluetooth medium till the generation
of output on the jacket (buzzer and vibration motors), all the parameters were acquired
and generated with utmost accuracy. Expert reviews and opinions have been given
during the developers authenticating and confirming the functionality of AN2DROM.
The matter has been further described in the suggestions section to improve this
product in the future.

4 Conclusion

Anti-Drowsiness Device for Motorcyclists (AN2DROM) was developed to help

motorcyclists overcome drowsiness problems where a few will be aware of the
dangers. In addition, the stated rates of accidents and the factors that have been
studied also reinforce the problems that occur due to the drowsiness symptoms
during riding. Thus, the production of this device is for detecting and preventing
sleepiness for motorcyclists. The finding of the product has been successfully devel-
oped using the development model, the waterfall model. For the improvement section,
the developer has submitted several suggestions to improve the quality and quality
of this AN2DROM. The development of a product is a continuous process whereby
technology is progressing, and humans are smarter using the technology. The purity
of a product can be enhanced from time to time with increasingly sophisticated
technology. The developer hopes that in the future, all the views and suggestions
provided may be used by students or other users to improve this existing product. In
other words, the developer hopes that this product can continue to get the maximum
level of perfection. Overall, the developer concluded that this study and product was
completed and the objectives were achieved.
494 M. Kalyan Chakravarthi et al.

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