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The Emperor and the Army in the
Later Roman Empire, AD 235–395
With The Emperor and the Army in the Later Roman Empire, AD 235–395 Mark
Hebblewhite offers the first study solely dedicated to examining the nature of the
relationship between the emperor and his army in the politically and militarily
volatile later Roman Empire. Bringing together a wide range of available liter-
ary, epigraphic and numismatic evidence, he demonstrates that emperors of the
period considered the army to be the key institution they had to mollify in order
to retain power, so they consequently employed a range of strategies to keep the
troops loyal to their cause. Key to these efforts were imperial attempts to project
the emperor as a worthy general (imperator) and a generous provider of military
pay and benefits. Also important were the honorific and symbolic gestures each
emperor made to the army in order to convince them that they and the empire
could prosper only under his rule.
Mark Hebblewhite
First published 2017
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa
business
© 2017 Mark Hebblewhite
The right of Mark Hebblewhite to be identified as author of this work
has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN: 978-1-4724-5759-2 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-61601-8 (ebk)
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Contents
List of figuresvi
Preface x
Selected Roman emperors and usurpers, 235–395 xii
Abbreviations xiv
Introduction 1
3 Praemia militiae 71
Conclusion 215
Bibliography 219
Index 233
Figures
The following list includes the names and dates of selected emperors and usurpers
from the period AD 235–395 who have been referred to in this book.
A panegyric delivered in Trier in 289 confirms the Tetrarchic pitch to the army:
Diocletian and Maximian were “brothers in virtue, which is a surer tie than any
tie of blood” (tr. Nixon). In short, it was shared virtus not shared blood that made
them suitable to rule.29
AU LECTEUR.