Globe Fearon Spelling and Vocabulary

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STUDENT PROGRESS CHART
After you finish an exercise and check your work with your teacher, count the
number of questions you answered correctly. This is your score. Write that
number in the column marked "Your Score" in the chart below. Compare your
scores to the other scores to see how well you did (Excellent, Very Good, or
Good). If your score is the same or below the Minimum score, put a check mark
in the "Need More Practice" column. Go back and review the problems in that
exercise that you answered incorrectly. You may need more instruction or
practice in that area to make sure you've really got the hang of it!
Exercise Name Your Score Excellent . Very Good . Good Minimum . Need More
, Score Practice
1 Forming Plurals of Nouns 18 16-17 · 14-15 13
I
2 Irregular Plurals 16 . 14-15 13 12
3 Compound Words 14 13 12
·
4 Possessives 15 13-14 · 12 11
5 Contractions 15 14 , 13 12
6 Prefixes 11 10 9
7 Prefixes That Show 11 10 9
Position (Direction)
8 ' Prefixes That Show Amount 10 . 9 . 8
9 • Suffixes 21 19-20 18 17
10 Commonly Confused Words 15 14 13 12
11 Commonly Misspelled 18 17 16 15
Words
12 · Synonyms 20 18-19 17 16
13 Antonyms · 20 18-19 17 16
14 Homonyms 14 13 12
15 Spelling Rules 25 23-24 21-22 20
·
16 Root and Base Words 14 13 12
•
17 Using Context Clues · 12 11
18 ' Using Main Idea · 14 13 12
19 Word Meanings:
-
13 12 -- 11
Connotation and Denotation
20 • General and Specific Words 18 17 16 15
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pre-test ....................................................................... 2
1 Forming Plurals of Nouns .................................................... .4
2 Irregular Plurals ............................................................. 6
3 Compound Words ........................................................... 8
4 Possessives ................................................................. 10
5 Contractions ............................................................... 12
6 Prefixes .................................................................. .14
7 Prefixes that Show Position (Direction) ........................................... 16
8 Prefixes that Show Amount .................................................... 18
9 Suffixes ................................................................... 20
10 Commonly Confused Words ................................................... 22
11 Commonly Misspelled Words .................................................. 24
12 Synonyms ................................................................. 26
13 Antonyms ................................................................. 28
14 Homonyms ................................................................ 30
15 Spelling Rules .............................................................. 32
16 Root and Base Words ......................................................... 34
17 Using Context Clues ........................................................ .36
18 Using Main Idea ............................................................ 38
19 Word Meanings: Connotation and Denotation .................................... .40
20 General and SpeCific Words ................................................... .42
Post Test ..................................................................... .44
Reviewer
Sandra R. Evans
Teacher of English/Language Arts
ABC Unified School District
Lakewood, California
Editors: Monica Glina, Renee Beach, Stephanie Cahill, Phyllis Dunsay, Douglas Falk, Jennifer McCarthy
Editorial Assistants: Marilyn Bashoff, Patrice Moncrieff
Designers: Joan Jacobus, Evelyn Bauer, Jennifer Visco
Editorial Development: Pencil Point Studio
Production Editors: Suzanne Keezer, Mark Andreotti
Copyright ©1999 by Globe Fearon, Inc., One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458, www.globefearon.com.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means} electronic,
photographic, mechanical, or otherwise, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval
system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America

345678910 04030201
ISBN 0-130-23255-6
Globe
Fearon 1-800-848-9500
www.globefearon.com
Pre-test
~--~--~~-
The following pre-test will help you determine where you need further practice
in Spelling and Vocabulary. Take the test in one sitting, answering every question.
If you need more practice on any topics, turn to the Exercises listed.
For more practice.

Write the plural form of each single noun.
go to Exercises:
1. brush 1.2
2. family i1.2
Underline the compound words in each sentence.

3. LaShay balances her checkbook every month. 3
4. LaShay writes about fifteen checks each month and balances 3

her checkbook on the thirty-first.
Write the possessive form of the underlined noun on the line.

S. The children clinic is opening tomorrow. ____________ 4
Items 6 through 11 refer to the following paragraph.

(1) I've met with the Tricounty Park Committee to discuss ways to
create a new entrance to the park. (2) At that meeting, the committee
reviewed information compiled from a survey taken of dissatisfied residents.
(3) Most people in the community view the old park entrance as unsafe.
(4) They propose that three separate entrances be made, all with their own
separate exit. (5) If this happens, the roads around the neighborhood will
have to be rerouted. (6) A temporary solution was proposed: block one of the
exits during the hours from 3:00 to 5:00. (7) The people in the neighborhood
were agreeable and readily excepted this proposal.
6. Which prefix in Sentence 1 means three? - - -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 8
7. Write the two words of the contraction in Sentence 1. _ _ _ __ ;5
8. Which prefix of a word in Sentence 3 means not? ___________ 6
9. Which word in Sentence 4 means out? ____________ 7
10. Write the word with a suffix in Sentence 5. - -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 9

11. Write the correct spelling for the underlined word in Sentence 7. ______ ! 10
2 Pte-test
Circle the misspelled word in this sentence. Write it correctly on the line.
12. There are many varietys of food on the menu. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 11
Circle the word in parentheses that best replaces the underlined word.
13. There is a large amount of work on my desk. (soft, huge, little) 12
Write an antonym for the underlined word.

14. The contractor never meets his deadlines. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 13
Write a homonym for each of the following words.
15. sleigh 16. role 14
Write the new form of each word.
17. take + ing 18. fit + est 15

(1) After a day like today, I decided that being in the medical field requires
multitalented people and an enormous amount of teamwork. (2) It was a
hectic day at the hospital. (3) The hospital across town lost power and
redirected emergency and intensive care patients to us. (4) The supervisor
requested that all first level nurses cover an extra shift. (5) We all were
kind of beat, but before we knew it, everything was under control.
19. What is the root and base of the underlined word in Sentence I? 16
root: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ base: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
20. What can you conclude is the meaning of intensive care in Sentence 3? 17
A. needing very little care C. first aid care
B. hospital care once a week D. needing very special care
21. What is the main idea of the paragraph? 18

A. It was a pleasant day at the hospital. C. The hospital requires a lot of nurses.
B. The supervisor makes a lot of requests. D. The medical field.
Choose a word in parentheses to complete each statement.
22. In Sentence 4, the underlined word connotes (ordered, pleaded, hinted) 19
23. In Sentence 5, the underlined phrase could say (exhausted, awake, hungry) 20
Pre-test 3
~'#.ercile
~ Forming Plurals of Nouns
, __ _ = " ,--. "_"_",,._ -_~ -- "'_C ','"c'C _~_r __,-._,-" ,'_~-_, -~-_-_'~~---- -o'-~ ______--_-_,_~~~;~ _ _;~';_.,_,_~K.~;';C",_~~:,,_~ ~_- _ ; - _~:_:-'~~,- ,-~-,:-:' --
A singular noun refers to one person, place, or thing. A plural noun refers to
two or more persons, places, or things.
We only have one car.
We have three cars but no place to park them.
The plural of most nouns is formed by adding the letter s.

cars. trucks. vehicles.
To form the plural of nouns that end in s, x, Z, sh, and ch, add the letters es.
buses classes ninety-sixes crashes hitches
To form the plural of nouns that end in the letter y after a consonant, change
the y to an i, then add es. If a vowel comes before the y, add only the letter s.
twenty-->twenties body-->bodies bay--> bays.
Write the plural form of each singular word on the line.
1. one paper some
2. one facility some
3. one spare some
4. one catch some
5. one brush some
6. one ferry some
7. one wrench some
8. one tire some
9. one buzz some
10. one axle some
11. one service some
12. one invoice some
4
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 15. Sentence 3: You can start with a list of
each item. Circle the number of the correct everyone's dreams and wish.
answer.
What is the correct way to spell the
incorrect word in this sentence?
Items 13 through 18 refer to the following (1) everyones
paragraph. (2) wishs
(3) every one's
(1) Some familys need more than one car,
(4) wishes
especially if two or three people in the house
(5) dreams
are working. (2) Searching for a new car or
van can take hours, even day or weeks.
16. Sentence 4: It helps to know ahead of
(3) You can start with a list of everyone's
time what features are important to you
dreams and wish. (4) It helps to know ahead
and to your family members.
of time what features are important to you and
to your family members. (5) Then you can What correction should be made to this
decide on the necessity to look for in your sentence?
hunt for an automobile. (6) You can look for
(1) Change ahead to a head.
the car you want in several different ways:
(2) Change features to featunes.
through newspaper ads, with telephone calls,
(3) Change members to memberes.
or by computer searchs.
(4) Change helps to help.
(5) No correction is necessary.
13. Sentence 1: Some familys need more
17. Sentence 5: Then you can decide on
than one car, especially if two or three
the necessity to look for in your hunt
people in the house are working.
for an automobile.
Which of the following is the correct way
What is the correct way to spell the
to spell the incorrect word in this
incorrect word in this sentence?
sentence?
(1) cars
(1) necessities
(2) hunts
(2) houses
(3) automobilies
(3) families
(4) necessitys
(4) houzes
(5) hunting
(5) family
18. Sentence 6: You can look for the car you
14. Sentence 2: Searching for a new car or
want in several different ways: through
van can take hours, even day or weeks.
newspaper ads, with telephone calls, or
What correction should be made to this by computer searchs.
sentence?
What correction should be made to this
(1) Change van to vans. sentence?
(2) Change day to days.
(1) Change calls to calles.
(3) Change car to cars.
(2) Change searchs to searches.
(4) Change hours to hour.
(3) Change ways to waies.
(5) Change weeks to weekes.
(4) Change ads to adds.
s
=0 verc;'e
'-;';"-;:_';<;,~
Irregular Plurals
:~,:, ___ 0_"~_:~:'''''0''- ~". -,:;:-_ -- "-~,'-- -_~;",;,,,,- '" ,~.~__ _
Most nouns form the plural with the addition of 5 or es. However, some nouns
have irregular plural forms.
There were two men, three women, and four children in the van.
The words man, woman, and child have irregular plural forms.
We saw several deer and many sheep on the ride home.
The plural forms of deer and sheep are the same word as the singular form.
In the meadow, two calves were standing by their mother.
The plural form of calf, and most other words that end with the sound of f,
change the letter and sound to v in the plural.
We bought some tomatoes at a roadside stand.
The plural of many nouns that end in 0 is formed by adding es.
Here are examples of some other irregular plurals:

radius~radii medium~media criterion~criteria crisis~crises
In each group of plural words below, circle the word that is spelled incorrectly.
Write the correct spelling on the line.
1. foxes calves wolfs panthers
2. potatos students graduates teachers
3. themselves ourselfs theirs yourselves
4. criterions requirements regulations categories
5. men women heroines heros
6. circumferences radiuses axes areas
7. data computers pieces halfs
8. cattle donkies chickens horses
9. pencils staples coaches ponys
10.oniones seeds units documents
6
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 13. Sentence 3: One of your first chores will
each item. Circle the number of the correct be to find a place that fits the criterions
answer. for a softball field.
What is the correct plural form of a word
that is incorrect in this sentence?
Items 11 through 16 refer to the following
paragraph. (1) fieldes
(2) chars
(1) Setting up a softball league for the
(3) places
childrens in your town can be a lot of work.
(4) criteria
(2) You will need the help of several parents,
(5) fields
both woman and men, to organize the league
and recruit children for the teams.
14. Sentence 4: You will need volunteers to
(3) One of your first chores will be to find a
coach, keep score, and maintain data on
place that fits the criterions for a softball field.
the games.
(4) You will need volunteers to coach, keep
score, and maintain data on the games. Which plural word in this sentence is an
(5) Local merchants may be willing to support irregular form?
your teams with shirts and gear, and the
(1) volunteers
medium may provide newspaper or TV
(2) score
coverage. (6) Your reward will come in seeing
(3) data
the children's pride in themselfs as they learn
(4) games
to work as a team.
(5) none of the above
IS. Sentence 5: Local merchants may be

11. Sentence 1: Setting up a softball league
willing to support your teams with
for the childrens in your town can be a
shirts and gear, and the medium may
lot of work.
provide newspaper or TV coverage.
What correction should be made?
(1) Change childrens to children.
(1) Change gear to gears.
(2) Change a lot to alot.
(2) Change medium to media.
(3) Change league to leagues.
(3) Change coverage to coverages.
(4) Change experience to experients.
(4) Change merchants to merchandise.
12. Sentence 2: You will need the help of
16. Sentence 6: Your reward will come in
several parents, both woman and men,
seeing the children's pride in themselfs
to organize the league and recruit
as they learn to work as a team.
children for the teams.
Which singular word should be plural?
(1) Change children's to children.
(1) parents
(2) Change pride to prides.
(2) woman
(3) Change learn to learns.
(3) men
(4) Change themselfs to themselves.
(4) league
(5) children
7
vercise
=0 ~~~und W~~ . ~_u .u....... ~~~u ..
Two words joined together make up a compound word.

Marita pushed the lawnmower over the grass.
Lawnmower is made up of the two words lawn and mower.
Some compound words are joined with a hyphen.

She made a half-hearted attempt to trim the edges.
Compound adjectives that precede nouns are often hyphenated.
Half-hearted modifies the noun attempt.
The compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine are hyphenated.

I have thirty-five dollars left.
1. In the summertime, I spend as much time as I can outdoors.
2. I hate to be inside during the daylight hours.
3. I could spend twenty-four hours a day in my half-acre garden.
4. I have a wildflower garden, and I'm a part-time farmer.
5. I grow watermelons, squash, corn, tomatoes, and blueberries.
Write the two words below each line as a compound word.
6. Henri has taken a job at the _ _ _ _ _ __

part time super market
7. On Tuesdays, he works a shift at the counter.

three hour check out
8. Fridays and Saturdays, he unloads stock in the for three hours.

store room
9. Henri is a guy, and he would like to increase his _ _ _ _ _ __

hard working work load
8
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 12. Sentence 3: Unloading new stock of the
each item. Circle the number of the correct just arrived material requires workers
answer. who really know their jobs.
What compound adjective in this
sentence should be hyphenated?
paragraph. (1) new-stock
(2) arrived-material
(1) Most wellmanaged businesses maintain
(3) just-arrived
inventory with a computer program.
(4) really-know
(2) Successful inventory control depends on
(5) their-jobs
full-time management and attention to detail.
(3) Unloading new stock of the just arrived
material requires workers who really know 13. Sentence 4: Within thirty-six hours, the
their jobs. (4) Within thirty-six hours, the new new arrivals should be entered in the
arrivals should be entered in the computer computer inventory and put in
inventory and put in circulation for sale. circulation for sale.
(5) Often, a hand-held scanner is used to down
load information into the computer.
sentence?
(1) Change within to with in.
10. Sentence 1: Most wellmanaged (2) Change thirty-six to thirty six.
businesses maintain inventory with a (3) Change thirty-six hours to 36-hours.
computer program. (4) Change new arrivals to new-arrivals.
(5) No correction is needed.
sentence?
14. Sentence 5: Often, a hand-held scanner
(1) Change computer program to
is used to down load information into
computer-program.
the computer.
(2) Change wellmanaged to well-managed.
(3) Change inventory to in-ventory. What correction should be made to this
(4) all of the above sentence?
(1) Change hand-held to hand held.
(2) Change hand-held to handheld.
11. Sentence 2: Successful inventory control (3) Change down load to down-load.
depends on full-time management and (4) Change down load to download.
attention to detail. (5) No correction is necessary.
What word in this sentence is a
compound word?
(1) successful
(2) invent01Y
(3) full-time
(4) management
(5) attention
9
vercige •
=0 PO~SeSSIVeS.m ... u.. . • . . • • • • • • • . ., ...
Possessive nouns and pronouns show ownership. An apostrophe followed

by the letter s shows that a singular noun is possessive. When a noun is
plural and ends in s, the apostrophe is added after s.
This is my husband~ coat.
Here is the Martin£ new car.
Irregular plural forms that do not end in s form the possessive with an
apostrophe followed by s.
The children'~ dinners are ready.
Add's for a singular form of names and proper nouns. Add only an
apostrophe after a plural.
The Murphys' cat ran away.
A plural that isn't possessive does not take an apostrophe.

The Murphys asked us to watch for the cat.
....._ ...... J
Write the possessive form of the noun in parentheses on the line
for each sentence.
1. Shawn has applied for a job in office. (Dr. Palavi)
2. Shawn worked in a office for three years. (doctor)
3. She is experienced at handling insurance forms. (patients)
4. She handles each file in an orderly way. (person)
s. knowledge of the computer is extremely helpful for this job. (Shawn)
6. _ _ _ _ _ recommendation should help her get the job. (Dr. Bryant)
7. A good recommendation is important. (boss)
8. Shawn will look at several resumes to get ideas. (people)
9. _ _ _ _ _ brother Kaliym has a small business. (Shawn)
10. Kaliym does extensive repairs in homes. (neighbors)
10
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 13. Sentence 3: The nurse's, doctors; and
each item. Circle the number of the correct technicians' training is special to a
answer. health-care environment.
What word in this sentence does not use
the possessive correctly?
paragraph. (1) doctors'
(2) nurse's
(1) A hospitals employment office
(3) technicians'
processes files for employees with widely
(4) all of the above
different skills. (2) Many of the hospital
employees backgrounds include medical
degrees. (3) The nurse's, doctors', and
technicians' training is special to a 14. Sentence 4: However, there are many
health-care environment. (4) However, there employees listed in the files whose work
are many employees listed in the files whose could be done in any setting.
work could be done in any setting. (5) An
What word in this sentence should
orderly's skills, for example, can be applied to
include an apostrophe?
business in general, not just to medicine.
(1) employees
(2) whose
11. Sentence 1: A hospitals employment (3) files
office processes files for employees with (4) setting
widely different skills. (5) none of the above
Which of the following possessive words
should be substituted for a word in this 15. Sentence 5: An orderly's skills, for
sentence? example, can be applied to business
in general, not just to medicine.
(1) processes'
(2) employee's What correction should be made to this
(3) skill's sentence?
(4) hospital's
(1) Change orderly's to orderlys.
(2) Change business to businesses.
(3) Change general to general.
12. Sentence 2: Many of the hospital (4) Change skills to skills'.
employees backgrounds include medical (5) No correction is necessary.
degrees.
sentence?
(1) Change employees to employees'.
(2) Change hospital to hospital's.
(3) Change employees to employee's
(4) Change degrees to degree's.
(5) Change degrees to degrees'.
11
\'f..erCige
==0~_~o!,~r~cti0l'1s_
A contraction is a word made up of two words that have been com-

bined. An apostrophe replaces letters that have been left out
in the new word.
Jack hasn't come home from work yet.
The word hasn't is made up of the words has and not. An apostrophe
replaces the letter 0 in the contraction.
Remember not to confuse contractions with words that sound similar.

Who's got the cooler? Who's is a contraction for Who has.
Whose cooler is this? Whose is a possessive pronoun.
Underline the contraction in each sentence. Then, write the two words that
make up the contraction on the line.
1. "We're going to be late for the meeting," John said. __________
2. "The girl who's going to baby-sit just called," Ann said. _________
3. "She'll be here in twenty minutes," she added. __________
4. "Our appointment isn't until 6:30," she finished. _________
5. "Shouldn't we leave soon?" John asked. __________
Write the correct contraction on the line in each sentence.
6. " call the school and ask if Mr. Austin can wait for us," John said.
I will
7. 1/
----- sure he mind," he added.
lam will not
8. "After all, waiting for his children anyway."

he is
9. "I know," said Ann, " one of his children baby-sitting for us."
itis who is
12
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 12. Sentence 3: You have probably heard
each item. Circle the number of the correct your children talking about their plans
answer. for the day.
What two words could be contractions?
Items 10 through 15 refer to the following (1) your children
letter. (2) the day
(3) their plans
Dear Parent:
(4) You have
(1) Were asking for your help with our (5) for the
field trip to the museum. (2) Unless we have
three more parents to accompany us, we can't 13. Sentence 4: We'd hate to have to cancel
take our 22 children on the field trip. the trip at this late stage.
(3) You have probably heard your children
What two words make up the contraction?
talking about their plans for the day.
(4) We'd hate to have to cancel the trip at this (1) We would
late stage. (5) Two schoolbuses have been (2) We had
reserved, and there is even room for you to (3) We did
bring along a younger child if you'd like. (4) We have
(6) Please let us know if you have time to give (5) none of the above
your child a day to remember.
14. Sentence 5: Two schoolbuses have been
Cordially,
reserved, and there is even room for you
Mr. Austin
to bring along a younger child if you'd
like.
10. Sentence 1: Were asking for your help What correction should be made?
with our field trip to the museum.
(1) Change you'd to you've.
What word should be a contraction? (2) Change there is to there's.
(3) Change there is to they'res.
(1) our
(4) Change you'd to you had.
(2) your
(3) Were
(4) asking
15. Sentence 6: Please let us know if you
have time to give your child a day to
remember.
11. Sentence 2: Unless we have three more
parents to accompany us, we can't take What two words could be contractions?
our 22 children on the field trip.
(1) let us
What correction should be made? (2) you have
(3) to give
(1) Change we have to we'd.
(2) Change parents to parent's.
(3) Change our to ou're.
13
~y.erci$e Prefixes.~,
~"'-~"' 6 . ===.~_C===~"'=~'=' .... -- =~ ;".=. _ ;-~ _c __ ~~ _,_~"_~. ,'c':." .•_'-- ~~~ "'_-:-:':_c-~::ccc_:~:_"C""?:-_- - ---:..::::_:
Prefixes are word parts that appear at the beginning of a word. Adding a
prefix to a word changes the meaning of the word. For example, the prefix
re- means "again" or "back." The same prefix may be attached to
different base words.
recall .. to call back
repay .. to pay back
retest .. to test again
The following prefixes are used with many base words.

PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE
anti- against antiseptic in- look into inspect
auto- self automatic photo- light photograph
bi- two bicycle pro- moving forward proceed
dis- not disagree tele- distant telephone
en- in enfold un- not untied
Add a prefix to the underlined word in each sentence. Write the word
and a short definition for each.
1. I have to write a short essay to send out with my applications.
2. I would like you to read it before I mail it out.
3. Please tell me if you like what I have written.
4. I can do it and make changes.
5. If you agree with my changes, let me know.
14
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 8. Sentence 3: You also need to put in
each item. Circle the number of the correct a check or money order for the
answer. registration fee.
Which word in this sentence could
replace the phrase put in?
paragraph. (1) enclose
(2) disclaim
(1) In many states, you can renew your car
(3) rewrite
registration by mail. (2) When you register
(4) telephone
your car, you may have to provide proof that
(5) postdate
your car has been inspected as well as proof of
insurance. (3) You also need to put in a check
9. Sentence 4: If you have a physical
or money order for the registration fee.
disability, you may qualify for a special
(4) If you have a physical disability, you may
parking permit.
qualify for a special parking permit.
(5) Unless you need to have your picture taken Which word in this sentence has a prefix
or your eyes examined, you can often renew with the meaning "not"?
your driver's license by mail, too. (6) Before
(1) physical
you proceed with your renewal by mail, make
(2) permit
sure you have met all of the requirements.
(3) disability
(4) parking
(5) special
6. Sentence 1: In many states, you can
renew your car registration by mail.
10. Sentence 5: Unless you need to have
What correction should be made to this your picture taken or your eyes
sentence? examined, you can often renew your
driver's license by mail, too.
(1) Change renew to preview.
(2) Change car to automobile. What does the underlined word in this
(3) Change mail to remail. sentence mean?
(1) to look at
(2) to get away
(3) to apply again
7. Sentence 2: When you register your car,
(4) to not do again
you may have to provide proof that
(5) to throwaway
your car has been inspected as well as
proof of insurance.
11. Sentence 6: Before you proceed with
What word in this sentence has a prefix your renewal by mail, make sure you
with the meaning "looked into"? have met all of the requirements.
(1) provide What does the prefix pro mean in proceed?
(2) inspected
(1) to report
(3) insurance
(2) to endanger
(4) register
(3) to move ahead
(5) proof
(4) to anticipate
(5) to stop
1S
vercise Prefixes That Show
(jJ,;-.;~""'_~-"o/~,
Position (Direction)
;",,:-~*~'" -~~---""--
Many prefixes give clues to the meaning of words. The prefix pre- means
before while post- means after.
Keesha was admitted to the hospital for a preoperative procedure.
Preoperative means before the operation.
My grandfather's check to the company was postdated.
Postdated means after the date.
The following prefixes indicate position or direction.

PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE
ambi- both ambidextrous intra- inside intravenous
ante- before antecedent retro- backward retrograde
de- down descend sub- under submarine
ex- out exhale super- above supervisor
inter- between interfere trans- across transport
Use the meaning of the prefix to help you write a definition for each underlined word.
1. We will use these vehicles to transport the crates to your company.
transport means:
2. You must depress this lever in order to move the platform up.
depress means:
3. Rocco plays baseball for a team in the league's eastern subdivision.
subdivision means:
4. In retrospect, I think we made a mistake in buying this car.
retrospect means:
5. Perhaps we really needed an intermediate-size vehicle.
intermediate means:
16
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 8. Sentence 3: Demolition of any existing
each item. Circle the number of the correct structures must be finished and cleared.
answer.
Which of the following is the meaning of
demolition?
Items 6 through 11 refer to the following (1) clearing off
paragraph. (2) breaking apart
(3) taking away
(1) Construction of a new building is often
(4) moving across
handled by a contracting company, which
(5) tearing down
then assigns parts of the project to other
contractors who work under supervision.
9. Sentence 4: Building materials must be
(2) The primary company is responsible for
transported to the work site in a timely
preparing the plans. (3) Demolition of any
manner so that there is no delay.
existing structures must be finished and
cleared. (4) Building materials must be Which word in this sentence has a prefix
transported to the work site in a timely that means "across"?
manner so that there is no delay. (5) Once
(1) transported
work begins, everyone interacts on a daily
(2) manner
basis. (6) Construction should go smoothly if
(3) delay
there has been a complete exchange of
(4) Building
information all around.
(5) timely
10. Sentence 5: Once work begins, everyone

6. Sentence 1: Construction of a new
interacts on a daily basis.
building is often handled by a
contracting company, which then What word in this sentence has a prefix?
assigns parts of the project to other
(1) everyone
contractors who work under supervision.
(2) interacts
What word below could replace the (3) daily
underlined phrase in this sentence? (4) basis
(1) decon tractors
(2) intercontractors
11. Sentence 6: Construction should go
(3) precontractors
smoothly if there has been a complete
(4) subcontractors
exchange of information all around.
(5) transcontractors
What word in this sentence has a prefix
7. Sentence 2: The primary company is that means "out"?
responsible for preparing the plans.
(1) information
Which word in this sentence has a prefix (2) complete
that means something done "before"? (3) exchange
(4) around
(1) primary
(5) Construction
(2) preparing
(3) responsible
(4) company
(5) plans
17
\1.BrC ;Se
~
::.: < -
Prefixes That Show Amount
- -.::: _ . " -;.--: :- ~ ;';;'.- _ _~ ___ C_',_ -"_":..-_--_~--. __- _;'.; , __ X"n,'_ e ___,,_~" ,,~, ~_-,:~ - __ ~~"-~_ ;;' __ '>'" ~~ _ _ _ _ ,,~_ ._. __ '--_~_~~;;:_",_-,:L __ _
Some prefixes used with base words indicate amount, number, or size.
A unicycle has one wheel. The prefix uni- means one.
A bicycle has two wheels. The prefix bi- means two.
A tricycle has three wheels. The prefix tri- means three.
The following prefixes indicate amount, number, or size.

PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE
mono- one monologue
di- two dialogue
tri- three triple
multi- many multigrain
octa- eight octave
penta- five pentagon
micro- small microfiber
deca- ten decade
semi- half, part semifinal
centi- one hundred centennial
magni- great magnify
-- ---~---,---.-------~-,-.,--.---- ------- --.-~-
Use the meaning of the prefix to help you write a definition for each underlined word.
1. The turn of the century is not far off.
century means:
2. Since Gerard is multilingual. he found a good job at the U.N.
multilingual means: __________________________
3. Bob's answering machine records on microcassettes.
microcassettes means: ___________________________
4. The monorail at the airport is a great way to get to the terminals.
monorail means: ______________________________
5. France has a tricolor flag.
tricolor means: ______________________________
18
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 8. Sentence 3: The Library of Congress is
each item. Circle the number of the correct tripartite, with buildings named for
answer. presidents Thomas Jefferson, John
Adams, and James Madison.
What does the underlined word in this
sentence tell you?
paragraph.
(1) There are three buildings.
(1) Visitors to Washington, D.C., will find
(2) There is one building.
many unusual buildings in this magnificent
(3) There are five buildings.
city. (2) The Pentagon is famous for its shape,
(4) There are four buildings.
but many other buildings and monuments are
(5) There are two buildings.
known, as well. (3) The Library of Congress is
tripartite, with buildings named for presidents
9. Sentence 4: The Smithsonian Institution
Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and James
is made up of multiple buildings around
Madison. (4) The Smithsonian Institution is
the Mall and in other locations.
made up of multiple buildings around the Mall
and in other locations. (5) The beautiful Which of the following best defines the
White House, with its semicircular shape, is underlined word in this sentence?
visited by many people from around the
(1) completely underground
world.
(2) one hundred years old
(3) tall and grand
(4) many
6. Sentence 1: Visitors to Washington, D.C.,
(5) made of concrete
will find many unusual buildings in this
magnificent city.
10. Sentence 5: The beautiful White House,
Which of the following words best defines with its semicircular shape, is visited by
magnificent? many people from around the world.
(1) busy Which word in this sentence means "half
(2) nice a circle"?
(3) great
(1) beautiful
(4) government
(2) around
(5) national
(3) shape
(4) semicircular
7. Sentence 2: The Pentagon is famous for
(5) world
its shape, but many other buildings and
monuments are known, as well.
Which of the following words best defines
the name of the building described in this
sentence?
(1) tent-like
(2) hat-shaped
(3) five-sided
(4) half-brick
(5) three-story
19
Suffi~~.~
"c-'~~\_=""'::'=-~';;;;:-~~_ ,q"--~,~' ,~~-
Suffixes are word parts that can be added to the end of a base word. A suffix
often changes the part of speech of the base word.
With encouragement from the fans, our team played a respectable game.
SUFFIX BASE EXAMPLE
-ment encourage encouragement
-able respect respectable
The following suffixes are used with many base words. Sometimes the spelling
of the base word may change. Adding the suffix ance, tion er; ity, ment, or
ness to a base word forms a noun. Adding the suffix able, aI, ic, ive, ful, or ous
to a base word forms an adjective.
SUFFIX NOUN SUFFIX ADJECTIVE
-ance assistance -able measurable
-ation or -tion description -al occasional
-er gardener -ic or -istic basic
-ity similarity -ive elective
-ment development -ful hopeful
-ness happiness -ous courageous
------
Add a suffix to each of the words below to form a new word.
1. enter 2. respect
3. appear 4. change
S. expense 6. color
7. teach 8. apply
9. elect 10. plenty
11. place 12. kind
13. doubt 14. real
15. create 16. guide
20
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 19. Sentence 3: The health-care worker
each item. Circle the number of the correct must encourage the patient and be sure
answer. that he or she follows the doctor's
instructions carefully, so that recovery
will be fast.
paragraph.
(1) Change encourage to encouragement.
(1) Helping a patient to recover after an
(2) Change instructions to instructive.
operation is part of the job for a health·care
(3) Change carefully to careful.
worker at a hospital. (2) A patient sometimes
feels a lot of disappointment when recovery
takes longer than expected. (3) The health-care
worker must encourage the patient and be sure
20. Sentence 4: Often, the health-care
that he or she follows the doctor's instructions
worker will also explain the important
carefully, so that recovery will be fast.
of following the doctor's instructions.
(4) Often, the health-care worker will also
explain the important of following the doctor's What correction should be made?
instructions. (5) The patient also needs to
(1) Change explain to explanation.
understand why rest helps the process.
(2) Change important to importance.
(6) Thanks to the health-care worker, and after
(3) Change (allowing to (allowable.
a predictable period of time, the patient will be
fully recovered and feeling fine.
21. Sentence 5: The patient also needs to

17. Sentence 1: Helping a patient to recover
understand why rest helps the process.
after an operation is part of the job for a
health-care worker at a hospital. Which word in the sentence includes a
suffix?
What is the base word for the underlined
word in this sentence? (1) understand
(2) why
(1) operating
(3) helps
(2) operate
(4) process
(3) operator
(4) both 1 and 2
(5) all ofthe above
18. Sentence 2: A patient sometimes feels a

lot of disappointment when recovery
takes longer than expected.
Which word in the sentence includes both
a prefix and a suffix?
(1) disappointment
(2) longer
(3) than
(4) takes
21
~'#.ercile
~Commonly
~_,_,_, z:::::::=:: ___" __ "'."::;
"_"~':::~ . _ __ __
Confused Words
."'. ___ ~ _ ___ . __ ___ ".,_ __ ___ . __ ~
It is easy to confuse words that sound alike.

I can work nights this month except on Mondays.
I will accept work on any other night.
Although accept and except sound alike, they have different meanings.
Except means "but"; accept means "agree to."
Here is a list of some word pairs that are commonly confused.

accept to take willingly except to leave out
affect to change effect a result
advice opinion advise to help or recommend
already by this time all ready prepared
beside next to besides in addition to
precede go before proceed go ahead with
than instead of then at a certain time
quiet soundless quite very, really
capital center of government capitol government building
personal concerning a person personnel employees
principle a law; a code of conduct principal person who exercises authority
Underline the correct word in parentheses for each sentence below.
1. If we want to take a tour of the (capital, capitol) building, we need to hurry.
2. We can't leave any later (than, then) 10:30 this morning.
3. I hope you kids will be (quiet, quite) during the tour.
4. Is everybody (already, all ready) to go?
5. I see everyone (accept, except) Aretha.
6. Let's (precede, proceed) to the parking lot.
7. You must carry your own (personal, personnel) belongings to the car.
8. My (advise, advice) to you is to take the examination for new postal employees.
9. Studying briefly each day will definitely (affect, effect) your score on the test.
22
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 12. Sentence 3: That office will be able to
each item. Circle the number of the correct advise you about the process of your job
answer. application.
What word in this sentence means "help
or recommend"?
paragraph. (1) advise
(1) People who live in and near the capitol
(2) process
(3) application
city of their state often work in government
(4) will be
jobs. (2) The state personal department is the
(5) office
place to get information. (3) That office will
be able to advise you about the process of your
13. Sentence 4: In most states, a civil service
job application. (4) In most states, a civil
test proceeds the application itself.
service test proceeds the application itself.
(5) Applicants who do quiet well on the exam What correction should be made to this
may be able to choose among several different sentence?
jobs. (6) When a job has been offered, the
(1) Change proceeds to preceeds.
decision to accept or refuse it is up to the
(2) Change service to serving.
applicant.
(3) Change proceeds to precedes.
(4) Change service to servise.
10. Sentence 1: People who live in and near
the capitol city of their state often work
14. Sentence 5: Applicants who do quiet
in government jobs.
well on the exam may be able to choose
What correction should be made to this among several different jobs.
sentence?
What word in this sentence should be
(1) Change government to governmental. changed?
(2) Change their to his or her.
(1) quiet to quite
(3) Change capitol to capital.
(2) choose to chose
(3) among to amung
(4) may be to maybe
11. Sentence 2: The state personal department
is the place to get information.
15. Sentence 6: When a job has been offered,
What correction should be made to this the decision to accept or refuse it is up
sentence? to the applicant.
(1) Change state to states. What does the underlined word in this
(2) Change personal to personnel. sentence mean?
(3) Change information to informed.
(1) to take willingly
(2) agree against
(3) change around
(4) to leave alone
(5) take away
23
--® vercile
Commonly Misspelled Word~
1--------
Some words in English are difficult to spell. To improve your spelling, try these
I steps: (1) When you read a problem word, sound it out. When you write it,
think about how it sounds. (2) Remember the prefixes and suffixes you know.
I (3) Look for ways to remember the spelling of problem words. For example,
I tell yourself that "the school principal is your pal."
Here is a list of words that many people have trouble spelling.

a lot candidate experience lose through
across clothes February necessary tries
advance college forty often Wednesday
all right decide it's picture weeks
angle different its their whole
calendar eight length they're
Circle the misspelled words. Then, write the correctly spelled word on the line.
1. In this month, alot of people say, "Brrr! It's cold!"
2. To find out what day it is, look at this calender.
3. I will deliver the books on Widnesday.
4. These don't have corners, but they may have angels.
5. If you don't want to go around the house, go threw it.
6. Loretta sells women's close in a store at the malL
7. The shop she works in is a cross the street from the diner.
8. She desided to take the job at the new supermarket.
9. If she doesn't work a fourty-hour week, she will lose the job.
10. I ofen shop at this market.
11. Lydia trys hard to get to work on time.
12. Allan started working for Mr. Walsh in Februaery.
24
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 15. Sentence 3: The best jobs are usually
each item. Circle the number of the correct offered to those with experience.
answer.
sentence?
Items 13 through 18 refer to the following (1) Change offered to ofterred.
paragraph. (2) Change experience to experence.
(3) Change usually to usualy.
(1) Many people like to get training at
school in the evening, while working full time
at there job. (2) Classes given at local high
schools often last about ate weaks.
16. Sentence 4: However, someone learning
(3) The best jobs are usually offered to those
more about his or her field will ofen be
with experience. (4) However, someone
a good cannidate for a better job.
learning more about his or her field will ofen
be a good cannidate for a better job. What is the spelling error in this
(5) Sometimes a person may go to school to sentence?
learn about a job in a diffrent field. (6) This is
(1) However is misspelled.
an excellent way to help someone deside if
(2) someone should be two words.
another career path should be taken.
(3) cannidate is misspelled.
(4) ofen is misspelled.
(5) both 3 and 4
13. Sentence 1: Many people like to get
training at school in the evening, while
17. Sentence 5: Sometimes a person may go
working full time at there job.
to school to learn about a job in a
What correction should be made to this diffrent field.
sentence?
What word in this sentence is incorrect?
(1) Change evening to evning.
(1) Sometimes
(2) Change training to trainning.
(2) field
(3) Change there to they're.
(3) diffrent
(4) Change there to their.
(4) both 2 and 3
14. Sentence 2: Classes given at local high
18. Sentence 6: This is an excellent way to
schools often last about ate weaks.
help someone deside if another career
What correction needs to be made to this path should be taken.
sentence?
What word in this sentence is incorrect?
(1) Change classes to clases.
(1) excellent
(2) Change ate to eight.
(2) career
(3) Change weaks to weeks.
(3) deside
(4) both 2 and 3
(4) taken
(5) another
2S
~1.ercile
~
,- -_- -~'_ *,-,c ,
Synonyms
<* :"e ""'-- _~-_;;_~--";.:._ ",' _ ~'---- --___ -_._. _ '" _ __~.:::~ __ -.:: .• ,~~~~,-~ ';;._. ___ .__ . _ .-~_~--." ','
Synonyms are words that mean the same thing or almost the same thing.
Using the correct synonym can make your writing more descriptive.
Rob runs the distribution department at an insurance company.
The verb runs has several meanings. Synonyms include: manages,
directs, supervises, handles, operates.
A thesaurus is a book you can use to find synonyms for words.

You can also use a dictionary. Most computer programs for writing
include a thesaurus as well. When you write, use these references
to help you find the correct synonym.
Circle the best synonym in parentheses for the underlined word in each sentence.
1. Rob's department is responsible for several important tasks. (books, jobs)
2. The distribution department was once called the mailroom. (originally, always)
3. Then it grew to include the copying machines. (increased, expanded)
4. Eventually, the department got computers. (acquired, hired)
5. Now, Rob's department has the customer database. (helps, maintains)
6. The five copying machines are on all day. (busy, delayed)
7. The department sends out bulk mailings and individual letters. (gifts, correspondence)
8. They gtl and distribute all incoming mail and shipments. (refuse, receive)
9. Rob has a W!!n of 12 people reporting to him now. (party, staff)
10. Rob has received considerable thanks for his management skills. (praise, letters)
11. Allison works in Rob's area. (department, place)
12. She is a trustworthy employee. (responsible, regular)
13. Allison talks well with her boss. (communicates, operates)
14. Together, Allison and Rob have figured out many problem orders. (solved, created)
26
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 17. Sentence 3: The post office puts some
each item. Circle the number of the correct restrictions on the size and shape of
answer. items for bulk mail.
Which of the following is the best word to
replace the underlined word?
paragraph. (1) agrees
(2) approved
(1) Bulk mailing is a special price for mail
(3) discusses
that many companies use to send out
(4) imposes
quantities of mail. (2) To use bulk mail, a
company must purchase a bulk mail approval
and pay an annual fee. (3) The post office puts
18. Sentence 4: After mailing labels have
some restrictions on the size and shape of
been put on, the sender must sort the
items for bulk mail. (4) Mter mailing labels
bulk mail according to zip code.
have been put on, the sender must sort the
bulk mail according to zip code. (5) The cost Which synonym can be used to replace
for mailing each item is figured by the number the underlined words in this sentence?
of pieces going to anyone zip code. (6) When
(1) cut
the mail has been sorted, the sender must take
(2) printed
the mail to the post office.
(3) added
(4) typed
(5) stapled
15. Sentence 1: Bulk mailing is a special
price for mail that many companies use
19. Sentence 5: The cost for mailing each
to send out quantities of mail.
item is figured by the number of pieces
Which of the following is the best word to going to anyone zip code.
Which of the following is the best word to
(1) money replace the underlined word?
(2) rate
(1) guessed
(3) payment
(2) subtracted
(4) way
(3) determined
(5) check
(4) counted
(5) added
16. Sentence 2: To use bulk mail, a company
must purchase a bulk mail approval and
20. Sentence 6: When the mail has been
pay an annual fee.
sorted, the sender must take the mail to
Which of the following is the best word to the post office.
Which word could replace the underlined
(1) permit word?
(2) rubber stamp
(1) leave
(3) print
(2) deliver
(4) catalogue
(3) lock
(5) envelope
(4) translate
(5) store
27
verciSe
,-==>.
13 Antonyms
--.-"-----;:::--.::;.::.-~ ~---- - "'~-- ~-~-~-- .".~~-,~~",~-~~ - _,;-_",,~~" ~"-":::::;:_'C-:::_;:: ~ __ -
An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word.

rug and small are antonyms.
Chelsea played a major role in planning the block party.
Rashid made a minor contribution because he had no free time.
Some negative prefixes can form antonyms.

This is an important day in my life.
I have a few unimportant errands to do this afternoon .
.. _._._-_._._._.--•. _._------------_._--------_. -------
Write an antonym for the underlined word in each sentence.
1. There are some people who are never on time.
2. Cami is usually early when we meet.
3. Tommi makes a wonderful potato salad.
4. Ben enjoys mowing the lawn on weekends.
5. The new player on the team seems very experienced.
6. The new project will be easy to complete.
7. What time does your train arrive on Friday?
8. Greg's stories always make me laugh.
9. You came up with an accurate diagnosis of the problem.
10. Would you please fill that box?
11. You'll need to inflate the air mattress before we leave.
12. Jenny was quite discouraged when she heard the news.
13. Don't dose the windows.
14. This seems to be a(n) unmanageable task.
28
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 17. Sentence 3: She can stand on her feet for
each item. Circle the number of the correct hours at a time when she is wearing
answer. sturdy shoes.
Which of the following words is the best
antonym for the underlined word?
paragraph. (1) strong
(2) clean
(1) Brenda has accepted a job as a guard at
(3) flat
the museum. (2) She is the right person for
(4) uncomfortable
such an active job. (3) She can stand on her
(5) weak
feet for hours at a time when she is wearing
sturdy shoes. (4) She is thorough and capable
18. Sentence 4: She is thorough and capable
of giving clear directions. (5) People will
of giving clear directions.
pay attention when Brenda tells them what
to do because she has a friendly manner. If capable were changed to incapable in
(6) The museum director made a wise decision this sentence, which of the following
when she hired Brenda. words could replace thorough?
(1) kind
(2) uncertain
15. Sentence 1: Brenda has accepted a job as
(3) likable
a guard at the museum.
(4) truthful
Which of the following words is the best (5) careless
antonym for the underlined word?
19. Sentence 5: People will pay attention
(1) taken
when Brenda tells them what to do
(2) approved
because she has a friendly manner.
(3) refused
(4) finished Which of the following words is the best
(5) applied antonym for the underlined word?
(1) timid
16. Sentence 2: She is the right person for
(2) unfriendly
such an active job.
(3) grumpy
Which of the following words is the best (4) childish
antonym for the underlined word? (5) companion
(1) inactive
20. Sentence 6: The museum director made a
(2) lively
wise decision when she hired Brenda.
(3) quiet
(4) legal Which of the following words is the best
(5) busy antonym for the underlined word?
(1) useless
(2) foolish
(3) timely
(4) good
(5) major
29
~'#.erci.re
~
" ' , __ ~~ _ ~
Homonyms
. _ ' - " ••• ___ -_~;H_ d , _,_ -'. __ ~~_:_ __:- ." _______ H ____ ~ __ ~ A m_~ - - - -;...~;..:
------~--
Homonyms are words that sound alike but have different meanings and
different spellings.
Erin was hoping for a little peace and quiet at the end of the day.
Aaron was hoping for a little piece of land to raise a garden.
Peace usually means a time of quiet and calm.
Piece means a portion or part of something.
Choose the correct homonym in parentheses for each sentence. Write it on the line.
1. You're (here, hear) at last!
2. Barry stepped on the (brake, break) when he saw the stop sign.
3. As the ball went (through, threw) the window, the children dropped their gloves and ran.
4. I have fifty (cents, sense) left over in case you need it.
S. The warm (sun, son) has ripened all the pears early this year.
6. This material is too (coarse, course) for drapes.
7. Would you help us dig this (whole, hole)?
8. The butcher will weigh the (meet, meat) for us.
30
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 11. Sentence 3: For the passed two years, I
each item. Circle the number of the correct have been working part-time at the
answer. Holiday Hotel as a general repair
person.
sentence?
letter.
(1) Change been to bin.
(1) Dear Mr. Winters:
(2) Change For to Four.
I am writing in answer to your add in (3) Change passed to past.
Sunday's Newtown News. (2) I wood like to (4) change two to too.
apply for the position of maintenance engineer (5) No correction is necessary.
at the Newtown Inn. (3) For the passed two
years, I have been working part-time at the 12. Sentence 4: I am looking for a job where
Holiday Hotel as a general repair person. I can work at leased forty hours a week.
(4) I am looking for a job where I can work at
leased forty hours a week. (5) In my job at the
sentence?
hotel, I sea to all plumbing and electrical
repairs on the night shift. (6) I can meet with (1) Change where to wear.
you at your convenience for an interview; (2) Change leased to least.
I hope to here from you soon. (3) Change hours to ours.
(4) Change week to weak.
9. Sentence 1: Dear Mr. Winters: I am
writing in answer to your add in 13. Sentence 5: In my job at the hotel, I sea
Sunday's Newtown News. to all plumbing and electrical repairs on
the night shift.
sentence? What correction should be made to this
sentence?
(1) Change Dear to Deer.
(2) Change News to Knews. (1) Change all to awl.
(3) Change writing to righting. (2) Change night to knight.
(4) Change add to ad. (3) Change sea to see.
(5) No correction is necessary. (4) all of the above
10. Sentence 2: I wood like to apply for the
position of maintenance engineer at the 14. Sentence 6: I can meet with you at your
Newtown Inn. convenience for an interview; I hope to
here from you soon.
sentence? What correction should be made to this
sentence?
(1) Change wood to would.
(2) Change for to four. (1) Change meet to meat.
(3) Change Inn to In. (2) Change here to hear.
(4) Change Ito eye. (3) Change your to you're.
(5) No correction is necessary. (4) all of the above
31
~y.ercige
~
,,' ~. (,_..
Spelling
~".~.~._o
Rules
__; __. _,-___ ___
___ ._~"_= ~"_._:' ;~ :;;-.--:-:;,-"~" .
I Spelling rules can guide you in spelling troublesome words. To add -es or -ed
to a word that ends in a consonant and y, change the y to an i and add the
ending.
baby _____ babies cry ____ cries
To add an ending to a one syllable word that ends in a consonant preceded by

a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled.
kid • kidding bat _____ batru
If the word ends in a silent e and the added ending begins with a vowel, drop
the silent e. If the ending begins with a consonant, keep the silent e.
guide _guidance have_having care _careful
love ____ Ioveb! use _____ use~
Add -es to words ending in s, sh, ch, ZZ, or x.

box _boxes bush --. bushes
------,,---,----_.
Write the word with the new ending on the line.
1. seem + ed 2. write + ing
3. read + er 4. fly + es
5. run + ing 6. fit + ed
7. carry + es 8. remake + ing
9. assure + ance 10. fox + es
11. church + es 12. study + es
13. hop + ing 14. hope + less
15. rake + ing 16. end + less
17. crush + es 18. vary + es
19. wave + ing 20. remorse + ful
32
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 23. Sentence 3: Secretaries were also
each item. Circle the number of the correct expected to take dictation, write in
answer. shorthand, and translate spoken words
into meaningful letters.
sentence?
paragraph.
(1) Change expected to expectted.
(1) Before computers, the work of a
(2) Change dictation to dictateion.
secretary required patience, strong fingers, and
(3) Change meaningful to meaningfull.
excellent spelling skills. (2) When a secretary
needed to send out the same letter to several
people, each letter and envelope had to be
typed separatley. (3) Secretaries were also
24. Sentence 4: An efficient and relyable
expected to take dictation, write in shorthand,
secretary would see to it that every word
and translate spoken words into meaningful
was spelled correctly and that the letter
letters. (4) An efficient and relyable secretary
was grammatically correct.
would see to it that every word was spelled
correctly and that the letter was grammatically What word in this sentence is misspelled?
correct. (5) If the boss spoted an error in the
(1) efficient
correspondence, the secretary had to type the
(2) relyable
letter again.
(3) every
(4) correctly
(5) grammatically
21. Sentence 1: Before computers, the work
of a secretary required patience, strong
25. Sentence 5: If the boss spoted an error in
fingers, and excellent spelling skills.
the correspondence, the secretary had to
What correction should be made? type the letter again.
(1) Change computers to computeres. What correction should be made to this
(2) Change required to requird. sentence?
(3) Change patience to pateince.
(1) Change error to errer.
(4) Change excellent to excelent.
(2) Change spoted to spotted.
(3) Change correspondence to
correspondance.
22. Sentence 2: When a secretary needed to
send out the same letter to several
people, each letter and envelope had to
be typed separatIey.
(1) Change envelope to envelop.
(2) Change several to sevarel.
(3) Change separatley to separately.
33
~'#.ercige
==®_R()()~~~~d BClS~. WO~d.~
Root and base words are word parts that give the basic meaning of a word.
Prefixes and suffixes are attached to root and base words.
Lingua- or lingui- is a root word that means "language." This root word tells you
this word is about language. The prefixes bi- and multi- tell about number.
The word bilingual (hllingual) means relating to two languages.
The word multilingual (multi lingual) means relating to many languages.
Here are some familiar root word forms and their meanings.
eept thought diet speak graph write geo earth
ven come audi hear ehron time aqua water
sol sun jeet throw vide see port carry
lac place mort death mit send aster star
mis send astro star
--~-------,--------------~- ------~-------------
Choose a word from the boxed list that fits each definition.
Underline the root word. The first one is done for you.
local report astronomy graphic

solar convenient geography mortuary chronological
1. coming at a good time convenient
2. a place for funerals
3. about the sun
4. clearly outlined or written
S. to carry information back
6. the study and description of the earth
7. the study of the stars
8. in time order
9. related to something in a place
34
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 12. Sentence 3: Once the bridge's place is
each item. Circle the number of the correct established, excavation will be required
answer. to provide access to the construction
site.
Which of these words could best replace
the underlined word in this sentence?
paragraph.
(1) surface
(1) The construction of a bridge is a
(2) location
project that involves a multitude of technical
(3) material
skills. (2) The first participants involved in the
(4) beginning
project are surveyors and geologists who must
(5) construction
determine a suitable place for the bridge.
(3) Once the bridge's place is established,
13. Sentence 4: Machine operators will
excavation will be required to provide access to
convene on the site with their heavy
the construction site. (4) Machine operators
equipment to handle that work.
will convene on the site with their heavy
equipment to handle that work. (5) When the What word in this sentence means "come
work site is prepared, construction materials together?"
are carried in and the process of building a
(1) equipment
bridge actually begins.
(2) operators
(3) convene
(4) handle
10. Sentence 1: The construction of a bridge
(5) work
is a project that involves a multitude of
technical skills.
14. Sentence 5: When the work site is
Which word means "having many"? prepared, construction materials are
carried in and the process of building a
(1) construction
bridge actually begins.
(2) involves
(3) multitnde Which of these words could best replace
(4) project the underlined word in this sentence?
(5) technical
(1) interspersed
(2) contradicted
11. Sentence 2: The first participants
(3) permitted
involved in the project are surveyors
(4) transported
and geologists who must determine a
(5) videotaped
suitable place for the bridge.
Which word in this sentence describes the
people who will study the earth and land?
(1) geologists
(2) participants
(3) determine
(4) suitable
(5) both 1 and 2
35
~'f..ercise
~ Using Context Clues
, "'-'":'":-~ ::> .. "'----~-.- '--.-----':-.... -.~-----.------,,- - - .-... -"'.'-".~-."--- -->'.-.- .- -,."....--~--,-----,,-----------"'------:--: -----------.-~--~-~-----.
If an unfamiliar word is in a sentence, you may be able to figure out its

meaning from the context. Context means the words and ideas around the
unfamiliar word.
Dr. Hunter said she hoped the committee could reach consensus before
voting on the proposal.
The context of this sentence gives you clues about the meaning of
consensus. A committee is involved, so this is probably a meeting. A
proposal is being discussed. Committee members may not all agree on it.
Dr. Hunter hopes they will not have to vote, so consensus does not mean
voting. You can conclude that consensus means a general agreement.
---,-.------------
Write a brief definition for each underlined word based on the context of the sentence.
1. Mrs. Dey's question about employee benefits was important, but since it did not relate to
the topic, we did not think her question was relevant. We decided to talk about it later.
2. At that point, Mrs. Dey's voice rose. She became indignant and suggested that we end and
meet again next week.
3. Mr. Snell tried to help. He recommended that we take a few minutes to discuss
Mrs. Dey's concerns.
4. The rest of us were not happy with Mr. Snell's idea. We were dismayed at the direction
the meeting was taking.
5. Mr. Hunter proposed that we take a recess and come back in ten minutes.
6. When we came back to the table, everyone was calmer. We were now willing and amenable
to hearing what Mrs. Dey had to say.
36
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 9. Sentence 3: School cafeterias require the
each item. Circle the number of the correct services of culinary workers to prepare
answer. and serve meals.
Which of the following is a job for a
person who is a culinary worker?
paragraph. (1) cooking food
(2) counting money
(1) In large school systems, there are
(3) watching children
numerous opportunities for part-time work.
(4) washing dishes
(2) Many districts hire hall monitors just to
(5) holding meetings
patrol the corridors while students are in the
classrooms. (3) School cafeterias require the
10. Sentence 4: The services of school bus
services of culinary workers to prepare and
drivers are essential in delivering
serve meals. (4) The services of school bus
students to and from school.
drivers are essential in delivering students to
and from school. (5) Crossing guards not only Which of the following words means the
guide children across busy intersections, they same as the underlined word?
also teach children rules of safety. (6) Some
(1) daily
school systems also hire teacher's aides on a
(2) vital
part-time basis if budget restrictions prevent
(3) permanent
them from employing full-time aides.
(4) dominant
(5) part-time
7. Sentence 1: In large school systems,
11. Sentence 5: Crossing guards not only
there are numerous opportunities for
guide children across busy intersections,
part-time work.
they also teach children rules of safety.
What does the underlined word suggest?
Which of the following is a definition for
(1) Jobs in schools are hard to get. the underlined word in this sentence?
(2) It is hard to find qualified workers.
(1) entrances to schools
(3) There are many jobs available.
(2) streets without stop lights
(4) You must apply for a job today.
(3) school bus loading zones
(5) You are bound to keep a job for life.
(4) times of day
(5) places where streets meet
8. Sentence 2: Many districts hire hall
monitors just to patrol the corridors
12. Sentence 6: Some school systems also
while students are in the classrooms.
hire teacher's aides on a part-time basis
Which of the following words defines the if budget restrictions prevent them from
underlined word? employing full-time aides.
(1) classrooms Which of the following is the closest in
(2) monitors meaning to the underlined word?
(3) patrol
(1) money
(4) halls
(2) goals
(5) districts
(3) limits
(4) expectations
(5) numbers
vercise
=® Using M~in Ide~ _"_ ~~~_~ ~.
To understand the individual words in something you are reading, think about
the main idea and the topic. Even familiar words can have different meanings.
To drive a car with a standard shift, first depress the clutch and shift into
first gear. Now, slowly release the clutch and step on the gas pedal. As the
car begins to move, depress the clutch again, shift into second gear, and
release the clutch. The car will pick up speed, and you can shift again until
you've reached the speed you want to go.
The words depress, clutch, shift, gear, and release have several meanings.
Knowing that the main idea of this paragraph is about driving a car with a
standard shift helps you figure out what the words mean in this context.
Write the main idea of each paragraph. Then answer the questions.
Alone on stage, Alfred finished his solo performance. He bowed his head, then
looked up at his audience. He heard hands clapping slowly, hesitantly.
The clapping grew. Before he knew what was happening, a thunderous clapping
came from the audience. Alfred couldn't believe his ears: they loved it!
1. The main idea is about _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
2. What is a solo performance? _____________________
3. What does hesitantly mean? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
4. Thunderous clapping probably means _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
When Kate was small, nothing frightened her. As a two-year-old, she plunged
into the deep end of the swimming pool. She was not afraid. She began to
climb the tallest trees in the neighborhood when she was six. By the time she
was twelve, she had mastered the ski slopes. It wasn't surprising, then, to see her at
eighteen, ready for her first parachute jump. She definitely is not timid.
S. The main idea is about ______________________
6. Another word for plunged is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
7. What does mastered mean? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
8. Timid probably means _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
38
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 11. Sentence 2: The cool water began to
each item. Circle the number of the correct refresh her tired spirit as well as her
answer. burning feet.
What does the underlined word in this
sentence tell you about Lily?
paragraph. (1) She is careless.
(2) She feels nervous.
(1) Carefully, Lily made her way over the
(3) Her feet hurt.
rocks and into the glistening rivulet to her
(4) She feels better.
favorite spot under the willow tree.
(5) She is feeling unhappy.
(2) The cool water began to refresh her tired
spirit as well as her burning feet. (3) Left
12. Sentence 3: Left behind was the
behind was the appalling memory of
appalling memory of yesterday's
yesterday's argument with her mother. (4) I
argument with Garth.
need this respite, Lily thought. (5) I need a
few hours away from the family and the job. What is the best meaning for the
(6) She rounded the bend in the stream and underlined word in this sentence?
stopped. (7) There it was, her willow tree, and
(1) awful
the deep shade under it beckoned her.
(2) inaccurate
(3) tired
(4) wearisome
9. Which sentence states the main idea of
(5) lonely
this paragraph?
(1) Lily feels sorry for herself. 13. Sentences 4 and 5: I need this respite,
(2) Lily comes to this place every day. Lily thought. I need a few hours away
(3) Lily wants some time alone to think. from the family and the job.
(4) Lily is tired of her job.
What is the best meaning for the
(5) Lily wants to leave her family.
underlined word in this sentence?
10. Sentence 1: Carefully, Lily made her way (1) vacation
over the rocks and into the glistening (2) play
rivulet to her favorite spot under the (3) work
willow tree. (4) trip
(5) rest
Based on this sentence, where do you
think Lily is?
14. Sentence 6: There it was, her willow tree,
(1) at the beach and the deep shade under it beckoned
(2) in a stream her.
(3) on a mountain
Which is the best synonym for the
(4) at the ocean
(5) in her yard
(1) frightened
(2) disturbed
(3) called
(4) sheltered
(5) angered
39
~.,.ercife
Word Meanings: Connotation
® and Denotation
The denotation of a word is the definition of a word. The connotation of

1
I
a word is the feeling or impression it suggests.

Sandy has taken a job at Jackson's Used Car Outlet.
Sandy has taken a job at Jackson's Pre-Owned Automobile Showroom.
In these sentences, Used means the same as Pre-Owned. However,
Used suggests cars that may not be in the best condition, or cars that
are old and worn out.
--------~~-."--.---"-.------
Follow the directions. Choose the best word in parentheses to complete

each sentence. Circle your choice.
1. Choose the word to show that Sandy is an assistant to someone.

Sandy works as a sales (associate, person).
2. Choose the word that tells you that he has a chance to become a manager.
Soon, he will have the (luck, opportunity) to become a manager.
3. Choose the word that tells you what he needs to do.

Before he does, however, he will have to (show, achieve) an increase in sales.
4. Choose the word that tells you how Sandy works with people.
Sandy is very (personable, regular), and he should do well.
5. Choose the word that tells you how his friends feel about him.
He has a lot of (loyal, super) friends who will come to him to buy a car.
6. Choose the word that tells you how his customers feel about him.
I would buy a car from Sandy because I know he is (trustworthy, great).
7. Choose the word that tells you what might happen to Sandy.
I anticipate that Sandy will be (good, successful) in his new career.
40
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 10. Sentence 3: A person with strong skills
each item. Circle the number of the correct has the potential for earning decent
answer. wages as an auto mechanic.
What is the connotation of the
paragraph. (1) will not be possible
(2) can be possible
(1) An auto mechanic trainee does not
(3) won't be possible
usually have to look for a job too long.
(4) wasn't possible
(2) Well-trained mechanics are prepared to do
(5) impossible
the important jobs. (3) A person with strong
skills has the potential for earning decent
11. Sentence 4: Help-wanted ads for
wages as an auto mechanic. (4) Help-wanted
automotive jobs usually emphasize
ads for automotive jobs usually emphasize
three things: training, experience,
three things: training, experience, and
and reliability.
reliability. (5) Dealerships need employees
who are properly certified to repair and What is the connotation of the
maintain vehicles. (6) The ability to use underlined word in this sentence?
computers is also a plus when you apply for
(1) a lot of training
training and employment in the automobile
(2) a lot of experience
industry.
(3) strongly encourage
(4) not important
(5) stressful
8. Sentence 1: An auto mechanic trainee
does not usually have to look for a job
12. Sentence 5: Dealerships need employees
too long.
who are properly certified to repair and
Which of the following words would give maintain vehicles.
you the feeling that a person might have
What is the denotation of the underlined
more experience than the underlined
word in this sentence?
word indicates?
(1) sent
(1) expert
(2) adapted
(2) helper
(3) used
(3) teacher
(4) approved
(4) apprentice
(5) liked
(5) maintenance man
13. Sentence 6: The ability to use computers
9. Sentence 2: Well-trained mechanics are
is also a plus when you apply for
prepared to do the important jobs.
training and employment in the
Which of the following words could automobile industry.
describe jobs that are important?
What could replace the underlined words?
(1) vital
(1) a raise
(2) easy
(2) a problem
(3) many
(3) an asset
(4) unusual
(4) a fault
(5) nice
(5) a goal
41
verc;'e
-----® Get1!:~.al an~Speci~ic Words
General words are usually not as strong as specific words.

The wind blew the papers off my desk.
A sudden gust of wind swept the papers off my desk.
The first sentence is general. In the second sentence. a sudden gust
of wind explains more precisely what happened. The verb swept is
also more specific.
Here is the form you need to do.
Here is the application you need to complete.
In this example. the first sentence uses general words. form and do. The
second sentence tells what kind of form and what is to be done with it.
. _
_ - - - ..•.. .._ - -..•..• __..•.......- . - .............•• -_.-.._._..._ .._--_ ...... --_.
Underline the more specific word or words in parentheses to complete each sentence.
1. Include your (name, signature) at the bottom of the application.
2. (Attach, Put) a copy of your resume to the application.
3. You will also need (notes, references) from three people in the community.
4. Be sure your return (address, information) is on the envelope.
5. The application must (go out, be mailed) by August 11.
6. The cover letter you (include, put) with your application should be flawless.
7. To be sure there are no (wrong things, errors), ask someone else to read it for you.
8. Keep the letter as (little, brief) and to the point as possible.
9. Your letter is meant to (make people notice, showcase) your skills.
10. You also want to (talk a little, tell) about your interest in the job.
11. Myra was excited when the (boss, manager) of the stationery store called her.
12. She was (scheduled, supposed to go) to see Mr. Brickman for an interview
on Thursday at 3:00 P.M.
13. Myra (prepared, got ready) for the interview by ironing her gray suit.
42
Directions: Choose the one best answer to 16. Sentence 3: Begin your resume with a
each item. Circle the number of the correct statement of what you want to get
answer. from a job.
Which specific words could best replace
the underlined words in this sentence?
paragraph. (1) your job salary
(2) your job goal
(1) A good resume shows the details of
(3) a job opportunity
your background and experience that are
(4) your application
relevant to the job you are seeking. (2) Your
(5) an employer's goal
name, address, and phone number should be
clear and placed at the top of the resume.
17. Sentence 4: You should write down your
(3) Begin your resume with a statement of
education next, beginning with the
what you want to get from a job.
highest level of schooling you have
(4) You should write down your education
completed.
next, beginning with the highest level of
schooling you have completed. (5) If you had Which specific word or words could best
high grades or if you have gotten any honors, replace the underlined words in this
be sure to include that information. sentence?
(1) revise
(2) add to
14. Sentence 1: A good resume shows the
(3) list
details of your background and
(4) complete
experience that are relevant to the job
(5) define
you are seeking.
Which specific word could best replace 18. Sentence 5: If you had high grades or if
the underlined word in this sentence? you have gotten any honors, be sure to
include that information.
(1) delivers
(2) adds Which specific word(s) could best replace
(3) gets the underlined words in this sentence?
(4) highlights
(1) received
(5) increases
(2) got
(3) were having
15. Sentence 2: Your name, address, and
(4) were carrying
phone number should be clear and
placed at the top of the resume.
Which specific word could best replace
the underlined words in this sentence?
(1) near
(2) prominent
(3) there
(4) put
(5) left
43
Post Test
----~~ - " -'-~~""-~
The following post test will help you determine where you need further practice
in Spelling and Vocabulary. Take the test in one sitting, answering every question.
If you need more practice on any topics, return to the Exercises listed.
For additional review

Write the plural form of each single noun.
return to Exercises:
1. wish 1, 2
2. penny 1, 2
3. The lighthouse will be remodeled as a tourist attraction. 3

4. Kelly impressed the fans with her double cartwheel and final roundoff. 3
Write the possessive form of the underlined noun on the line.
5. The birds nest rests on a sturdy branch. 4

(1) If you inspect your fingertip under a magnifying glass, you'll discover a unique
pattern of ridges. (2) This design won't change. (3) It was predetermined before you
were born. (4) However, if you compare your fingerprint with a friend's, you'll
recognize more than one Similarity. (5) Beside ridges, you may find common loops,
arches, or spirals.
6. Which prefix in Sentence 1 means great? 8
7. Write the two words of the contraction in Sentence 2. 5

8. Which prefix of a word in Sentence 1 means look into? 6
9. Which word in Sentence 3 means chosen before? 7
10. Write the word with a suffix in Sentence 4. 9

11. Write the correct word for the underlined word in Sentence 5. 10
Circle the misspelled word in this sentence. Write it correctly on the line.
12. If you breathe in alot of air too quickly, you'll hiccup .. 11
44 Post Test
Circle the word in parentheses that best replaces the underlined word.
13. Early mountain men picked their way through thick forests. 12
(huge, dense, difficult)
Write an antonym for the underlined word.

14. Clarissa rarely misses her favorite television show. ____________ 13
Write a homonym for each of the following words.

15. break _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 16. to 14
Write the word with the new ending on the line.

17. joke + ing _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 18. short + est __________ 15

(1) Copernicus was one of the first sixteenth·century mathematicians to proclaim that
ours was not a geocentric universe. (2) Instead, he argued that Earth and the other
planets revolved around the sun. (3) At the time, few Europeans accepted this idea.
(4) However, the Copernican theory gained more ground after Galileo used his newly-
developed telescope to observe the skies. (5) When his records sUI,Worted Copernicus,
more scientists accepted the notion of a sun-centered universe. (6) Today, this
heliocentric theory is one of the first things students learn in their Earth Science class.
19. What root word in Sentence 1 means Earth? ______________ 16
20. What can you conclude is the meaning of heliocentric in Sentence 6? 17
A. Earth-centered C. sun-centered
B. generally accepted D. Galileo-supported
21. What is the main idea of the paragraph? 18
A. Copernican theories were inaccurate C. The heliocentric theory
gained recognition.
B. Scientists resist change. D. Earth class students study Galileo.
Choose a word in parentheses to complete each statement.

22. In Sentence 5, the underlined word connotes (agreement, illogic, denial). 19
23. In Sentence 4, the underlined phrase could say (followers, ideas, planets). 20
Post Test 45
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DO NOT WRITE. IN TE.

Printed in the United States of America

For more practice.

Underline the compound words in each sentence.

4. LaShay writes about fifteen checks each month and balances 3

Write the possessive form of the underlined noun on the line.

Items 6 through 11 refer to the following paragraph.

10. Write the word with a suffix in Sentence 5. - -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 9

13. There is a large amount of work on my desk. (soft, huge, little) 12

Write an antonym for the underlined word.

Write a homonym for each of the following words.

15. sleigh 16. role 14

Write the new form of each word.

17. take + ing 18. fit + est 15

Items 19 through 23 refer to the following paragraph.

21. What is the main idea of the paragraph? 18

Choose a word in parentheses to complete each statement.

22. In Sentence 4, the underlined word connotes (ordered, pleaded, hinted) 19

The plural of most nouns is formed by adding the letter s.

buses classes ninety-sixes crashes hitches

Write the plural form of each singular word on the line.

1. one paper some

2. one facility some

3. one spare some

4. one catch some

5. one brush some

6. one ferry some

7. one wrench some

8. one tire some

9. one buzz some

10. one axle some

11. one service some

12. one invoice some

Here are examples of some other irregular plurals:

1. foxes calves wolfs panthers

2. potatos students graduates teachers

3. themselves ourselfs theirs yourselves

4. criterions requirements regulations categories

5. men women heroines heros

6. circumferences radiuses axes areas

7. data computers pieces halfs

8. cattle donkies chickens horses

9. pencils staples coaches ponys

10.oniones seeds units documents

IS. Sentence 5: Local merchants may be

Two words joined together make up a compound word.

Some compound words are joined with a hyphen.

The compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine are hyphenated.

Underline the compound words in each sentence.

1. In the summertime, I spend as much time as I can outdoors.

2. I hate to be inside during the daylight hours.

3. I could spend twenty-four hours a day in my half-acre garden.

4. I have a wildflower garden, and I'm a part-time farmer.

5. I grow watermelons, squash, corn, tomatoes, and blueberries.

Write the two words below each line as a compound word.

6. Henri has taken a job at the _ _ _ _ _ __

7. On Tuesdays, he works a shift at the counter.

8. Fridays and Saturdays, he unloads stock in the for three hours.

9. Henri is a guy, and he would like to increase his _ _ _ _ _ __

Possessive nouns and pronouns show ownership. An apostrophe followed

A plural that isn't possessive does not take an apostrophe.

1. Shawn has applied for a job in office. (Dr. Palavi)

2. Shawn worked in a office for three years. (doctor)