Nalluri And Featherstone s Civil

Engineering Hydraulics Essential

Theory with Worked Examples 6th
Edition Martin Marriott
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/nalluri-and-featherstone-s-civil-engineering-hydraulics
-essential-theory-with-worked-examples-6th-edition-martin-marriott/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Nalluri And Featherstone s Civil Engineering Hydraulics

Martin Marriott

https://textbookfull.com/product/nalluri-and-featherstone-s-
civil-engineering-hydraulics-martin-marriott/

Eurocode Compliant Seismic Analysis and Design of R C

Buildings Concepts Commentary and Worked Examples with
Flowcharts 1st Edition Ioannis Avramidis

https://textbookfull.com/product/eurocode-compliant-seismic-
analysis-and-design-of-r-c-buildings-concepts-commentary-and-
worked-examples-with-flowcharts-1st-edition-ioannis-avramidis/

IFRS 9 and CECL Credit Risk Modelling and Validation A

Practical Guide with Examples Worked in R and SAS
Tiziano Bellini

https://textbookfull.com/product/ifrs-9-and-cecl-credit-risk-
modelling-and-validation-a-practical-guide-with-examples-worked-
in-r-and-sas-tiziano-bellini/

Theory and Technology of Rock Excavation for Civil

Engineering Zou

https://textbookfull.com/product/theory-and-technology-of-rock-
excavation-for-civil-engineering-zou/
Theory and Technology of Rock Excavation for Civil
Engineering Zou

https://textbookfull.com/product/theory-and-technology-of-rock-
excavation-for-civil-engineering-zou-2/

Practical hydraulics and water resources engineering

Kay

https://textbookfull.com/product/practical-hydraulics-and-water-
resources-engineering-kay/

Water Engineering hydraulics distribution and treatment

1st Edition Shammas

https://textbookfull.com/product/water-engineering-hydraulics-
distribution-and-treatment-1st-edition-shammas/

Hydraulics, Hydrology and Environmental Engineering 2nd

Edition Simon A. Mathias

https://textbookfull.com/product/hydraulics-hydrology-and-
environmental-engineering-2nd-edition-simon-a-mathias/

Probability theory and examples Fifth Edition Durrett

https://textbookfull.com/product/probability-theory-and-examples-
fifth-edition-durrett/
 6th Edition

Nalluri & Featherstone’s

Civil Engineering
Hydraulics
Essential Theory with Worked Examples
MARTIN MARRIOTT
 Nalluri & Featherstone’s

Civil Engineering Hydraulics

 Nalluri & Featherstone’s

Civil Engineering Hydraulics

Essential Theory with Worked Examples

6th Edition

Martin Marriott
University of East London
This edition first published 2016
Fifth edition first published 2009
Fourth edition published 2001
Third edition published 1995
Second edition published 1988
First edition published 1982
First, second, third, fourth and fifth editions 
c 1982, 1988, 1995, 2001 and 2009 by R.E. Featherstone & C.
Nalluri
This edition c 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing programme
has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell.

Registered office
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

Editorial offices
9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, United Kingdom
The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ,
United Kingdom

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for
permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at
www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted
by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names
and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of
their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author(s) have used their best efforts in
preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness
of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a
particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional
services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional
advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Marriott, Martin, author. | Featherstone, R. E., author. | Nalluri, C., author.
Title: Nalluri & Featherstone’s civil engineering hydraulics : essential theory with worked examples.
Other titles: Civil engineering hydraulics
Description: 6th edition/ Martin Marriott, University of East London. | Chichester, West Sussex,
United Kingdom : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015044914 (print) | LCCN 2015045968 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118915639 (pbk.) |
ISBN 9781118915806 (pdf) | ISBN 9781118915660 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Hydraulic engineering. | Hydraulics.
Classification: LCC TC145 .N35 2016 (print) | LCC TC145 (ebook) | DDC 627–dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015044914

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be
available in electronic books.

Cover image: Itoshiro Dam/structurae.de

Set in 9.5/11.5pt Sabon by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India

6 2016
 Contents

Preface to Sixth Edition xi

About the Author xiii
Symbols xv

1 Properties of Fluids 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Engineering units 1
1.3 Mass density and specific weight 2
1.4 Relative density 2
1.5 Viscosity of fluids 2
1.6 Compressibility and elasticity of fluids 2
1.7 Vapour pressure of liquids 2
1.8 Surface tension and capillarity 3
Worked examples 3
References and recommended reading 5
Problems 5

2 Fluid Statics 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Pascal’s law 7
2.3 Pressure variation with depth in a static incompressible fluid 8
2.4 Pressure measurement 9
2.5 Hydrostatic thrust on plane surfaces 11
2.6 Pressure diagrams 14
2.7 Hydrostatic thrust on curved surfaces 15
2.8 Hydrostatic buoyant thrust 17
2.9 Stability of floating bodies 17
2.10 Determination of metacentre 18
2.11 Periodic time of rolling (or oscillation) of a floating body 20
2.12 Liquid ballast and the effective metacentric height 20
2.13 Relative equilibrium 22
Worked examples 24
vi Contents

Reference and recommended reading 41

Problems 41

3 Fluid Flow Concepts and Measurements 47

3.1 Kinematics of fluids 47
3.2 Steady and unsteady flows 48
3.3 Uniform and non-uniform flows 48
3.4 Rotational and irrotational flows 49
3.5 One-, two- and three-dimensional flows 49
3.6 Streamtube and continuity equation 49
3.7 Accelerations of fluid particles 50
3.8 Two kinds of fluid flow 51
3.9 Dynamics of fluid flow 52
3.10 Energy equation for an ideal fluid flow 52
3.11 Modified energy equation for real fluid flows 54
3.12 Separation and cavitation in fluid flow 55
3.13 Impulse–momentum equation 56
3.14 Energy losses in sudden transitions 57
3.15 Flow measurement through pipes 58
3.16 Flow measurement through orifices and mouthpieces 60
3.17 Flow measurement in channels 64
Worked examples 69
References and recommended reading 85
Problems 85

4 Flow of Incompressible Fluids in Pipelines 89

4.1 Resistance in circular pipelines flowing full 89
4.2 Resistance to flow in non-circular sections 94
4.3 Local losses 94
Worked examples 95
References and recommended reading 115
Problems 115

5 Pipe Network Analysis 119

5.1 Introduction 119
5.2 The head balance method (‘loop’ method) 120
5.3 The quantity balance method (‘nodal’ method) 121
5.4 The gradient method 123
Worked examples 125
References and recommended reading 142
Problems 143

6 Pump–Pipeline System Analysis and Design 149

6.1 Introduction 149
6.2 Hydraulic gradient in pump–pipeline systems 150
6.3 Multiple pump systems 151
6.4 Variable-speed pump operation 153
 Contents vii

6.5 Suction lift limitations 153

Worked examples 154
References and recommended reading 168
Problems 168

7 Boundary Layers on Flat Plates and in Ducts 171

7.1 Introduction 171
7.2 The laminar boundary layer 171
7.3 The turbulent boundary layer 172
7.4 Combined drag due to both laminar and turbulent boundary layers 173
7.5 The displacement thickness 173
7.6 Boundary layers in turbulent pipe flow 174
7.7 The laminar sub-layer 176
Worked examples 178
References and recommended reading 185
Problems 185

8 Steady Flow in Open Channels 187

8.1 Introduction 187
8.2 Uniform flow resistance 188
8.3 Channels of composite roughness 189
8.4 Channels of compound section 190
8.5 Channel design 191
8.6 Uniform flow in part-full circular pipes 194
8.7 Steady, rapidly varied channel flow energy principles 195
8.8 The momentum equation and the hydraulic jump 196
8.9 Steady, gradually varied open channel flow 198
8.10 Computations of gradually varied flow 199
8.11 The direct step method 199
8.12 The standard step method 200
8.13 Canal delivery problems 201
8.14 Culvert flow 202
8.15 Spatially varied flow in open channels 203
Worked examples 205
References and recommended reading 241
Problems 241

9 Dimensional Analysis, Similitude and Hydraulic Models 247

9.1 Introduction 247
9.2 Dimensional analysis 248
9.3 Physical significance of non-dimensional groups 248
9.4 The Buckingham 𝜋 theorem 249
9.5 Similitude and model studies 249
Worked examples 250
References and recommended reading 263
Problems 263
viii Contents

10 Ideal Fluid Flow and Curvilinear Flow 265

10.1 Ideal fluid flow 265
10.2 Streamlines, the stream function 265
10.3 Relationship between discharge and stream function 266
10.4 Circulation and the velocity potential function 267
10.5 Stream functions for basic flow patterns 267
10.6 Combinations of basic flow patterns 269
10.7 Pressure at points in the flow field 269
10.8 The use of flow nets and numerical methods 270
10.9 Curvilinear flow of real fluids 273
10.10 Free and forced vortices 274
Worked examples 274
References and recommended reading 285
Problems 285

11 Gradually Varied Unsteady Flow from Reservoirs 289

11.1 Discharge between reservoirs under varying head 289
11.2 Unsteady flow over a spillway 291
11.3 Flow establishment 292
Worked examples 293
References and recommended reading 302
Problems 302

12 Mass Oscillations and Pressure Transients in Pipelines 305

12.1 Mass oscillation in pipe systems – surge chamber operation 305
12.2 Solution neglecting tunnel friction and throttle losses for sudden
discharge stoppage 306
12.3 Solution including tunnel and surge chamber losses for sudden
discharge stoppage 307
12.4 Finite difference methods in the solution of the surge
chamber equations 308
12.5 Pressure transients in pipelines (waterhammer) 309
12.6 The basic differential equations of waterhammer 311
12.7 Solutions of the waterhammer equations 312
12.8 The Allievi equations 312
12.9 Alternative formulation 315
Worked examples 316
References and recommended reading 322
Problems 322

13 Unsteady Flow in Channels 323

13.1 Introduction 323
13.2 Gradually varied unsteady flow 323
13.3 Surges in open channels 324
13.4 The upstream positive surge 325
13.5 The downstream positive surge 326
13.6 Negative surge waves 327
 Contents ix

13.7 The dam break 329

Worked examples 330
References and recommended reading 333
Problems 333

14 Uniform Flow in Loose-Boundary Channels 335

14.1 Introduction 335
14.2 Flow regimes 335
14.3 Incipient (threshold) motion 335
14.4 Resistance to flow in alluvial (loose-bed) channels 337
14.5 Velocity distributions in loose-boundary channels 339
14.6 Sediment transport 339
14.7 Bed load transport 340
14.8 Suspended load transport 343
14.9 Total load transport 345
14.10 Regime channel design 346
14.11 Rigid-bed channels with sediment transport 350
Worked examples 352
References and recommended reading 367
Problems 368

15 Hydraulic Structures 371

15.1 Introduction 371
15.2 Spillways 371
15.3 Energy dissipators and downstream scour protection 376
Worked examples 379
References and recommended reading 389
Problems 390

16 Environmental Hydraulics and Engineering Hydrology 393

16.1 Introduction 393
16.2 Analysis of gauged river flow data 393
16.3 River Thames discharge data 395
16.4 Flood alleviation, sustainability and environmental channels 396
16.5 Project appraisal 397
Worked examples 398
References and recommended reading 405
Problems 406

17 Introduction to Coastal Engineering 409

17.1 Introduction 409
17.2 Waves and wave theories 409
17.3 Wave processes 420
17.4 Wave set-down and set-up 428
17.5 Wave impact, run-up and overtopping 429
17.6 Tides, surges and mean sea level 430
17.7 Tsunami waves 432
x Contents

Worked examples 433

References and recommended reading 438
Problems 439

Answers 441
Index 447
 Preface to Sixth Edition

This book has regularly been on reading lists for hydraulics and water engineering modules
for university civil engineering degree students. The concise summary of theory and the
worked examples have been useful to me both as a practising engineer and as an academic.
The fifth edition aimed to retain all the good qualities of Nalluri and Featherstone’s
previous editions, with updating as necessary and with an additional chapter on environ-
mental hydraulics and hydrology.
The latest sixth edition now adds a new chapter on coastal engineering prepared by my
colleague Dr Ravindra Jayaratne based on original material and advice from Dr Dominic
Hames of HR Wallingford. As before, each chapter contains theory sections, after which
there are worked examples followed by a list of references and recommended reading.
Then there are further problems as a useful resource for students to tackle. The numerical
answers to these are at the back of the book, and solutions are available to download from
the publisher’s website: http://www.wiley.com/go/Marriott.
I am grateful to all those who have helped me in many ways, either through their advice
in person or through their published work, and of course to the many students with whom
I have enjoyed studying this material.
Martin Marriott
University of East London
2016
 About the Author

This well-established text draws on Nalluri and Featherstone’s extensive teaching experi-
ence at Newcastle University, including material provided by Professor J. Saldarriaga of
the University of Los Andes, Colombia. The text has been updated and extended by Dr
Martin Marriott with input from Dr Ravindra Jayaratne of the University of East London
and Dr Dominic Hames of HR Wallingford.
Martin Marriott is a chartered civil engineer, with degrees from the Universities of Cam-
bridge, Imperial College London and Hertfordshire. He has wide professional experience
in the UK and overseas with major firms of consulting engineers, followed by many years
of experience as a lecturer in higher education, currently at the University of East London.
 10 Civil Engineering Hydraulics
Chapter 2

Figure 2.4 Pressure measurement devices: (a) piezometer, (b) U-tube, (c) inclined mano-
meter and (d) differential manometers.

below atmospheric pressure is also called negative or partial vacuum pressure. Absolute
pressure is the pressure measured above a perfect vacuum, the absolute zero.

(a) A simple vertical tube fixed to a system whose pressure is to be measured is called
a piezometer (Figure 2.4a). The liquid rises to such a level that the liquid column’s
height balances the pressure inside.
(b) A bent tube in the form of a U, known as a U-tube manometer, is much more con-
venient than a simple piezometer. Heavy immiscible manometer liquids are used to
measure large pressures, and lighter liquids to measure small pressures (Figure 2.4b).
(c) An inclined tube or U-tube (Figure 2.4c) is used as a pressure-measuring device when
the pressures are very small. The accuracy of measurement is improved by providing
suitable inclination.
(d) A differential manometer (Figure 2.4d) is essentially a U-tube manometer containing
a single liquid capable of measuring large pressure differences between two systems.
If the pressure difference is very small, the manometer may be modified by providing
enlarged ends and two different liquids in the two limbs and is called a differential
micromanometer.

If the density of water is 𝜌, a water column of height h produces a pressure p = 𝜌gh

and this can be expressed in terms of any other liquid column h1 as 𝜌1 gh1 , 𝜌1 being its
 Fluid Statics 11

density:
( )
𝜌1
⇒ h in water column = h1 = sh1 [2.4]
𝜌
where s is the relative density of the liquid.
For each one of the pressure measurement devices shown in Figure 2.4, an equation can
be written using the principle of hydrostatic pressure distribution, expressing the pressures
(in metres) of the water column (Equation 2.4) for convenience.

Chapter 2
2.5 Hydrostatic thrust on plane surfaces
Let the plane surface be inclined at an angle 𝜃 to the free surface of water, as shown in
Figure 2.5.
If the plane area A is assumed to consist of elemental areas dA, the elemental forces dF
always normal to the surface area are parallel. Therefore the system is equivalent to one
resultant force F, known as the hydrostatic thrust. Its point of application C, which would
produce the same moment effects as the distributed thrust, is called the centre of pressure.
We can write

F= dF = 𝜌gh dA = 𝜌g sin 𝜃 dA x
∫A ∫A ∫A
= 𝜌g sin 𝜃 Ax̄
̄
= 𝜌ghA [2.5]
where h̄ is the vertical depth of the centroid G.
O

h0 h h
x

F x0
x
p=

G
pg

C
h

G dA
C

Area, A

Figure 2.5 Hydrostatic thrust on a plane surface.

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
to a revolted dependency until the danger of its being again
subjugated by the parent state has entirely passed away. This
extreme test was, in fact, applied in the case of Texas. The
Congress, to whom President Jackson referred the question as
one 'probably leading to war,' and therefore a proper subject
for 'a previous understanding with that body, by whom war can
alone be declared, and by whom all the provisions for
sustaining its perils must be furnished,' left the matter of
the recognition of Texas to the discretion of the Executive,
providing merely for the sending of a diplomatic agent when
the President should be satisfied that the Republic of Texas
had become 'an independent State.' It was so recognized by
President Van Buren, who commissioned a chargé d'affaires
March 7, 1837, after Mexico had abandoned an attempt to
reconquer the Texan territory, and when there was at the time
no bona fide contest going on between the insurgent province
and its former sovereign.

"I said in my message of December last, 'It is to be seriously

considered whether the Cuban insurrection possesses beyond
dispute the attributes of statehood which alone can demand the
recognition of belligerency in its favor.' The same
requirement must certainly be no less seriously considered
when the graver issue of recognizing independence is in
question, for no less positive test can be applied to the
greater act than to the lesser, while, on the other hand, the
influences and consequences of the struggle upon the internal
policy of the recognizing State, which form important factors
when the recognition of belligerency is concerned, are
secondary, if not rightly eliminable, factors when the real
question is whether the community claiming recognition is or
is not independent beyond peradventure.

"Nor from the standpoint of expediency do I think it would be

wise or prudent for this Government to recognize at the
present time the independence of the so-called Cuban republic.
Such recognition is not necessary in order to enable the United
States to intervene and pacify the island. To commit this
country now to the recognition of any particular government in
Cuba might subject us to embarrassing conditions of
international obligation toward the organization so
recognized. In case of intervention our conduct would be
subject to the approval or disapproval of such government. We
would be required to submit to its direction and to assume to
it the mere relation of a friendly ally. When it shall appear
hereafter that there is within the island a government capable
of performing the duties and discharging the functions of a
separate nation, and having, as a matter of fact, the proper
forms and attributes of nationality, such government can be
promptly and readily recognized and the relations and
interests of the United States with such nation adjusted.

"There remain the alternative forms of intervention to end the

war, either as an impartial neutral by imposing a rational
compromise between the contestants or as the active ally of
the one party or the other. As to the first, it is not to be
forgotten that during the last few months the relation of the
United States has virtually been one of friendly intervention
in many ways, each not of itself conclusive, but all tending
to the exertion of a potential influence toward an ultimate
pacific result just and honorable to all interests concerned.
The spirit of all our acts hitherto has been an earnest,
unselfish desire for peace and prosperity in Cuba untarnished
by differences between us and Spain and unstained by the blood
of American citizens. The forcible intervention of the United
States as a neutral to stop the war, according to the large
dictates of humanity and following many historical precedents
where neighboring states have interfered to check the hopeless
sacrifices of life by internecine conflicts beyond their
borders, is justifiable on rational grounds. It involves,
however, hostile constraint upon both the parties to the
contest, as well to enforce a truce as to guide the eventual
settlement.
{589}

"The grounds for such intervention may be briefly summarized

as follows:

First.
In the cause of humanity and to put an end to the barbarities,
bloodshed, starvation, and horrible miseries now existing there,
and which the parties to the conflict are either unable or
unwilling to stop or mitigate. It is no answer to say this is
all in another country, belonging to another nation, and is
therefore none of our business. It is specially our duty, for
it is right at our door.

Second.
We owe it to our citizens in Cuba to afford them that
protection and indemnity for life and property which no
government there can or will afford, and to that end to
terminate the conditions that deprive them of legal
protection.

Third.
The right to intervene may be justified by the very serious
injury to the commerce, trade, and business of our people and
by the wanton destruction of property and devastation of the
island.

Fourth,
and which is of the utmost importance. The present condition
of affairs in Cuba is a constant menace to our peace, and
entails upon this Government an enormous expense.

With such a conflict waged for years in an island so near us

and with which our people have such trade and business
relations—when the lives and liberty of our citizens are in
constant danger and their property destroyed and themselves
ruined—where our trading vessels are liable to seizure and
are seized at our very door by warships of a foreign nation,
the expeditions of filibustering that we are powerless to
prevent altogether, and the irritating questions and
entanglements thus arising—all these and others that I need
not mention, with the resulting strained relations, are a
constant menace to our peace, and compel us to keep on a
semi-war footing with a nation with which we are at peace.

"These elements of danger and disorder already pointed out

have been strikingly illustrated by a tragic event which has
deeply and justly moved the American people. I have already
transmitted to Congress the report of the naval court of
inquiry on the destruction of the battleship 'Maine' in the
harbor of Habana during the night of the 15th of February. The
destruction of that noble vessel has filled the national heart
with inexpressible horror. Two hundred and fifty-eight brave
sailors and marines and two officers of our Navy, reposing in
the fancied security of a friendly harbor, have been hurled to
death, grief and want brought to their homes and sorrow to the
nation. The naval court of inquiry, which, it is needless to
say, commands the unqualified confidence of the Government,
was unanimous in its conclusion that the destruction of the
'Maine' was caused by an exterior explosion, that of a
submarine mine. It did not assume to place the responsibility:
that remains to be fixed. In any event the destruction of them
'Maine' by whatever exterior cause, is a patent and
impressive proof of a state of things in Cuba that is
intolerable. That condition is thus shown to be such that the
Spanish Government cannot assure safety and security to a
vessel of the American Navy in the harbor of Habana on a
mission of peace, and rightfully there.

"Further referring in this connection to recent diplomatic

correspondence, a dispatch from our minister to Spain, of the
26th ultimo, contained the statement that the Spanish minister
for foreign affairs assured him positively that Spain will do
all that the highest honor and justice require in the matter
of the 'Maine.' The reply above referred to of the 31st
ultimo, also contained an expression of the readiness of Spain
to submit to an arbitration all the differences which can
arise in this matter, which is subsequently explained by the
note of the Spanish minister at Washington of the 10th
instant, as follows: 'As to the question of fact which springs
from the diversity of views between the reports of the
American and Spanish boards, Spain proposes that the facts be
ascertained by an impartial investigation by experts, whose
decision Spain accepts in advance.' To this I have made no
reply.

"President Grant, in 1875, after discussing the phases of the

contest as it then appeared, and its hopeless and apparent
indefinite prolongation, said: 'In such an event, I am of
opinion that other nations will be compelled to assume the
responsibility which devolves upon them, and to seriously
consider the only remaining measures possible—mediation and
intervention. Owing, perhaps, to the large expanse of water
separating the island from the peninsula, … the contending
parties appear to have within themselves no depository of
common confidence, to suggest wisdom when passion and
excitement have their sway, and to assume the part of
peacemaker. In this view in the earlier days of the contest
the good offices of the United States as a mediator were
tendered in good faith, without any selfish purpose, in the
interest of humanity and in sincere friendship for both
parties, but were at the time declined by Spain, with the
declaration, nevertheless, that at a future time they would be
indispensable. No intimation has been received that in the
opinion of Spain that time has been reached. And yet the
strife continues with all its dread horrors and all its
injuries to the interests of the United States and of other
nations. Each party seems quite capable of working great
injury and damage to the other, as well as to all the
relations and interests dependent on the existence of peace in
the island; but they seem incapable of reaching any
 adjustment, and both have thus far failed of achieving any
success whereby one party shall possess and control the island
to the exclusion of the other. Under these circumstances, the
agency of others, either by mediation or by intervention,
seems to be the only alternative which must sooner or later be
invoked for the termination of the strife.'

"In the last annual message of my immediate predecessor during

the pending struggle, it was said: 'When the inability of
Spain to deal successfully with the insurrection has become
manifest, and it is demonstrated that her sovereignty is
extinct in Cuba for all purposes of its rightful existence,
and when a hopeless struggle for its re-establishment has
degenerated into a strife which means nothing more than the
useless sacrifice of human life and the utter destruction of
the very subject-matter of the conflict, a situation will be
presented in which our obligations to the sovereignty of Spain
will be superseded by higher obligations, which we can hardly
hesitate to recognize and discharge.'

{590}

"In my annual message to Congress, December last, speaking to

this question, I said: 'The near future will demonstrate
whether the indispensable condition of a righteous peace, just
alike to the Cubans and to Spain, as well as equitable to all
our interests so intimately involved in the welfare of Cuba,
is likely to be attained. If not, the exigency of further and
other action by the United States will remain to be taken.
When that time comes that action will be determined in the
line of indisputable right and duty. It will be faced, without
misgiving or hesitancy, in the light of the obligation this
Government owes to itself, to the people who have confided to
it the protection of their interests and honor, and to
humanity. Sure of the right, keeping free from all offense
ourselves, actuated only by upright and patriotic
considerations, moved neither by passion nor selfishness, the
Government will continue its watchful care over the rights and
property of American citizens and will abate none of its efforts
to bring about by peaceful agencies a peace which shall be
honorable and enduring. If it shall hereafter appear to be a
duty imposed by our obligations to ourselves, to civilization,
and humanity to intervene with force, it shall be without fault
on our part, and only because the necessity for such action
will be so clear as to command the support and approval of the
civilized world.'

"The long trial has proved that the object for which Spain has
waged the war cannot be attained. The fire of insurrection may
flame or may smoulder with varying seasons, but it has not
been and it is plain that it cannot be extinguished by present
methods. The only hope of relief and repose from a condition
which can no longer be endured is the enforced pacification of
Cuba. In the name of humanity, in the name of civilization, in
behalf of endangered American interests which give us the
right and the duty to speak and act, the War in Cuba must
stop.

"In view of these facts and of these considerations, I ask the

Congress to authorize and empower the President to take
measures to secure a full and final termination of hostilities
between the Government of Spain and the people of Cuba, and to
secure in the island the establishment of a stable government,
capable of maintaining order and observing its international
obligations, insuring peace and tranquillity and the security
of its citizens as well as our own, and to use the military
and naval forces of the United States as may be necessary for
these purposes. And in the interest of humanity and to aid in
preserving the lives of the starving people of the island I
recommend that the distribution of food and supplies be
continued, and that an appropriation be made out of the public
Treasury to supplement the charity of our citizens.

"The issue is now with the Congress. It is a solemn

 responsibility. I have exhausted every effort to relieve the
intolerable condition of affairs which is at our doors.
Prepared to execute every obligation imposed upon me by the
Constitution and the law, I await your action.

"Yesterday, and since the preparation of the foregoing

message, official information was received by me that the
latest decree of the Queen Regent of Spain directs General
Blanco, in order to prepare and facilitate peace, to proclaim
a suspension of hostilities, the duration and details of which
have not yet been communicated to me. This fact with every
other pertinent consideration will, I am sure, have your just
and careful attention in the solemn deliberations upon which
you are about to enter. If this measure attains a successful
result, then our aspirations as a Christian, peace-loving
people will be realized. If it fails, it will be only another
justification for our contemplated action."

Congressional Record,
April 11, 1898.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (April).

Action of Congress empowering the President to expel
Spanish authority from the island of Cuba, and its result
in a state of war with Spain.

On the 13th of April, two days after receiving the President's

Message, as above, the House of Representatives adopted the
following resolution, by a vote of 324 against 19: "Resolved,
That the President is hereby authorized and directed to
intervene at once to stop the war in Cuba, to the end and with
the purpose of securing permanent peace and order there and
establishing by the free action of the people thereof a stable
and independent government of their own in the island of Cuba;
and the President is hereby authorized and empowered to use
the land and naval forces of the United States to execute the
purpose of this resolution."
 Congressional Record,
April 13, 1898, pages 4192-4196.

Three days later the Senate adopted the following, by 27 votes

against 21: "Resolved by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of America in Congress
assembled,

First.
That the people of the Island of Cuba are, and of right ought
to be, free and independent, and that the Government of the
United States hereby recognizes the Republic of Cuba as the
true and lawful Government of that island.

"Second.
That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the
Government of the United States does hereby demand, that the
Government of Spain at once relinquish its authority and
government in the Island of Cuba and withdraw its land and
naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters.

"Third.
That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is,
directed and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces
of the United States, and to call into the actual service of
the United States the militia of the several States, to such
extent as may be necessary to carry these resolutions into
effect.

"Fourth.
That the United States hereby disclaims any disposition or
intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control
over said island except for the pacification thereof, and
asserts its determination when that is accomplished to leave
the government and control of the island to its people."
 Congressional Record,
April 16, 1898, page 4386-4387.

The two Houses were in conflict, it will be seen, on the

question of the recognition of what claimed to be the
government of the Republic of Cuba, organized by the
insurgents. A majority of the House shared the doubts
expressed by the President in his message, as to the existence
of such a government in Cuba as could be recognized without
embarrassment; a majority of the Senate shut its eyes to that
doubt. After two days of heated controversy, the Senate gave
way, and the following resolution, recommended by conference
committees, was adopted in both Houses,—in the Senate by 42
yeas to 35 nays (12 not voting); in the House by 311 to 6 (39
not voting):

{591}

"Resolved, etc.

"First.
That the people of the Island of Cuba are and of right ought
to be free and independent.

"Second.
That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the
Government of the United States does hereby demand, that the
Government of Spain at once relinquish its authority and
government in the Island of Cuba and withdraw its land and
naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters.

"Third.
That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is,
directed and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces
of the United States, and to call into the actual service of
the United States the militia of the several States, to such
extent as may be necessary to carry these resolutions into
effect.

"Fourth.
That the United States hereby disclaims any disposition or
intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control
over said island, except for the pacification thereof, and
asserts its determination when that is accomplished to leave
the government and control of the island to its people."

Congressional Record,
April 18, 1898, pages 4421-4422, and 4461-4462.

One week later, on the 25th of April, the President

communicated to Congress an account of his action in
accordance with this joint resolution, and its result in a
state of war between the United States and Spain as follows:

"Upon communicating to the Spanish minister in Washington the

demand which it became the duty of the Executive to address to
the Government of Spain in obedience to said resolution, the
minister asked for his passports and withdrew. The United
States minister at Madrid was in turn notified by the Spanish
minister for foreign affairs that the withdrawal of the
Spanish representative from the United States had terminated
diplomatic relations between the two countries, and that all
official communications between their respective
representatives ceased therewith.

"I commend to your special attention the note addressed to the

United States minister at Madrid by the Spanish minister for
foreign affairs on the 21st instant, whereby the foregoing
notification was conveyed. It will be perceived therefrom that
the Government of Spain, having cognizance of the joint
resolution of the United States Congress, and in view of the
things which the President is thereby required and authorized
to do, responds by treating the reasonable demands of this
Government as measures of hostility, following with that
instant and complete severance of relations by its action
which, by the usage of nations, accompanies an existent state
of war between sovereign powers.

"The position of Spain being thus made known and the demands
of the United States being denied with a complete rupture of
intercourse by the act of Spain, I have been constrained, in
exercise of the power and authority conferred upon me by the
joint resolution aforesaid, to proclaim under date of April
22, 1898, a blockade of certain ports of the north coast of
Cuba, lying between Cardenas and Bahia Honda and of the port
of Cienfuegos on the south coast of Cuba; and further, in
exercise of my constitutional powers and using the authority
conferred upon me by the act of Congress approved April 22,
1898, to issue my proclamation dated April 23, 1898, calling
forth volunteers in order to carry into effect the said
resolution of April 20, 1898. …

"In view of the measures so taken, and with a view to the

adoption of such other measures as may be necessary to enable
me to carry out the expressed will of the Congress of the
United States in the premises, I now recommend to your
honorable body the adoption of a joint resolution declaring
that a state of war exists between the United States of
America and the Kingdom of Spain, and I urge speedy action
thereon, to the end that the definition of the international
status of the United States as a belligerent power may be made
known, and the assertion of all its rights and the maintenance
of all its duties in the conduct of a public war may be
assured."

Congressional Record,
April 25, 1898, page 4671.

The recommendation of the President was carried out, on the

same day, by the passage in both Houses, unanimously, of an
enactment, "First. That war be, and the same is hereby,
 declared to exist, and that war has existed since the 21st day
of April, A. D. 1898, including said day, between the United
States of America and the Kingdom of Spain. Second. That the
President of the United States be, and he hereby is, directed
and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of the
United States, and to call into the actual service of the
United States the militia of the several States, to such
extent as may be necessary to carry this act into effect."

Congressional Record,
April 25, pages 4674 and 4693.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (April).

Cabinet changes.

Two resignations from the President's cabinet occurred in

April, both occasioned by failing health. Honorable James A.
Gary was succeeded as Postmaster-General by Honorable Charles
Emory Smith, and Honorable John Sherman was followed in the
Secretaryship of State by his First Assistant in that office,
Judge William R. Day.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (April-May).

War with Spain.
Military preparations.
Regular and Volunteer armies.
"The Rough Riders."

At the outbreak of the war, the Regular Army of the United

States numbered but 28,000 officers and men. Under authority
given by acts of Congress it was rapidly increased, and
returns for May, 1898, show 2,191 officers and nearly 42,000
men in the ranks. At the same time, a Volunteer Army was being
speedily raised and equipped. By proclamation of April 2-3d,
the President called for 125,000 volunteers, to be
apportioned, as far as practicable, among the states and
territories, according to population. On the 25th of May he
 called for 75,000 more. Before the end of May, 118,580
enlisted volunteers, with 6,224 officers, were reported to
have been mustered in. These were assembled in various camps
and prepared for service in a more or less hurried way. At the
beginning, six army corps were constituted, embracing both the
Regular and Volunteer branches of the army. The First Corps,
under Major General John R. Brooke, and the Third under Major
General James F. Wade, were organized at Camp Thomas, Georgia.
The Second was organized under Major General William M.
Graham, at Camp Alger, near Falls Church, Virginia. The
organization of the Fourth Corps, Major General John J.
Coppinger, commanding, was begun at Mobile, Alabama. The Fifth
Corps was organized at Tampa, Florid., under Major General
William R. Shafter.
{592}
A Sixth Corps, which had been provided for, was never
organized; but the Seventh was formed, at Tampa, Florida,
under Major General Fitzhugh Lee. Subsequently an Eighth Corps
was concentrated at San Francisco, and transported to the
Philippine Islands. Tampa, Florida, was the port chosen for
the shipment of troops to Cuba, and extensive preparations
were made for the transport service from that point. The
movement waited, first, for the preparation of newly levied
troops, and, secondly, for naval operations to make the voyage
of transports to Cuba safe from attack.

Annual Report of the Adjutant-General to the

Major-General Commanding the Army, 1898.

Among the Volunteer regiments organized, one known as that of

"the Rough Riders" excited public interest in the greatest
degree. "The moment that the newspapers sent broadcast the
tale that such a regiment was contemplated, excitement began
in nearly every State in the Union, and did not end until the
announcement was made that the regiment was complete. As it
stood, finished, the troops which made it up, theoretically
came from the following sections, although men from the East
and from other States and Territories were scattered through
each troop. Troops A, B, and C, from Arizona. Troop D, from
Oklahoma. Troops E, F, G, H, and I, from New Mexico. Troop K,
from Eastern colleges and cities. Troops L and M, from Indian
Territory.

"Senator Warren, of Iowa, is responsible for the idea of the

Rough Riders. He introduced and carried through Congress,
aided by Senators Kyle, Carter, and others, a bill authorizing
the enrollment of three regiments, to be made up of expert
hunters, riflemen, cow-men, frontiersmen, and such other hardy
characters as might care to enlist from the Territories.
Captain Leonard Wood, of the Medical Corps, was the
President's chief medical adviser, and had had much experience
in Indian fighting in the West. Theodore Roosevelt was
Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and had had some knowledge of
men and things on the frontier, through his life on his Own
and other ranches. It was the President's intention to offer
to Wood the colonelcy of one regiment, to Roosevelt the
colonelcy of a second, and to Griggsby, of Montana, the
colonelcy of a third. Wood and Roosevelt received their offers
at about the same moment. Roosevelt promptly declined his, on
the theory that he had not had sufficient military experience
to warrant him in taking command of a regiment. He asked that
he might be given the second place in the regiment commanded
by Wood, which was done. Thus the Rough Riders began.

"Alexander Brodie, who afterwards became major of the

regiment, was probably the first man to systematically start
towards the organization of this particular regiment. … It was
on the 3d of May that the Arizona men started for San Antonio.
It was on the 8th of May that the very last men of all—those
of K Troop—left Washington for San Antonio. These were the
'dude warriors,' the 'dandy troopers,' the 'gilded gang.' When
their train pulled into San Antonio, and they started
stragglingly to march into camp, they encountered a contingent
of 340 cowboys from New Mexico. Oil and water are not farther
 removed than were the everyday natures of these two groups of
men. Yet, instantly they fraternized, and from that
moment—through the hardships of it all—these men were
brothers. … Probably no military organization has ever been
made up of men selected from so large a number of applicants,
or of men so carefully selected. … A large delegation of men
from Harvard College called upon Roosevelt one day in
Washington and offered their services in a body. Indeed,
delegations of that kind from most of the Eastern Colleges
went to him, but went to him in vain. His secretary answered
more than five thousand individual applications for places in
the regiment, and answered ninety-nine per cent. of them with
declinations."

E. Marshall,
The Story of the Rough Riders,
chapter 1
(Copyright, G. W. Dillingham & Co., New York).

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (April-May: Cuba)

War with Spain.
Blockade of Cuban ports.

On the 21st of April, the following instructions were

despatched by the Secretary of the Navy to Rear-Admiral
Sampson, appointed that day to the command of the naval force
on the Atlantic Station: "You will immediately institute a
blockade of the north coast of Cuba, extending from Cardenas
on the east to Bahia Honda on the west; also, if in your
opinion your force warrants, the port of Cienfuegos, on the
south side of the island. It is considered doubtful if the
present force at your command would warrant a more extensive
blockade. It should be borne in mind that whenever the Army is
ready to embark for Cuba the Navy will be required to furnish
the necessary convoy for its transports. For this reason it
does not seem desirable that you should undertake at present
to blockade any more of the island than has been indicated. It
is believed that this blockade will cut off Havana almost
entirely from receiving supplies from the outside. The Navy
Department is considering the question of occupying the port
of Matanzas by a military force large enough to hold it and to
open communications with the insurgents, and this may be done
at an early date, even before the main party of the Army is
ready to embark. If this operation is decided upon, you are
directed to co-operate with the Army and assist with such
vessels as are necessary to cover and protect such a
movement."

Report of Secretary of Navy, 1898,

volume 2, page 175.

In previous confidential orders to the commander of the North

Atlantic squadron, issued April 6, in anticipation of
hostilities, the Department had directed as follows: "In the
event of hostilities with Spain, the Department wishes you to
do all in your power to capture or destroy the Spanish war
vessels in West Indian waters, including the small gunboats
which are stationed along the coast of Cuba.

"2. The Department does not wish the vessels of your squadron
to be exposed to the fire of the batteries at Havana, Santiago
de Cuba, or other strongly fortified ports in Cuba, unless the
more formidable Spanish vessels should take refuge within
those harbors. Even in this case the Department would suggest
that a rigid blockade and employment of our torpedo boats
might accomplish the desired object, viz, the destruction of
the enemy's vessels, without subjecting unnecessarily our own
men-of-war to the fire of the land batteries. There are two
reasons for this: First. There may be no United States troops
to occupy any captured stronghold, or to protect from riot and
arson, until after the dry season begins, about the first of
October. Second. The lack of docking facilities makes it
particularly desirable that our vessels should not be crippled
before the capture or destruction of Spain's most formidable
 vessels.

{593}

"3. The Department further desires that, in case of war, you

will maintain a strict blockade of Cuba, particularly at the
ports of Havana, Matanzas, and, if possible, of Santiago de
Cuba, Manzanillo, and Cienfuegos. Such a blockade may cause
the Spaniards to yield before the rainy season is over."

Report of Secretary of Navy, 1898,

volume 2, page 171.

The prudent policy here set forth restricted the action of the
fleet to blockading duty so closely, during the early weeks of
the war, that no serious demonstrations against the Spanish
land batteries were made. Admiral Sampson had been urgent for
permission to force the entrance to Havana harbor, before its
defenses were strengthened, expressing perfect confidence that
he could silence the western batteries, and reach a position
from which the city would be at the mercy of his guns; but he
was not allowed to make the attempt. The projected occupation
of Matanzas was not undertaken.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (April-May: Philippines).

Statements of the circumstances in which Aguinaldo, the
head of the insurrectionary movement in the Philippines,
went to Manila, to co-operate with the American forces.

On the 4th of May, 1898, the following was published in the

"Singapore Free Press": "General Emilio Aguinaldo, accompanied
by his aide-de-camp, Colonel Marcelo H. del Pilar, and his
private secretary, Mr. J. Leyba, arrived incognito in
Singapore from Saigon on April 21, 1898. In Saigon, where
Aguinaldo had remained for one week, he had interviews with
one or two old Philippino friends now resident there. The
special purpose of Aguinaldo's visit to Singapore was to
consult other friends here, particularly Mr. Howard W. Bray,
an old and intimate English friend, for fifteen years resident
in the Philippines, about the state of affairs in the islands
generally—particularly as to the possibility of war between
the United States and Spain, and whether, in such an event,
the United States would eventually recognize the independence
of the Philippines, provided he lent his co-operation to the
Americans in the conquest of the country. The situation of the
moment was this, that the conditions of the honorable peace
concluded on December 14, 1897, between President Aguinaldo,
on behalf of the Philippine rebels, and H. E. Governor-General
Primo di Rivera, on behalf of Spain, had not been carried out,
although their immediate execution had been vouched for in
that agreement. These reforms would have provided protection
to the people against the organized oppression and rapacity of
the religious fraternities, would have secured improved civil
and criminal procedure in courts, and have guaranteed, in many
ways, improvements in the fiscal and social conditions of the
people. The repudiation by the Spanish Government of these
conditions, made by General Primo di Rivera, now left the
rebel leaders, who had for the most part gone to Hongkong,
free to act. And it was in pursuance of that freedom of action
that Aguinaldo again sought counsel of his friends in Saigon
and Singapore, with a view to the immediate resumption of
operations in the Philippines.

"Meantime Mr. Bray, whose assistance to this journal on

matters connected with the Philippines has been very
considerable, as our readers will have seen, was introduced by
the editor of the Singapore Free Press to Mr. Spencer Pratt,
consul-general of the United States, who was anxious, in view
of contingencies, to learn as much as possible about the real
condition of the Philippines. It was a few days after this
that Aguinaldo arrived incognito in Singapore, when he at once
met his friends, including Mr. Bray. Affairs now becoming more
warlike, Mr. Bray, after conversation with Mr. Spencer Pratt,
eventually arranged an interview between that gentleman and
General Aguinaldo, which took place late on the evening of
Sunday, the 24th April, at 'The Mansion,' River Valley road.
There were present on that occasion General Emilio Aguinaldo y
Fami, Mr. E. Spencer Pratt, consul-general United States of
America; Mr. Howard W. Bray; Aguinaldo's private secretary,
Mr. J. Leyba; Colonel M. H. del Pilar, and Dr. Marcelino
Santos.

"During this conference, at which Mr. Bray acted as

interpreter, General Aguinaldo explained to the American
consul-general, Mr. Pratt, the incidents and objects of the
late rebellion, and described the present disturbed state of
the country. General Aguinaldo then proceeded to detail the
nature of the co-operation he could give, in which he, in the
event of the American forces from the squadron landing and
taking possession of Manila, would guarantee to maintain order
and discipline amongst the native troops and inhabitants in
the same humane way in which he had hitherto conducted the
war, and prevent them from committing outrages on defenceless
Spaniards beyond the inevitable in fair and honorable warfare.
He further declared his ability to establish a proper and
responsible government on liberal principles, and would be
willing to accept the same terms for the country as the United
States intend giving to Cuba.

"The consul-general of the United States, coinciding with the

general views expressed during the discussion, placed himself
at once in telegraphic communication with Admiral Dewey at
Hongkong, between whom and Mr. Pratt a frequent interchange of
telegrams consequently took place. As a result another private
interview was arranged at the American consular residence at
the Raffles Hotel between General Aguinaldo, Mr. Spencer
Pratt, Mr. Howard Bray, and Mr. Leyba, private secretary to
General Aguinaldo. As a sequel to this interview, and in
response to the urgent request of Admiral Dewey, General
Aguinaldo left Singapore for Hongkong by the first available
steamer, the Peninsular and Oriental 'Malacca,' on Tuesday,