Prpc324 Module 7

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE

Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: ceadhvtsu@gmail.com
PRPC 324: PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Module 7: Reinforced Concrete Columns
I. Course Objectives:
1. At the end of this module the students are expected to familiarize the classification
and types of columns and also the code requirements based on NSCP 2015 for Axially
Loaded Short Columns, Eccentrically Loaded Short Columns and Slender or Long
Columns.
2. At the end of this module that students are expected to design an Axially Loaded Short
Columns, Eccentrically Loaded Short Columns and Slender or Long Columns.
II. Course Outline:

1.1 The Introduction and Axially Loaded Short Columns
1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 Axial Load Capacity of Columns
1.1.3 Columns of Special Moment Frames
1.1.4 Sample Problems
1.1.5 Activity 7.1
1.2 Eccentrically Loaded Short Columns

1.2.1 Introduction
1.2.2 Derivation of Formula’s
1.2.3 Column Interaction Behavior
1.2.4 Plastic Centroid
1.2.6 Activity 7.2
1.3 Long or Slender Columns

1.3.1 Introduction
1.3.2 Design of Slender Columns based on NSCP 2015
1.3.2a Slenderness Effects
1.3.2b Moment Magnification Method: Non-sway Frames
1.3.2c Moment Magnification Method: Sway Frames
1.3 Sample Problems
1.4 Activity 7.3
P a g e 1 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
III. Learning Content:

1.1 The Introduction and Axially Loaded Short Columns
1.1.1 Introduction
Columns are structural elements used primarily to support compressive loads. All
practical columns are members subjected not only to axial load but also to bending moments,
about one or both axes of the cross section.
1.1.1a Classification of Columns

a.) Short compression blocks or pedestal – is an upright compression member where the
height of the column is less than three times its lateral dimension. Pedestals may be designed
without reinforcement with a maximum permissible compressive strength of 0.85 ∅ f ′ 𝑐,
where ∅ is 0.65 for NSCP 2015 (NSCP 2001 : ∅ = 0.70).
b.) Short Column – if the compressive strength is greater than 0.85 ∅ f ′ 𝑐, the pedestal will
have to be designed as a reinforced short column. The column fails due to material failure and
it’s load depends on the dimension and the strength of the material of which it is made.
c.) Long Column – if the length of the column is increased, the chances it will fail by lateral
buckling will be increased. Long columns fail by buckling, when column is subjected to
primary moments M, such as those caused by applied loads or joint rotation, the axis of the
member deflects laterally. This deflection causes additional moment applied to the column,
which is equal to the column load times the lateral deflection. This moment is called
secondary moment or P-delta moment.
If the secondary moment becomes too large, the column is said to be long column and
it is necessary to design its section for the sum of both primary and secondary moments.
However, the Code permits that column be designed as short columns if the secondary of P∆
effect does not reduce their strength by more than 5%.
1.1.1b Types of Columns
a.) Plain concrete pedestal – This may be used only if the height does not exceed
three times the least lateral dimension.
b.) Tied Columns – A column in which the longitudinal bars are braced with a series
of closed ties.
c.) Spiral Columns – A column in which the longitudinal bars and concrete core are
wrapped with a closely spaced helix or spiral.
d.) Composite Columns – these columns may contain a structural steel shape
surrounded by longitudinal bars with ties or spirals or it may consist of high-strength
steel tubing filled with concrete.
P a g e 2 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
Figure 1: Types of Columns
1.1.2 AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY OF COLUMNS
Axial load without moment is not a practical case in design of columns, but the
discussion of such case is necessary for explaining the theory involved in eccentrically loaded
columns. For a column subjected purely by an axial load, the nominal load Pn it can carry is
the sum of the strength of steel which is fyAst and the strength of concrete 0.85f’c(Ag - Ast),
where Ag – Ast is the net concrete area.
Pn = 0.85f’c(Ag – Ast) + fyAst

Pn =Ag {0.85 f’c + 𝛒g ( fy - 0.85 f'c) }
To counter the effect of eccentricities, the nominal strength Pn is multiplied by 0.80

for tied columns and 0.85 for spiral columns. Finally, the ultimate axial load capacity of the
column Pu is ∅Pn, where ∅ is 0.65 for tied columns and 0.75 for spiral columns.
(NSCP 2001: ∅ = 0.70 for tied and 0.75 for spiral).
P a g e 3 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
1.1.2a Tied Column
The axial load capacity of the tied column is given by:
Pu = ΦPn = Φ0.80[0.85f’c(Ag – Ast) + fyAst]
where:
Φ = 0.65 (NSCP 2015)
Ag – Gross Concrete area = b x h
Ast – Area of Steel Reinforcement
The minimum gross area of concrete for tied column

is 60,000 mm2. Thus, the minimum column dimension
is 200 mm x 300 mm (b x h).
Figure 2: Tied Column
A.) Limits of Reinforcement for Tied Columns (NSCP 2015)
I. Ast shall not be less than 0.01Ag and Ast shall not be more than 0.08Ag. (Section 410.6.1.1)
II. The minimum number of longitudinal bars is 4 for bars within rectangular or circular ties, 3 for
bars within triangular ties. (Section 410.7.3.1)
B.) Sizes and Spacing of Main Bars and Ties (NSCP 2015)
I. Clear distance between longitudinal bars shall be not less than 1.5db , 40mm nor (4/3) dagg.
(Section 425.2.3)
II. Use 10-mm diameter ties for 32-mm bars or smaller and at least 12mm in size for 36mm and
bundled longitudinal bars. (Section 425.7.2.2)
III. Vertical Spacing of ties shall be the smallest of the following: (Section 425.7.2.1)
1. 16 x db (db = longitudinal bar diameter)
2. 48 x tie diameter
3. least dimension of the column
P a g e 4 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
IV. Ties shall be arranged such that every corner and alternate longitudinal bar shall have lateral
support provided by the corner of the tie with an included angle of not more than 135 o and no bar
shall be farther than 150 mm clear on each side along the tie from such a laterally supported bar.
Where longitudinal bars are located around the perimeter of a circle, a complete circular tie is
allowed. (Section 425.7.2.5).
Figure 3: Typical Tie Arrangement
1.1.2b Spiral Column
The axial load capacity of a spiral column is given by:
Pu = ΦPn = Φ0.85[0.85f’c(Ag – Ast) + fyAst]
Where: ∅ = 0.75 NSCP 2015
A.) LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT FOR SPIRAL COLUMNS
I. Ast shall not be less than 0.01Ag and Ast shall not be more than 0.08Ag. (Section 410.6.1.1)
II. The minimum number of longitudinal bars is 6. (Section 410.7.3.1)
P a g e 5 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
Figure 4: Spiral Column
B.) Sizes and Spacing of Main Bars and Ties
I. For cast-in-place construction, size of spirals shall not be less than 10 mm. (Section 425.7.3.2)
II. Clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75mm, nor less than 25mm. (Section 425.7.3.1)
III. Anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided by 1-1/2 extra turns of spiral bar.
(Section 425.7.3.4)
IV. Splices of spiral reinforcement shall be lap splices of 48db for uncoated deformed bars but not less
than 300 mm or welded. (Section 425.7.3.6)
V. The percentage of spiral steel ρ𝑠 is computed from the following equation.

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝
ρ𝑠 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑠
4𝑎𝑠 (𝐷𝑐 − 𝑑𝑏 )
ρ𝑠 =
𝑠𝐷𝑐 2
where as is the cross-sectional are of a spiral bar, Dc is diameter of the core out to out of the spiral,
and db is the diameter of the spiral bar.
P a g e 6 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
VI. The minimum spiral percentage is given by: (Section 425.7.3.3)

𝐴𝑔 𝑓′𝑐
ρ𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.45 ( − 1)
𝐴𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑦𝑡
where fyt is the specified yield strength of spiral reinforcement but not more than 700 MPa.
1.1.3 Columns of Special Moment Frames
418.7.2.1 Columns shall satisfy (a) and (b):
a. The shortest cross-sectional dimension, measured on a straight line passing through the geometric
centroid, shall be at least 300 mm ;
b. The ratio of the shortest cross-sectional dimension to the perpendicular dimension shall be at least
0.40.
1.1.3a Longitudinal Reinforcement
418.7.4.1 Area of longitudinal reinforcement, Ast, shall be at least 0.01Ag and shall not exceed 0.06
Ag.
418.7.4.2 In columns with circular hoops, there shall be at least six longitudinal bar.
1.1.3b Transverse Reinforcement
Transverse reinforcement shall be provided over a length ℓo from each joint face and on
both sides of any section where flexural yielding is likely to occur as a result of inelastic lateral
displacement of the frame. Length ℓo shall be at least the largest of (a) through (c):
(Section 418.7.5.1)
a. The depth of the column at the joint face or at the section where flexural yielding is likely to
occur.
b. One-sixth of the clear span of the column
c. 450 mm
Transverse reinforcement shall be provided by either single or overlapping hoops. Crossties

of the same bar size and spacing as the hoops shall be permitted. Each end of the crosstie shall engage
a peripheral longitudinal reinforcing bar. Consecutive crossties shall be alternated end for end along
the longitudinal reinforcement. Spacing of crossties or legs of rectilinear hoops, hx, within cross
section of the member shall not exceed 350 mm on center.
P a g e 7 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
418.7.5.3 Spacing of transverse reinforcement shall not exceed the smallest of (a) through (c):
a. One-fourth of the minimum column dimension

b. Six times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar
c. so as calculated by
𝟑𝟓𝟎 − 𝐡𝐱
𝐬𝐨 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + ( )
𝟑
The value of so shall not exceed 150 mm and not need be taken less than 100 mm.
Area of Transverse Reinforcement

The transverse reinforcement requirements shall be provided unless a larger amount is
required by shear strength.
Section 418.7.5.4 Amount of transverse reinforcement shall be in accordance with Table 418.7.5.4.
The concrete strength factor, kf, and the confinement effectiveness factor kn, are calculated
according to Eq. 418.7.5.4a and 418.7.5.4b.
𝐟′𝐜
a. kf = 𝟏𝟕𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 ≥ 𝟏. 𝟎 (418.7.5.4a)
𝐧ı
b. kn = (418.7.5.4b)
𝐧ı − 𝟐
where 𝐧ı is the number of longitudinal bars or bundled bars around the perimeter of a column core
with rectilinear hoops that are laterally supported by the corner of hoops or by seismic hooks.
P a g e 8 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
where:
Ach = cross sectional area of a structural member measured out-to-out of transverse
reinforcement, mm2.
Ash = total cross-sectional area of transverse reinforcement (including cross ties) within
spacing s and perpendicular to dimension bc.
fyt = specified yield strength of transverse reinforcement, MPa.
bc = cross-sectional dimension of column core measured center-to-center of confining
reinforcement.
hx = maximum horizontal spacing of hoop or crosstie legs on all faces of column, mm.
s = spacing of transverse reinforcement measured along the longitudinal axis of the
structural member, mm.
kf = concrete strength factor
kn = confinement effectiveness factor
Figure 5: Longitudinal Reinforcement Requirements of Column Special Moment Frame
P a g e 9 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
Figure 6: Transverse Reinforcement Requirements of Column Special Moment Frame
Note: Lap splices are permitted only within the center half of the member length and shall be
designed as tension splices. The slope is maximum at 1:6.
P a g e 10 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211

1. Design a square tied column is to support an axial dead load of 550 kN and an axial live
load of 750 kN. Assume f’c = 27.6 MPa, and fy =414 MPa. Use 10mm diameter ties. NSCP 2015.
(Assume dimension of column to be multiples of 10 mm).
Solution:
a. Determine the factored axial load of the column
Pu = ∅Pn = ∅0.80[0.85f’c(Ag – Ast)+fyAst]; ∅ = 0.65
Pu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
= 1.2(550) + 1.6(750)
Pu = 1860 kN
b. Assume: Ast = 0.02 Ag and Establish column dimension

1860 x 103 = (0.65)(0.80)[(0.85)(27.6)(Ag – 0.02Ag) + 414(0.02Ag)]
Ag = 114,385.40 mm2
Design as square column:
b x h = 338.21 say 340 mm x 340 mm cross section
c. Solve for the no. of bars

Ast = 0.02(114,385.40)
Ast = 2,287.71 mm2
Use 16mmØ longitudinal bars:
𝜋
(16)2 N = 2,287.71
4
N = 11.38 say 12-16mmØ bars
d.) Calculate the ultimate axial load capacity

Pucap ≥ Pu (safe)
Pucap = Ø0.85Ag {0.85 f’c + ρg ( fy - 0.85 f'c) }
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 12( )(16)2
ρ𝑔 = = 4
= 0.0209 > 0.02 (ok)
𝐴𝑔 (340)2
Pucap = (0.65)(0.80)(340)2 {0.85 (27.6) + 0.0209 (414 - 0.85 (27.6)) }
Pucap = 1900.88 kN > Pu (safe)
Therefore, use 340mm x 340mm column with 12-16 mmØ bars.
P a g e 11 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
e. Solve for Spacing of Lateral Ties
1. 16 x db = 16(16) = 256 mm say 250 mm

2. 48 x tie diameter = 48(10) = 480 mm
3. Least dimension of column = 350 mm
Therefore, use 10mm diameter ties spaced at 250 mm o.c.
f. Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement using Special Moment Frame for Columns
1. One-fourth of the minimum column dimension

s = d/4 = 340/4 = 85 say 75 mm (multiples of 25 mm)
2. Six times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar
s = 6(16) = 96 mm say 75 mm (multiples of 25 mm)
3. so as calculated by
𝟑𝟓𝟎 − 𝐡𝐱
𝐬𝐨 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + ( )
𝟑
The value of so shall not exceed 150 mm and not need be taken less than 100 mm.
12-16mmØ RSB
340−80−20−16
40 mm hx’ = = 74.67 mm
3
hx = 74.67 + 16 + 10 = 100.67 mm
340 mm
hx’ hx 340 − 100.67

so = 100 + ( )
3
so = 179.78 mm > 150 mm
say so = 150 mm
340 mm
Therefore, s = 75 mm for confining reinforcement.
2. Design a square tied column of smallest cross-section to carry an axial dead load of 684
kN and an axial live load of 542 kN. Assume f’c = 20.7 MPa and fy = 276 MPa. Use 28 mmØ
main bars that will be placed on equal no. of bars in each face of column and 10 mmØ ties.
Use NSCP 2015. (Assume dimension of column to be multiples of 10 mm).
Solution:
a.) For the section to be smallest the limit of reinforcement for tied column is assume to
be ρ𝑔 = 0.08 (𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒).
P a g e 12 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
Ast = 0.08Ag
Pu = ∅Pn = ∅0.80 [0.85f’c(Ag – Ast) + fyAst]; ∅ = 0.65
Pu =1.2(684) + 1.6(542)
Pu = 1688 kN
1688 x 103 = (0.65)(0.80)[(0.85)(20.7)(Ag – 0.08Ag) + 276(0.08Ag)]
Ag = 84,828.19 mm2
b x h = 291.25 mm say 300 mm x 300 mm
b.) Solve for the no. of main bars

Use 28 mmØ main bars that will be placed on equal no. of bars in each face of column.
Ast = 0.08(84,828.19)
Ast = 6,786.25 mm2
Number of Bars:
𝜋
(28)2 N = 6,786.25
4
N = 11.02 say 12-28 mmØ bars (divisible by 4 so that there will be equal no. of bars in each
face)
c.) Check for maximum steel ratio:

𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 12( )(28)2
4
ρ𝑔 = =
𝐴𝑔 300 𝑥 300
ρ𝑔 = 0.082 > 0.08 (𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘! 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 0.08)
Therefore, increase the column size: use 310mm x 310 mm column with 12-28mmØ RSB.
40 mm
310 mm
12-28mmØ RSB
310 mm
P a g e 13 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
3. Design a round spiral column to support an axial dead load of 800kN and an axial live load
1350kN. Assume that 2% longitudinal steel is desired, f’c = 27.6 MPa and fy = 414 MPa.
Use 25-mm main reinforcement and 10-mm spiral with 40mm clear cover. NSCP 2015.
Solution:
a.) Determine the factored axial load of the column.
Pu = ∅Pn = ∅0.85[0.85f’c(Ag – Ast)+fyAst]; ∅=0.75
Pu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
Pu = 1.2(800) + 1.6(1350)
Pu = 3,120 kN
b.) Assume: Ast = 0.02 Ag and Establish column dimension

3120 x 103 = (0.75)(0.85)[(0.85)(27.6)(Ag – 0.02Ag) + 414(0.02Ag)]
Ag = 156,507.59 mm2
Diameter of column:
𝜋 2
𝐷 = 156,597.59
4
D = 446.39 mm say 450mm > 250 mm (minimum diameter of spiral column)
c.) Solve for the no. of bars

Ast = 0.02 (156,597.59)
Ast = 3,131.95 mm2
Numbers of bars:
𝜋
(25)2 N = 3,131.95
4
N = 6.38 say 7-28mmØ RSB (Note: minimum no. of longitudinal bars for spiral column is 6.)
d.) Calculate the ultimate axial load capacity

Pucap ≥ Pu (safe)
Pucap = Ø0.85Ag {0.85 f’c + ρg ( fy - 0.85 f'c) }
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 7( )(28)2
ρ𝑔 = = 𝜋
4
= 0.0271 > 0.02 (ok)
𝐴𝑔 ( )(450)2
4
𝜋
Pucap = (0.75)(0.85)( 4 )(450)2 {0.85 (27.6) + 0.0271 (414 - 0.85 (27.6)) }
Pucap = 3451.68 kN > Pu (safe)
P a g e 14 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
e. ) Solve for Spiral Pitch, S:
40 mm
Dc = 450 – 2(40)
Dc = 370 mm
Dc Ag = π/4(450)2 = 50625π mm2
Ac = π/4(370)2 = 34225π mm2
𝐴𝑔 𝑓′𝑐
40 mm ρ𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.45 ( − 1)
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑦𝑡
50625π 27.6
= 0.45 ( − 1)
34225π 414
ρ𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.01438
4𝑎𝑠 (𝐷𝑐 − 𝑑𝑏 )
ρ𝑠 =
𝑠𝐷𝑐 2
𝜋
𝑎𝑠 = (10)2
4
𝑎𝑠 = 78.5 𝑚𝑚2
4(78.5)(370 − 10)
0.01438 =
𝑠(370)2
S = 57.42 say 50 mm
S = 50 – 10 = 40 mm (clear spacing)
Minimum clear spacing by the Code = 75mm
Minimum clear spacing by the Code = 25mm
Thus, use 10 mm spiral bar with 50 mm spacing on center.
e.) Clear distance between longitudinal bars

π Dm = n db + n x
π (370 − 20 − 28) = 7( 28 + x )
x = 116.51mm say 110 mm > 40mm
> 1.5db nor 4/3 dagg.
P a g e 15 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
4. The cross section of a concrete column shown is reinforced with 10-28mmØ bars. The
clear cover of 12mmØ ties is 40 mm. Use f’c = 28 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, fyt =275 MPa. Calculate
the following using NSCP 2015. Neglect the value of kf and kn.
a. The maximum spacing (in multiples of 25 mm) of the confining hoop reinforcements in
accordance with special moment frames for column.
b. The required spacing (in multiples of 10 mm) of the confining hoop reinforcement when
the shear is parallel to the long dimension of the column in accordance with special moment
frames for column.
500 mm
10-28mmØ RSB
700 mm
Solution:
a.) Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement using Special Moment Frame for Columns
1. One-fourth of the minimum column dimension

s = d/4 = 500/4 = 125 mm
2. Six times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar
s = 6(28) = 168 mm
3. so as calculated by
𝟑𝟓𝟎 − 𝐡𝐱
𝐬𝐨 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + ( )
𝟑
700−80−24−28
hx’ = = 189.33 mm
3
hx = 189.33 + 28 + 12 = 229.33 mm
350 − 229.33
so = 100 + ( )
3
so = 140.22 mm say 140 mm > 150 mm
Therefore, use smax = 125 mm.
P a g e 16 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
b.) Spacing when shear is parallel to long side.

Ag = 500 x 700 = 350,000 mm2
𝜋
Ast = (10)( )(28)2 = 1960𝜋 mm2
4
Ash = 3-12mmØ
bc = 420mm
Pu = ∅0.80[0.85f’c(Ag – Ast)+fyAst] ≤ 0.30 Ag f’c
Pu = (0.65)(0.80)[(0.85)(28)( 350,000 – 1960𝜋 ) + 415(1960𝜋)] ≤ 0.30 (350,000)(28)
Pu =5,584.19 kN > 2940 kN
See Table 418.7.5.4 to solve for spacing of transverse reinforcement for columns of special moment
frames.
𝐴 𝐴 𝑓′ 𝑐
b.1 ) 𝑠 𝑠ℎ
𝑏
= 0.30 (𝐴 𝑔 − 1)(𝑓𝑦 )
𝑐 𝑐ℎ 𝑡
𝜋 500𝑥700 28
3( )(12)2 = 0.30 𝑠 (420)( − 1)( )
4 420𝑥620 275
s = 76.86 mm ≈ 80 mm < smax = 125 mm (ok)

𝐴 𝑓′𝑐
b.2) 𝑠 𝑠ℎ
𝑏
= 0.09 (𝑓𝑦 )
𝑐 𝑡
𝜋 28
3( 4 )(12)2 = 0.09 𝑠 (420)(275)
s = 88.17 mm ≈ 80 mm < smax = 125 mm (ok)

𝐴𝑠ℎ 𝑃𝑢
b.3) = 0.20 kf kn ( )
𝑠 𝑏𝑐 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝐴𝑐ℎ
f′c
kf = 175 + 0.60 ≥ 1.0
28
kf = 175 + 0.60 = 0.76 < 1.0 (use 1.0)
nı 10
kn = nı − 2
= 10 − 2 = 1.25
𝜋 5584.19 𝑥 103
3( 4 )(12)2 = 𝑠 (420)(0.20)(1.0)(1.25)(275𝑥420𝑥620)
s = 41.44 mm ≈ 40 mm < smax = 125 mm (ok)

Therefore, use s = 80 mm.
P a g e 17 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
1.1.5 Activity no. 7.1

Instructions and Reminders:
 Show your complete and comprehensive solution
 Include all relevant illustrations, drawings, derivations and concepts whenever
possible.
 Write or type your solutions legibly.
 Use NSCP 2015.
1. Design a square tied column (multiples to 25mm) is to support an axial dead load of 400 kN and
an axial live load of 700 kN. Assume f’c = 24.5 MPa, and fy =414 MPa. Use 10mm diameter ties with
yield strength of 275 MPa. Assume that 2% longitudinal steel is required.
2. Design a round spiral column (multiples to 10 mm) to support an axial dead load of 1070 kN and
an axial live load 980 kN. Assume that 3% longitudinal steel is desired, f’c = 27.5 MPa and fy = 413.5
MPa. Use 28-mm main reinforcement and 12-mm spiral with 40mm clear cover.
3. The cross section of a concrete column shown is reinforced with 10-28mmØ bars. The clear cover
of 12mmØ ties is 40 mm. Use f’c = 28 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, fyt =278 MPa. Calculate the following:
a. The maximum spacing of the confining hoop reinforcements in accordance with special moment
frames for column.
b. The required spacing (multiples of 10 mm) of the confining hoop reinforcement when the shear is
parallel to the long dimension of the column in accordance with special moment frames for column.
c. The required spacing (multiples of 10 mm) of the confining hoop reinforcement when the shear is
parallel to the short dimension of the column in accordance with special moment frames for column.
550 mm
10-28mmØ RSB
750 mm
P a g e 18 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
1.2 Eccentrically Loaded Short Column

1.2.1 Introduction
Eccentric Loading on Column
When the load acting on the column is offset from the centroid of the column, then it
establishes the bending of column along with the axial stress. This offset loading of the column is
referred as eccentric loading.
Eccentric loading will not be at the middle of cross-section of the column. It will be at some
distance from the middle of the column either towards right or left corners of the column. The
distance between the middle of cross-section of the column and the eccentric load is referred as
eccentricity symbolized by e.
Increase in the eccentric load increases the axial load and the moment acting on the column.
This makes the column to bend additional increasing the bending of column.
P a g e 19 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
1.2.2 Derivation of Formula’s
e
b
Pn
d’ d
a
0.85 f’c
Cc C’s
d − a/2 a/2
d – d’ d’
x3 = d - d'
T = As fy Substitute the values:
C's =A's fy
Cc = 0.85 f'c a b [0.85f'c a b x - 0.85 f'c a b (d - a/2) - A's fy x3 = 0 ] / (0.85f'c a b)
ƩFv = 0] ↓+ (C’s = T ) ax - a (d-a/2) - (A's fy x3 ) / (0.85f'c a b) = 0
Pn = Cc + C's - T 0.5a2 + a(x - d) - (A's fy x3 ) / (0.85f'c a b) = 0
Pn = Cc Let:
Pn = 0.85 f'c a b m = (x - d); &
ƩMT = 0] ↩+ n = (A's fy x3 ) / (0.85f'c a b)
Pn x - Cc x2 - C's x3 = 0 0.5a2 + am - n = 0
Where: By quadratic formula:
x = e +(d - d')/2
𝒂 = −𝒎 + √(𝒎𝟐 + 𝟐𝒏);
x2 = d - a/2
c = a/ß1 P a g e 20 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
If all steel yields, use fs = f's = fy

Strength of Steel: fy • Ast
Strength of Concrete: 0.85f'c (Ag - Ast )
Net Concrete Area: (Ag - Ast )
Steel yields when f’s > fy
f's = [600(c - d')]/c
1.2.3 Column Interaction Behavior
The Column Interaction Diagram

Interaction diagram is to plot the axial load Pn that the column could carry versus its moment Mn
capacity. This diagram is very useful for studying the strengths of columns with varying proportions
of loads and moments. Any combination of loading that falls inside the curve is satisfactory, whereas
any combination that falls outside represent failure.
The interaction diagrams were plotted in non-dimensional form. The vertical coordinate Kn =
Pn/f’c Ag represents the non-dimensional form of the nominal axial load capacity of the section. The
horizontal coordinate Rn = Pn e / f’c Ag h represents the non-dimensional nominal bending moment
capacity of the section.
P a g e 21 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
P a g e 22 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
P a g e 23 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
P a g e 24 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
P a g e 25 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
P a g e 26 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
P a g e 27 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
P a g e 28 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
P a g e 29 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
1.2.4 Plastic Centroid

The plastic centroid of a column cross section is the point through which the resultant
column load must pass to produce uniform strain in failure. It represents the location of the
resultant force produced by the steel and concrete. The eccentricity of a column loads is the
distance from the load to the plastic centroid of the column.
In locating the plastic centroid; all concrete is assuming to be stressed in compression to
0.85f’c and all steel to fy in compression and the centroid is then located by taking moments due
to these forces.
For symmetrical sections, the plastic centroid coincides with the centroid of the column cross
section.
P a g e 30 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211

1. The section of a column is shown in the figure. For this problem, b1 = 300mm, b2 = 180mm,
d1= 250mm, d2 = 350mm. f'c = 28MPa, fy = 414MPa.
a. Determine the location of the centroid of the gross concrete area measured from y-axis.
b. Determine the location of the plastic neutral axis of the column measured from the y-axis.
Neglect the area of concrete occupied by the steel.
c. Determine the factored moment Mu due to a factored load Pu =3200 kN applied 400mm
from the y-axis. Assume that the column is reinforced such that plastic neutral axis is 290mm
from the y-axis.
Y
d1 d2
55 mm 55 mm
84 mm
b1 b2
4 – 28 mmΦ
6 – 20 mmΦ
Solution:
a.) Solve for Geometric Centroid from y-axis

AT ẋ = A1x1 + A2x2
A1 = 250(300) = 75,000 mm2
A2 = 350(180) = 63000 mm2
250 350
75 000 ( ) + 63 000 (250 + )
2 2
ẋ=
75 000+63 000
ẋ = 261.96 mm (GC from y-axis)

b.) Location of Plastic Centroid from y-axis
C1 = 0.85f’c A1 = 0.85 (28) (75,000)
C1 = 1785 kN
𝜋
Cs1 = As1 fy = 6 ( 4 )(20)2
Cs1 = 780.37 kN
P a g e 31 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
C2 = 0.85f’c A2 = 0.85 (28) (63,000)

C2 = 1499.40 kN
𝜋
Cs2 = As2 fy = 4 ( 4 )(28)2
Cs2 = 1019.69 kN
R = 1785 + 780.37 + 1499.40 + 1019.69
R = 5084.46 kN
∑ 𝑀𝑦 = 0 ] ↷ +:
R x = (C1 + CS1 )(250/2) + C2 (250 + 350/2) + CS2 (250 + 350 – 84)

x = 291.88 mm (PC from y-axis)
c. Mu due to a factored load Pu =3200 kN applied 400mm from the y-axis.
e = 400 – 290 = 110 mm

Mu = Pu (e)
Mu = 3200 (0.11)
Mu = 352 kN-m
2. The section of a reinforced concrete column is shown in the figure. The column is reinforced with
6-28 mmØ bars. Concrete strength f’c = 20.70 MPa and steel yield strength fy = 414 MPa. Determine
the nominal axial load of the column. Calculate also the nominal balanced load and the balanced
eccentricity.
P a g e 32 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
Solution:
a.) Assume all steel yield.
fs = fy ; εs ≥ εy
fs’ = fy ; εs’ ≥ εy
b.) Solve for the value of a and c.
∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 ] ↑ +:
Pn + T = C + Cs’
Since, T = Cs’ :
Pn = C
Pn = 0.85f’c a b
Pn = 0.85 (20.7)a(350) = 6158.25a (eq.1)
∑ 𝑀𝑇 = 0 ] ↷ +:
𝑑−𝑑′ 𝑎
Pn ( + 𝑒) = C (d – 2 ) + Cs’ ( d – d’) : (eq.2)
2
𝜋
Cs’ = 3 ( 4 )(28)2(414) = 243,432 𝜋 N
Substitute eq.1 and Cs’ in eq.2:

𝑎
6158.25a (235 + 450) = 6158.25a (535 - 2) + 243,432 𝜋 (535-65)
a = 223.14 mm
c = a/ β1 = 223.14/0.85
c = 262.52 mm
c.) Verify if all steel yields
600 (𝑑−𝑐) 600 (535−262.52)
fs = =
𝑐 262.52
fs = 622.76 MPa > fy (TSY)

600 (𝑐−𝑑′ ) 600 (262.52−65)
fs’ = =
𝑐 262.52
fs = 451.44 MPa > fy (CSY)

Therefore, all steel yields fs = fy and fs’ = fy.
d. Solve for nominal axial load (Pn)
P a g e 33 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
Pn = 6158.25a = 6158.25 (223.14)

Pn = 1374.15 kN
e. Solve for balance nominal load (Pnb)
Pnb = 0.85f’c ab b
ab = β1 cb
600 𝑑
cb = 600 + 𝑓𝑦
600 (535)
cb = 600 + 414
cb = 316.57 mm
ab = 269.08 mm
Pnb = 0.85 (20.70)(350)(269.08)
Pnb = 1657.06 kN > Pn (Tension Control)
f.) Solve for balanced eccentricity (eb)
∑ 𝑀𝑇 = 0 ] ↷ +:
𝑑−𝑑′ 𝑎𝑏
Pnb ( + 𝑒𝑏 ) = C (d – ) + Cs’ ( d – d’)
2 2
𝜋
Cs’ = 3 ( 4 )(28)2(414) = 243,432 𝜋 N
269.08
1657.06 x 103 (235 + 𝑒𝑏 ) = 1657.06 x 103 (535 - ) + 243,432 𝜋 (535 – 65)
2
eb = 382.37 mm < e (Tension Control)
P a g e 34 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
3. Determine the nominal axial load of the column shown below if a.) e = 180 mm b.) e =
550mm. Use f’c = 27.6MPa and fy = 414MPa.
600 mm Pn
e
400 mm
8-28mmØ RSB
60 mm 240 mm 240 mm 60 mm
a
0.85f’c
C Cs’
a.) Solve for Pn if e = 180 mm.

Solve for balanced eccentricity to determine whether the extreme tension steel will yield or not for
any given eccentricity.
600 𝑑
cb = 600 + 𝑓𝑦
600 (540)
cb = 600 + 414
cb = 319.53 mm
ab = β1 cb
ab = 271.60 mm
∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 ] ↑ +:
Pn + T = C + Cs’
Since, T = Cs’ :
Pnb = C
Pnb = 0.85f’c ab b
Pnb = 0.85 (27.60)(271.60)(400) = 2548.69 kN
P a g e 35 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
∑ 𝑀𝑇 = 0 ] ↷ +:
𝑑−𝑑 ′ 𝑎
Pnb ( 2
+ 𝑒𝑏 ) = C (d – 2𝑏 ) + Cs’ ( d – d’)
𝜋
Cs’ = 4 (4 )(28)2(414) = 1,019.69 kN
271.60
2548.69 (240 + 𝑒𝑏 ) = 2548.69 (540 - 2 ) + 1019.69 (540 – 60)
eb = 356.24 mm > e = 180 mm (Compression Control)
a.1.) Since e is less than eb tension steel will not yield but compression steel will.
Assume: fs' = fy ; fs ≠ fy
600 (540−c)
fs = c
∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 ] ↑ +:
Pn + T = C + Cs’
𝜋 600 (540−c)
T = 4 (4 )(28)2{ c
}
540−c
T = 1477.81 x 103( )
c
C = 0.85f’c a b = 0.85 (27.60)(0.85c)(400)
C = 7,976.40 c
540−c
Pn = 7,976.40 c + 1019.69 x 103 - 1477.81 x 103( c
)
a.2) ∑ 𝑀𝑇 = 0 ] ↷ +:
𝑎
Pn (240 + 𝑒) = C (d – 2 ) + Cs’ ( d – d’) : (eq.2)
540−c
{7,976.40 c + 1019.69 x 103 - 1477.81 x 103( c
)} (240 + 180)
0.85𝑐
= 7,976.40 c (540 – 2
) + 1019.69 x 103 (540 - 60)
c = 431.26 mm
600 (540−431.26)
fs = 431.26
fs = 151.29 MPa < fy (TSDY)
Thus, the assumption is correct.
a.3.) Solve for nominal axial load Pn

540−c
Pn = 7,976.40 c + 1019.69 x 103 - 1477.81 x 103( c
)
540−431.26
Pn = 7,976.40 c + 1019.69 x 103 - 1477.81 x 103( 431.26 )
Pn = 4,086.97 kN
b.) Solve for Pn if e = 550 mm.

b.1) Since, eb = 356.24 mm < e = 550 mm (Tension Control)
If tension control the tension steel will yield but the compression steel may or may not.
P a g e 36 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
Assume compression steel does not yield.

fs' = 600 (c-60)/c
∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 ] ↑ +:
Pn + T = C + Cs’
𝜋
T = 4 ( )(28)2(414)
4
T = 1019.69 kN
C = 0.85f’c a b = 0.85 (27.60)(0.85c)(400)
C = 7,976.40 c
c−60
Cs’ = 1477.81 x 103( c
)
c−60
Pn = 7,976.40 c - 1019.69 x 103 + 1477.81 x 103( c
)
b.2) ∑ 𝑀𝑇 = 0 ] ↷ +:
𝑎
Pn (240 + 𝑒) = C (d – 2 ) + Cs’ ( d – d’) : (eq.2)
c−60
{7,976.40 c - 1019.69 x 103 +1477.81 x 103( c
)} (240 + 550)
0.85𝑐 c−60
= 7,976.40 c (540 – 2
) +1477.81 x 103( c ) (540 - 60)
c = 187.74 mm
600 (187.74−60)
fs’ =
187.74
fs = 408.245 MPa < fy (CSDY)
Thus, the assumption is correct.
b.3.) Solve for nominal axial load Pn

c−60
Pn = 7,976.40 c - 1019.69 x 103 + 1477.81 x 103( c )
Pn = 1483.28 kN
4. If the dimension of a square tied column is 450 mm x 450 mm (concrete cover is equal to 67.5 mm)
with f’c = 27.6 MPa and fy = 414 MPa. Design the number of reinforcing steel bars (use 28 mm
diameter rebars) to be distributed equally on all four faces of the column section to resist a nominal
axial load of 3500 kN and a nominal moment of 620 kN-m. Use the column interaction diagram.
Solution:
a. Solve for Kn and Rn.
Ag = 450 (450) = 202,500 mm2
Pn 3500 x 103
Kn = f′ c Ag = 27.6 (202,500)
Kn = 0.626
Mn 620 x 106
Rn = f′ c Ag h = 27.6 (202,500)(450)
P a g e 37 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
Rn = 0.247
b.) Determine the appropriate interaction diagram by solving for 𝛾.
h −2 (concrete cover )
𝛾= h
450 −2 (67.5 )
𝛾= 450
𝛾 = 0.70
f'c = 27.6 MPa and fy = 414 MPa
c.) Plot the Kn and Rn in the interaction diagram (𝛾 = 0.70) with equal no. of reinforcement on four
sides with f'c = 27.6 MPa and fy = 414 MPa.
P a g e 38 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
From the diagram the approximate value of ρg = 0.0517

Ast = ρg Ag =0.0517 (202,500)
Ast = 10,469.25 mm2
𝜋
N = Ast/ Ab = 10,469.25 / 4 (28)2
N = 17.0024 say 20 pcs – 28 mm (equal no. of bars on all four sides)
1.2.6 Activity no. 7.2

Instructions and Reminders:
 Show your complete and comprehensive solution
 Include all relevant illustrations, drawings, derivations and concepts whenever
possible.
 Write or type your solutions legibly.
 Use NSCP 2015.
1. A square column 450 mm x 450 mm is reinforced with 8-28mmØ bars spaced evenly on
all sides. Concrete protective cover is 40 mm, stirrups used are 12mmØ. Determine the
nominal balanced load and the balanced nominal moment of the column. Use f’c = 21 MPa
and fy = 415 MPa.
40 mm
450 mm
8-28mmØ RSB
450 mm
2. The column in the figure below is reinforced with 10-32mmØ bars distributed around the
perimeter. Load Pn will be applied with eccentricity e about the strong axis. Use f’c = 34 MPa
and fy = 415 MPa.The neutral axis c = 360 mm from extreme concrete in compression.
Determine the column load and its eccentricity. Find also the ultimate column strength ØPn.
P a g e 39 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
680 mm
350 mm
10-32mmØ RSB
67 mm 67 mm
3. A 350 mm by 300 mm rectangular concrete column is reinforced with three 25-mm-

diameter bars in each short side with their centers 65 mm from extreme concrete. Concrete
strength f'c = 21 MPa and steel yield strength is 415 MPa. The column is subject to axial load
and moment about its strong axis.
a. Determine the nominal axial load Pn when the eccentricity e = 0.
b. Compute the balanced nominal load Pnb .
c. If the eccentricity e = 200 mm, find the nominal load Pn. Assume fs ≠ fy.
1.3 Long or Slender Columns

1.3.1 Introduction
The majority of reinforced concrete columns in practice are subjected to very little secondary
stresses associated with column deformations. These columns are designed as short columns. Rarely,
when the column height is longer than typical story height and/or the column section is small relative
to column height, secondary stresses become significant, especially if end restraints are small and/or
the columns are not braced against side sway. These columns are designed as "slender columns."
Slender columns resist lower axial loads than short columns having the same cross-section.
Therefore, the slenderness effect must be considered in design, over and above the sectional capacity
considerations. The significance of slenderness effect is expressed through slenderness ratio.
1.3.1a Slenderness Ratio

The degree of slenderness in a column is expressed in terms of slenderness ratio:
Slenderness Ratio: k ℓu / r
where, ℓu is unsupported column length; k is effective length factor reflecting the end restraint
and lateral bracing conditions of a column; and r is the radius of gyration, reflecting the size and
shape of a column cross-section.
P a g e 40 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
The unsupported length ℓu of a column is measured as the clear distance between the underside
of the beam, slab, or column capital above, and the top of the beam or slab below. Each coordinate
and subscript “x” and “y” in the figure indicates the plane of the frame in which the stability of column
is investigated.
The radius of gyration introduces the effects of cross-sectional size and shape to slenderness. For
the same cross-sectional area, a section with higher moment of inertia produces a more stable
column with a lower slenderness ratio. The radius of gyration r is defined below.
𝐼
𝑟=√
𝐴
It is permissible to use the approximations of r = 0.3h for square and rectangular sections, and r
= 0.25h for circular sections, where “h” is the overall sectional dimension in the direction stability is
being considered.
P a g e 41 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
1.3.2 Design of Slender Columns

Design of a slender column should be based on a second-order analysis which incorporates
member curvature and lateral drift effects, as well as material non-linearity and sustained load
effects. An alternative approach is specified in NSCP 2015 Section 406.6.4 for columns with
slenderness ratios not exceeding 100. This approach is commonly referred to as the "Moment
Magnification Method," and is based on magnifying the end moments to account for secondary
stresses.
1.3.2a Slenderness Effects

Section 406.2.5 Slenderness effects shall be permitted to be neglected if (a) or (b) is satisfied:
a. For columns not braced against sidesway
𝒌𝓵𝐮
≤ 𝟐𝟐
𝒓
b. For columns braced against sidesway
𝒌𝓵𝐮
≤ 𝟑𝟒 + 𝟏𝟐 𝑴𝟏 /𝑴𝟐
𝒓
where M1/M2 is the ratio of smaller to larger end moments. This ratio is positive value when the
column is bent in double curvature and negative when it is bent in single curvature.
If bracing elements resisting lateral movement of a storey have a total stiffness of at least 12 times
the gross lateral stiffness of the column in the direction considered, it shall be permitted to consider
columns within the storey to be braced against sidesway.
P a g e 42 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
1.3.2b Moment Magnification Method: Non-sway Frames

A frame is considered to be "non-sway" if it is sufficiently braced by lateral bracing elements
like structural walls. Otherwise, it may be designated as a "sway" frame. Frames that provide lateral
resistance only by columns are considered to be sway frames. Structural walls that appear in the form
of elevator shafts, stairwells, partial building enclosures or simply used as interior stiffening
elements provide substantial drift control and lateral bracing.
406.6.4.3 It shall be permitted to analyze columns and stories in structures as non-sway frames if (a)
or (b) is satisfied.
a. The increase in column end moments due to second order effects does not exceed 5 percent of the
first order end moments;
b. Q in accordance with Section 406.6.4.4.1 does not exceed 0.05.
406.6.4.4.1 The stability index for a storey, Q, shall be calculated by:
∑ 𝑃𝑢 ∆𝑜
𝑄=
𝑉𝑢𝑠 𝓵𝑐
where ∑ 𝐏𝐮 and 𝐕𝐮𝐬 are the total factored vertical load and horizontal storey shear, respectively, in
the story being evaluated, and ∆𝐨 is the first order relative lateral deflection between top and the
bottom of that storey due to 𝐕𝐮𝐬 .
406.6.4.5 Moment Magnification Method: Non-sway Frames
406.6.6.4.5.1 The factored moment used for the design of columns and walls, MC, shall be the first
order factored moment M2 amplified for the effects of member curvature.
𝑴𝑪 = 𝜹𝑴𝟐
406.6.4.5.2 Magnification factor 𝜹 shall be calculated by:

𝑪𝒎
𝜹= ≥ 𝟏. 𝟎
𝑷𝒖
𝟏−
𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝑷𝒄
406.6.4.5.3 𝑪𝒎 shall be in accordance with (a) or (b):
a. For columns without transverse loads between supports.

𝑴𝟏
𝑪𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎
𝑴𝟐
b. For columns with transverse loads between supports.
𝑪𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟎
P a g e 43 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
406.6.4.5.4 M2 shall be at least M2min calculated according to Eq. 406.6.4.5.4 about each axis
separately.
𝑴𝟐𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑷𝒖 (𝟏𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝒉)
𝑴
If M2min exceeds M2 , 𝑪𝒎 shall be taken equal to 1.0 or calculated end moments 𝑴𝟏 .
𝟐
406.6.4.4.2 The critical buckling load, 𝑷𝒄 , shall be calculated by:
𝝅𝟐 (𝑬𝑰)𝒆𝒇𝒇
𝑷𝑪 = 𝟐
(𝒌𝓵𝐮)
406.6.4.4.4 For non-composite columns, (𝑬𝑰)𝒆𝒇𝒇 shall be calculated in accordance with (a) or (b):
𝟎.𝟒𝟎 𝑬𝒄 𝑰𝒈
a. (𝑬𝑰)𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝟏+ 𝜷𝒅𝒏𝒔
𝟎.𝟐𝟎 𝑬𝒄 𝑰𝒈 + 𝑬𝒔 𝑰𝒔𝒆
b. (𝑬𝑰)𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝟏+ 𝜷𝒅𝒏𝒔
where 𝜷𝒅𝒏𝒔 shall be the ratio of maximum factored sustained axial load to maximum factored axial
load associated with the same load combination.
Ig = moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting reinforcement
Ise = moment of inertia of reinforcement about centroidal axis of member cross section
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete, MPa
𝑬𝒄 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝝀√𝒇′𝒄
Es = modulus of elasticity of reinforcement = 200,000 MPa
1.3.2c Moment Magnification Method: Sway Frames

406.6.4.6.1 Moments M1 and M2 at the ends of an individual column shall be calculated by (a) and
(b).
a. M1 = M1ns + 𝛅sM1s
b. M2 = M2ns + 𝛅sM2s
406.6.4.6.2 The moment magnifier δs shall be calculated by:

𝟏
a. 𝛅𝐬 = ≥ 𝟏. 𝟎
𝟏− 𝐐
𝟏
b. 𝛅𝐬 = ∑𝐏𝐮 ≥ 𝟏. 𝟎
𝟏−
𝟎.𝟕𝟓∑𝐏𝐜
where ∑Pu is the summation of all the factored vertical loads in a storey and ∑Pc is the summation
for all sway resisting columns in a storey.
P a g e 44 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
M1ns = factored end moment on a compression member at the end at which M1 acts that causes no
sidesway.
M1s = factored end moment on a compression member at the end at which M1 acts that causes
sidesway.
M2ns = factored end moment on a compression member at the end at which M2 acts that causes no
sidesway.
M2s = factored end moment on a compression member at the end at which M1 acts that causes
sidesway.
1.3.3 Sample Problem
1. A reinforced concrete column of a multistory concrete frame building has a dimension of 450mm
x 450mm with a clear height of 4m. The frame is effectively braced against sway by stair and elevator
shafts having concrete walls that are monolithic with the floors. The structure will be subjected to
vertical dead and live loads as follows:
Unfactored Loads Dead Load Live Load

Axial Load 1026 kN 770 kN
Top Moment +2.72 kN-m 147 kN-m
Bottom Moment -2.72 kN-m 136 kN-m
The column is subjected to single curvature. Use f’c = 27.6 MPa, fy = 414.70 MPa and assume k = 1.0.
Determine the magnified design moment.
Solution:
a. For columns braced against sidesway.
𝒌𝓵𝐮
≤ 𝟑𝟒 + 𝟏𝟐 𝑴𝟏 /𝑴𝟐
𝒓
M1 = 1.2 (-2.72) + 1.6 (136)

M1 = 214.34 kN-m
M2 = 1.2 (2.72) + 1.6 (147)
M2 = 238.46 kN-m
𝑴𝟐𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑷𝒖 (𝟏𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝒉)
Pu = 1.2 (1026) + 1.6 (770) = 2463.20 kN

M2min = 2463.20{15 + 0.03(0.45)}
M2min = 36.98 kN < 238.46 kN (ok!)
P a g e 45 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
(1.0)(4000) 214.34
≤ 34 + 12 (− )
0.30(450) 238.46
kℓu
= 29.63 > 23.21
r
Therefore, this is a slender column.
b. To solve magnified design moment calculate the value of magnification factor, 𝜹.

MC = δM2
Cm
δ= ≥ 1.0
Pu
1−
0.75Pc
214.34
Cm = 0.60 − 0.40 (− )
238.46
Cm = 0.96
Solve for critical buckling load 𝐏𝐜 .
𝜋 2 (𝐸𝐼)𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑃𝐶 =
(𝑘ℓu)2
0.40 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑔
(𝐸𝐼)𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
1 + 𝛽𝑑𝑛𝑠
Solve for creep factor, 𝜷𝒅𝒏𝒔 .

𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝛽𝑑𝑛𝑠 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
1.2 (1026)
𝛽𝑑𝑛𝑠 = = 0.50
2463.20
450(450)3
0.40 (4700)(1.0)√27.60 { 12 }
(𝐸𝐼)𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
1 + 0.50
(𝐸𝐼)𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 22,500.38 x 109 N-mm2
𝜋 2 (𝐸𝐼)𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝜋 2 (22,500.38 x 109 )

𝑃𝐶 = =
(𝑘ℓu)2 (4000)2
𝑃𝐶 = 13,879.37 kN
P a g e 46 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
Cm
δ= ≥ 1.0
Pu
1−
0.75Pc
0.96
δ= ≥ 1.0
2463.20
1−
0.75(13,879.37)
δ = 1.26 > 1.0 (ok)
MC = δM2
MC = 1.26 (238.46)
𝐌𝐂 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟔 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦
Therefore, the design magnified moment 𝑴𝑪 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 .
2. A tied column 450mm x 450mm has an unbraced length of 5.34m. The concrete strength f’c = 27.6
MPa and the yield strength of steel fy = 414.7 MPa. A first order analysis has resulted in the following
axial loads and moments. Determine the design magnified moment and eccentricity.
Pu = 2675 kN
M2ns = 176.8 kN-m factored end moment which causes no sidesway
M2s = 163 kN-m factored end moment which causes sidesway
∑Pu = 71,400 kN (sum of factored axial loads for all columns on the floor)
∑Pc = 214,000 kN (sum of critical loads for all columns on the floor)
Effective length factor = 1.30
Solution:
a. For columns not braced against sidesway.
𝑘ℓu
≤ 22
𝑟
(1.30)(5340)
= 51.42
0.30(450)
𝑘ℓu
> 22
𝑟
Therefore, slender or long column.
b. Solve for moment magnifier , δs.
1
δs = ≥ 1.0
∑Pu
1−
0.75∑Pc
P a g e 47 | 48
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
1
δs = ≥ 1.0
71400
1−
0.75(214000)
δs = 1.80 > 1.0 (ok)
Mc = M2ns + δs M2s
Mc = 176.8 + 1.80(163)
Mc = 470.20 kN-m
Therefore, the design magnified moment 𝑴𝑪 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎. 𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 .
Mc = Pu(e)
e = 470.20/2675
e = 175.77 mm say 176 mm
1.3.4 Activity 7.3
Instruction: Solve the problems completely.
1. A rectangular tied concrete column has dimensions of 300mm x 300mm. the column length is 4.5
m and is to be used in a frame braced against sidesway ( the effective length factor k can be taken as
1.0 and EIeff = 34MN – m2 ) . The column is loaded in single curvature by the ultimate (factored)
moments of 110 kN-m at its top end and 120 kN-m at its bottom end. The column carries factored
axial load due to dead load of 150 kN and 350 kN due to live load. Calculate the design magnified
moment Mc.
2. A tied column 525mm x 525mm has a clear height of 5.60 m and it is not braced against sidesway.
The factored external load Pu = 3239 kN and the factored end moments are M2ns = 129 kN-m and M2s
= 103.5 kN-m. The sum of factored axial loads for all columns on the floor ∑Pu = 68,994 kN and the
sum of critical loads for all columns ∑Pc = 142,336 kN. Assumed k = 1.0 determine the design
magnified moment.
IV. References
1. Design of Reinforced Concrete by Jack C. McCormac and Russel H. Brown , 9th Edition.
2. National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 , Volume 1 (Buildings, Towers and other
Vertical Structures)
3. ACI 318 Building Code requirements for Reinforced Concrete, Latest Edition
4. Nilson, Arthur H. and Winter, George et. Al, Design of reinforced Concrete Structures, 13th Ed.
2000, McGraw Hill
P a g e 48 | 48

Prpc324 Module 7

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Prpc324 Module 7

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE

PRPC 324: PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

II. Course Outline:

1.2 Eccentrically Loaded Short Columns

1.3 Long or Slender Columns

III. Learning Content:

1.1.1a Classification of Columns

1.1.1b Types of Columns

Figure 1: Types of Columns

1.1.2 AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY OF COLUMNS

Pn = 0.85f’c(Ag – Ast) + fyAst

To counter the effect of eccentricities, the nominal strength Pn is multiplied by 0.80

1.1.2a Tied Column

The axial load capacity of the tied column is given by:

Pu = ΦPn = Φ0.80[0.85f’c(Ag – Ast) + fyAst]

The minimum gross area of concrete for tied column

Figure 2: Tied Column

A.) Limits of Reinforcement for Tied Columns (NSCP 2015)

Figure 3: Typical Tie Arrangement

1.1.2b Spiral Column

The axial load capacity of a spiral column is given by:

Pu = ΦPn = Φ0.85[0.85f’c(Ag – Ast) + fyAst]

Where: ∅ = 0.75 NSCP 2015

A.) LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT FOR SPIRAL COLUMNS

Figure 4: Spiral Column

B.) Sizes and Spacing of Main Bars and Ties

V. The percentage of spiral steel ρ𝑠 is computed from the following equation.

VI. The minimum spiral percentage is given by: (Section 425.7.3.3)

1.1.3 Columns of Special Moment Frames

418.7.2.1 Columns shall satisfy (a) and (b):

1.1.3a Longitudinal Reinforcement

1.1.3b Transverse Reinforcement

Transverse reinforcement shall be provided by either single or overlapping hoops. Crossties

a. One-fourth of the minimum column dimension

Area of Transverse Reinforcement

Figure 5: Longitudinal Reinforcement Requirements of Column Special Moment Frame

Figure 6: Transverse Reinforcement Requirements of Column Special Moment Frame

1.1.4 Sample Problems

b. Assume: Ast = 0.02 Ag and Establish column dimension

c. Solve for the no. of bars

d.) Calculate the ultimate axial load capacity

Therefore, use 340mm x 340mm column with 12-16 mmØ bars.

e. Solve for Spacing of Lateral Ties

1. 16 x db = 16(16) = 256 mm say 250 mm

f. Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement using Special Moment Frame for Columns

1. One-fourth of the minimum column dimension

hx’ hx 340 − 100.67

Therefore, s = 75 mm for confining reinforcement.

b.) Solve for the no. of main bars

c.) Check for maximum steel ratio:

b.) Assume: Ast = 0.02 Ag and Establish column dimension

c.) Solve for the no. of bars

d.) Calculate the ultimate axial load capacity

e. ) Solve for Spiral Pitch, S:

Thus, use 10 mm spiral bar with 50 mm spacing on center.

e.) Clear distance between longitudinal bars

1. One-fourth of the minimum column dimension

Therefore, use smax = 125 mm.

b.) Spacing when shear is parallel to long side.

s = 76.86 mm ≈ 80 mm < smax = 125 mm (ok)

s = 88.17 mm ≈ 80 mm < smax = 125 mm (ok)

s = 41.44 mm ≈ 40 mm < smax = 125 mm (ok)

1.1.5 Activity no. 7.1