MCJ International Aviation Training Services

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Reviewer: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen

Calculus – is a mathematical theory which primarily deals with the concept of limits.

Differential calculus – a branch of mathematics concerned chiefly with the study of the rate of change of functions with
respect to their variables especially through the use of derivatives and differentials.

A. Derivatives of Algebraic Functions

d (uv) dv du
1. =u +v
dx dx dx
d (uvw) dw dv du
2. = uv + uw + vw
dx dx dx dx
du dv
v −u
d (u / v )
3. = dx 2 dx
dx v
du n du
4. = nu n −1
dx dx
d u du / dx
5. =
dx 2 u
k
d 
6.   = −
v kdv / dx
dx v2

B. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

d (sin u ) du
1. = cos u
dx dx
d (cos u) du
2. = − sin u
dx dx
d (tan u ) du
3. = sec 2 u
dx dx
d (cot u) 2 du
4. = − csc u
dx dx
d (sec u ) du
5. = − sec u tan u
dx dx
d (csc u ) du
6. = − csc u cot u
dx dx

C. Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

d (arcsin u ) du / dx
1. =
dx 1− u2

1
 d (arccosu ) du / dx
2. =−
dx 1− u2
d (arctan u) du / dx
3. =
dx 1+ u2
d (arc cot u) du / dx
4. =−
dx 1+ u2
d (arc sec u ) du / dx
5. =
dx u u2 −1
d (arc csc u ) du / dx
6. =−
dx u u2 −1

D. Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

d (loga u ) du / dx
1. = loga e
dx u
d (ln u ) du / dx
2. =
dx u
d (log10 u ) du / dx
3. = log10 e
dx u
Note: log10 e = 0.43429

E. Derivatives of Exponential Functions

d (a u ) du
1. = a u ln a
dx dx
u
d (e ) du
2. = eu
dx dx
v
d (u ) du dv
3. = vu v −1 + u v ln u
dx dx dx

F. Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

d (sin hu ) du
1. = cos hu
dx dx
d (cos hu ) du
2. = sin hu
dx dx
d (tan hu ) du
3. = sec h 2u
dx dx
d (cot hu ) du
4. = − csc h 2 u
dx dx
d (sec hu ) du
5. = − sec hu tan hu
dx dx
d (csc hu ) du
6. = − csc hu cot hu
dx dx
G. Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
d (sin h −1u ) du / dx
1. = sin h −1u
dx 1+ u 2

−1
d (cos h u ) du / dx
2. = cos h −1u
dx 2
u −1

2
 d (tan h −1u )du / dx
3. = 2
tan h −1u
dx 1+ u
d (cot h −1u ) du / dx
4. = cot h −1u
dx 1− u2
d (sec h −1u ) du / dx
5. = sec h −1u
dx u 1− u 2

d (csc h −1u ) du / dx
6. = csc h −1u
dx u 1+ u 2

d ( gdu) du
7. = sec hu
dx dx
Note: gdu = gudermanian of u
gdu = arctan (sin hu)

DIFFERENTIALS

Differential – the product of the derivative of a function of one variable by the increment of the independent variable.

Examples:
1. If y = x5 / 2 what is the approximate change in y when x changes from 4 to 4.01.

Given:
y = x5 / 2
x=4
dx = 0.01
Required:
dy
Solution:
5 3/ 2
dy = x dx
2
 5  3/ 2
dy =  (4) (0.01) = 0.20
2
2. If h = 65tanθ, what is the approximate change in h when θ changes from 600 to 600 03’.

Given:
h = 65 tan θ
θ = 60 0
3
dθ = = 0.050
60
Required:
dh
Solution:
dh = 65 sec 2 θdθ
dh = (65)(sec2 600 )(0.050 )(π / 1800 ) = 0.227
3. Using the differentials, determine the appropriate increase in the volume of a sphere if the radius increases from 5 cm
to 5.05 cm.
Given:
r = 5cm
dr = 0.05cm
3
 Required:
dV
Solution:
4
V = πr 3
3
4
dV = π (3)r 2 dr
3
dV = 4π (5) 2 (0.05) = 15.71 cu. cm

Problems:

1. Using differentials, determine the appropriate increase in the surface area of a sphere if the radius increases from
4 cm to 4.05 cm.
Ans. dS = 5.03 sq.cm
2. If y = x 4 / 3 what is the appropriate change in y when x changes from 8 to 8.01.
Ans. dy = 0.027
3. A diameter of a sphere can be measured with a maximum error of 0.2 cm. Find the corresponding error in the volume
of a sphere whose diameter is 90 cm.
Ans. dV = 2,544 .69 cu. cm
4. The radius of a circle can be measured with an allowable error of 0.01 cm. Determine the corresponding error in area
of a circle with a diameter of 75 cm.
Ans. dA = 2.36 sq. cm
5. The allowable error in the measurement of the edge of a cubical box is one mm. What is the volume of a cubical box
whose edge is 90 cm.
Ans. dV = 2,430 cu. cm
6. The allowable error in the measurement of the radius of a sphere is 1 mm. Find the corresponding error in the surface
area of a sphere whose radius is 60 cm.
Ans. dS = 151 sq. cm
7. The edge of a cubical box can be measured with an allowable error of 2 mm. What is the corresponding error in the
total surface area of the cubical box whose edge is one meter.
Ans. dS = 240 sq . cm

Formulas:
❶Volume of sphere
4
V = πr 3
3
❷Volume of cubical box
V = a3
❸Surface area of sphere
S = 4πr 2
❹Surface area of cubical box
S = 6a 2
❺ Area of circle
A = πr 2

4
DERIVATIVES

Derivative – the limit of the ratio of the change in a function to the corresponding change in its independent variable as
the latter change approaches zero.

Examples:
1. y = 33 x
Solution:
Let: u = 3
v = 3x
v
d (u ) du dv
= vu v −1 + u v ln u
dx dx dx
 d (3)  3 x  d (3x) 
y ' = (3x)(3) 3 x−1   + 3 (ln 3)   = (3)(33 x ) ln 3
 dx   dx 

2. y = x 2 x
Solution:
ln y = 2 x ln x
1 dy  1  dx   d (2 x) 
= (2 x)   + (ln x) 
y dx  x  dx   dx 
1 '
y = 2 + (ln x )( 2)
y
y ' = y[2 + 2 ln x]
y ' = 2 y[1 + ln x]
y ' = 2 x 2 x [1 + ln x]

3. e y = 2 x
Solution:
ln e y = ln 2 x
y ln e = ln 2 x
y = ln 2 x
 1   d (2 x) 
y ' =  
 2 x   dx 
1
y' =
x

4. y = 2 cos(2 + x 3 )
Solution:
[
y ' = 2 − sin(2 + x 3 )(3x 2 ) ]
' 2 3
y = −6 x sin(2 + x )

5. y = 2 sin 2 ( x 2 + 1)
Solution:
[
y = 2 sin(x 2 + 1) ]
2

[
y ' = (2)(2) sin( x 2 + 1) cos( x 2 + 1)(2 x) ]
y ' = 8x sin(x 2 + 1) cos( x 2 + 1)

5
6. y = 2 tan(1 + x 3 )
Solution:
y ' = 2 sec2 (1 + x 3 )(3x 2 )
y ' = 6 x 2 sec 2 (1 + x 3 )

7. y = 2 sec(x 3 + 3)
Solution:
y ' = 2 sec( x 3 + 3) tan( x 3 + 3)(3x 2 )
y ' = 6 x 2 sec(x 3 + 3) tan(x 3 + 3)

8. y = tan 2 ( x 2 + 1)
Solution:
y ' = 2 tan( x 2 + 1) sec 2 ( x 2 + 1)(2 x)
y ' = 4 x tan(x 2 + 1) sec2 ( x 2 + 1)

9. Find the first derivative of y = arc csc 4 x .

Solution:
d (arc csc y ) − du / dx
=
dx u u2 −1
−4
=
4 x (4 x) 2 − 1
−1
=
x 16 x 2 − 1

10. Find the first derivative of y = arc sec 2 x .

Solution:
d ( arc sec y ) du / dx
=
dx u u2 −1
2
=
2 x (2 x) 2 − 1
1
=
x 4x2 −1

Problems:
Find the first derivatives.
1. y = 5 x , Ans. y ' = (1.61)(5 x )
2. y = 32 x , Ans. y ' = (2.197)(32 x )
3. y = 2.16sin 2 x , Ans. y ' = (4.32) cos 2 xesin 2 x
4. y = 3 x e x , Ans. y ' = 3 x e x + 3 x e x ln 3 = (2.10)(3 x )e x
5. y = 2 cos( 2 + x 3 ) , Ans. y ' = −6 x 2 sin( 2 + x 3 )
6. y = 2 sin 2 ( x 2 + 1) , Ans. y ' = 8 x sin( x 2 + 1) cos( x 2 + 1)
7. y = 2 tan(1 + x 3 ) , Ans. y ' = 6 x 2 sec 2 (1 + x 3 )
x 1
8. y = arcsin , Ans. y ' =
2 4 − x2
6
9. y = arc cot 3 x , Ans. y ' = − 3
1 + 9x2
10. y = x
2
when x = 1, Ans . y ' = −0.125
( x + 1)

SLOPE OF CURVES

Slope of a curve – the slope of the line tangent to a plane curve at a point.

Examples:
1. Find the slope of the curve y = (1 − 2 x)3 at (1, -1).
Solution:
y ' = 3(1 − 2 x ) 2 ( −2) = ( −6)[1 − ( 2)(1) ] = −6
2

6
2. Determine the slope of the curve y = (1 − 5 x ) at (0, 1/3).
3
Solution:
6(1 − 5 x)5 (−5) (6)[1 − (5)(0)] (−5)
5
y' = = = −10
3 3

3. What is the slope of the curve y = x 2 ( x + 1) 3 at (1, 8).

Solution:
y ' = x 2 (3)( x + 1) 2 (1) + ( x + 1)3 (2 x) = 3x 2 ( x + 1) 2 + (2 x)( x + 1) 3 = (3)(1) 2 (1 + 1) 2 + (2)(1)(1 + 1)3 = 28

4. At what point does the curve x 2 − 2 x + y − 3 = 0 have a slope of -2?

Solution:
2x − 2 + y' = 0
2 x − 2 + −2 = 0
2x − 4 = 0
x=2
Substituting the value of x in x 2 − 2 x + y − 3 = 0 ,
(2) 2 − (2)(2) + y − 3 = 0
y=3
Therefore the point is at (2, 3).

5. What is the slope of the tangent to the curve y = e4 x at the point where x = 0 ?
Solution:
y ' = e 4 x (4) = (4)e ( 4)( 0) = 4

Problems:
1. What is the slope of the curve y = 6(4 + x)1/ 2 a (0, 12)?
Ans. y ' = 3 / 2
2 2
2. Determine the slope of the curve y = (1 − 2 x ) at (1, 1).
x
Ans. y ' = 3
3. At what point does the curve 3x 2 − 7 x + y = 0 have a slope of 1?
Ans. At point (1, 4)
7
4. At what point does the curve x 3 − 9 x − y = 0 have a slope of 18?
Ans. At point (3, 0)
5. At what point does the curve x 2 − 2 x + y = 0 have a slope of 2?
Ans. At point (0, 0)
6. At what point does the curve x 3 − 3x − 3 y = 0 have a slope of 3?
Ans. At point (2, 2/3)
7. Determine the slope of the tangent to the curve y = 2 ln x at the point where x = 1.
Ans. y ' = 2
8. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = ln(2 x) at the point where x = 2.
Ans. y ' = 1 / 2
9. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = 3e 2 x at (0, 3).
Ans. y ' = 6
10. What is the slope of the tangent to the curve y = 3 ln(3 x ) at the point where abscissa is 1?
Ans. y ' = 3

POINT OF INFLECTION

Point of inflection – a point on a curve that separates an arc concave upward from one concave downward and vice
versa.

Examples:
1. Find the point of inflection of the curve y = x3 − 6 x 2 − x + 12 .
Solution:
y ' = 3x 2 − 12 x − 1
y " = 6 x − 12 = 0
x=2
y = (2) 3 − (6)(2) 2 − 2 + 12 = −6
The point of inflection is at (2, -6)

2 3
2. Find the point of inflection of the curve y = 6 x − x + 5 .
7
Solution:
12 x − 3 x 2
y' =
7
" 12 − 6 x =0
y =
7
x=2
(6)( 2) 2 − ( 2) 3 + 5
y= =3
7
The point of inflection is at (2, 3)

3. If y = ax3 + bx2 and its point of inflection is at (2, 8), what is the value of “b”?
Solution:
y ' = 3ax 2 + 2bx
y " = 6ax + 2b = 0
(6a )( 2) + 2b = 0

8
 b = −6a
8 = a(2) 3 + b( 2) 2
8 = 8a + 4b
b = 2 − 2a
Equating for “b”,
− 6a = 2 − 2a
1
a=−
2
1
b = −(6)( − ) = 3
2
Problems:
1. If y = ax3 + bx2 and its point of inflection is at (2, 4), what is the value of “a”?
Ans. a = −1 / 4
2. Locate the point of inflection of the curve y = 2 x 3 − 12 x 2 − 3x + 35 .
Ans. Point of inflection is (2,-3)

LIMITS

Limits – in its elementary form, is described as the value approach by a variable quantity in a prescribed manner.

Examples:
1. sin φ as φ approaches 0 0.
φ

Solution:
cos φ cos 0 0
= =1
1 1

2. 4 x − 1 as x approaches 0.
6x

Solution:
4 2
= = 0.67
6 3

3. cos x −2 1 as x approaches 0.
1 − sec x

Solution:
− sin x sin x cos 3 x cos 3 0 1
= = = = = 0 .5
− 2 sec x sec x tan x 2 1 sin x 2 2 2
.
cos 2 x cos x

4. x + tan x as x approaches 0.
sin 4 x

Solution:

9
 1 1
1+ 1+
1 + sec 2 x 2
cos x = cos 2 0 = 1 + 1 = 1 = 0.5
=
cos 4 x ( 4) 4 cos 4 x ( 4) cos[( 4)( 4)] ( 4)(1) 2

5. x 2 − 1 as x approaches 1.
2
x + 3x − 9

Solution:
2x ( 2)(1) 2
= =
2 x + 3 ( 2)(1) + 3 5

2
6. x + 4 as x approaches infinity.
x−4
Solution:
2x ( 2)(∞ ) ∞
= = =∞
1 1 1

7. What is the limit of sin 22 x as x approaches 0?

x
Solution:
2 cos 2 x cos 2 x cos[( 2)(0) ] 1
= = = =∞
2x x 0 0

8. What is the limit of 1 − cos 2 x as x approaches 0?

x
Solution:
− [− (sin 2 x )( 2)] 2 sin 2 x 2 sin( 2)(0) sin 0
= = = =0
1 1 1 1

2
9. Evaluate the limit of 2 x 2 − x as x approaches 1?
3x + 4
Solution:
4 x − 1 ( 4)(1) − 1 3 1
= = =
6x (6)(1) 6 2

10. Evaluate the limit of sin x3− x as x approaches 0?

tan x
Solution:
cos x − 1 0
2 2
= =0
3 tan x sec x 0

Problems:
1. What is the limit of 1 − cos
3
x as x approaches 0?
x
Ans. ∞
2. What is the limit of x − 2 as x approaches 2?
x2 − 4
Ans. ∞

10
3. Evaluate the limit of x−3 as x approaches 3?
x2 − 9
Ans. 0
2
4. What is the limit of 1 − x 3 as x approaches 1?
1− x
Ans. 2/3
2
5. What is the limit of x 2 + 4 x − 5 as x approaches 1?
x − 4x + 3
Ans. -3

MAXIMA-MINIMA

Maximum – the highest number or amount that is possible or allowed.

Minimum – the lowest number or amount that is possible or allowed.

Examples:
1. What is the maximum value of y if y = x3 − x ?

Solution:
y = x3 − x
y , = 3x 2 − 1 = 0
1
x2 =
3
x = 0 .577
y = (0.577) 3 − 0.577 = −0.385

2. What is the maximum value of y if y = x 4 − 8 x ?

Solution:
y = x 4 − 8x
y, = 4x3 − 8 = 0
8
x3 = =2
4
x = 1.26
y = (1.26) 4 − (8)(1.26) = −7.56

3. What is the maximum value of y if y = x 6 − 12x ?

Solution:
y = x 6 − 12x
y , = 6 x 5 − 12 = 0
12
x5 = =2
6
x = 1.149
y = (1.149) 6 − (12)(1.149) = −11.49

11
4. The sum of two numbers is S. What is the minimum value of their squares?

Solution:
Let: x = one number
S − x = other number
P = sum of their squares
P = x 2 + ( S − x) 2
P , = 2 x − 2(S − x)(−1) = 0
2 x = 2( S − x )
x=S−x
2x = S
S
x=
2
S S
S−x=S− =
2 2
2 2
S S S2
P =  +  =
2 2 2

5. The sum of two numbers is K. The product of one by the square of the other is to be a maximum. What is one of the
numbers?

Solution:
Let: x = one number
K − x = other number
P = x( K − x) 2
P , = x[2( K − x)(−1)] + ( K − x) 2 (1) = 0
2x = K − x
3x = K
K = one of the numbers
x=
3
K 2
K − x = K − = K = the other number
3 3

6. The sum of two numbers is K. The product of one by the cube of the other is to be a maximum. What is one of the
numbers?

Solution:
Let: x = one number
K − x = other number
P = sum of their squares
P = x ( K − x)3
[ ]
P , = x 3( K − x) 2 (−1) + ( K − x) 3 (1) = 0
3x = K − x
4x = K
K = one of the numbers
x=
4
K 3
K − x = K − = K = the other number
4 4

12
7. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 12 m. Find one of the legs if the area is maximum.

Solution:
(12) 2 = x 2 + y 2
x 2 + y 2 = 144
2 x + 2 yy' = 0
x
y' = −
y
xy
A=
2
dA 1 '
dx 2
[
= xy + y (1) = 0 ]
xy ' y
=−
2 2
y
y' = −
x
y x
− =−
x y
x= y
x 2 + y 2 = 144
x 2 + x 2 = 144
2 x 2 = 144
144
x2 =
2
x = 8.49 m

7. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 14 m. Find its perimeter if its area is a maximum.

Solution:

(14) 2 = x 2 + y 2
x 2 + y 2 = (14) 2
2 x + 2 yy' = 0
x
y' = −
y
xy
A=
2
dA 1 '
dx 2
[
= xy + y (1) = 0 ]
xy ' y
=−
2 2
y
y' = −
x
y x
− =−
x y
x= y
x 2 + y 2 = (14) 2
x 2 + x 2 = (14) 2
13
 2 x 2 = (14) 2
x = 9.9 m
Perimeter = 9.9 + 9.9 + 14 = 33 .8 meters

8. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 15 m. Find its maximum area.

Solution:

x 2 + y 2 = (15) 2
2 x + 2 yy' = 0
x
y' = −
y
xy
A=
2
dA 1 '
dx 2
[
= xy + y (1) = 0 ]
xy ' y
=−
2 2
y
y' = −
x
y x
− =−
x y
x= y
x 2 + y 2 = (15) 2
x 2 + x 2 = (15) 2
2 x 2 = (15) 2
x = 10.61 m
xy (10 .61)(10 .61)
A= = = 56 .3 m 2
2 2

9. A rectangular lot having an area of 5,000 m2 is to be fenced on 3 sides. Find the least amount of fencing needed.

Solution:

A = xy
5,000 = xy
5,000
y=
x
P = 2x + y
5,000
P = 2x +
x
5,000
P' = 2 − =0
x2
2 x 2 = 5,000
x = 50 m
Least amount of fencing = 50 + 50 + 100 = 200 m

10. A rectangular lot having an area of 5,000 m2 is to be fenced on sides. To have the least amount of fencing, what
14
 should be the ratio of its length to its width?

Solution:

A = xy
5,000 = xy
5,000
y=
x
P = 2x + y
5,000
P' = 2 − =0
x2
2 x 2 = 5,000
x = 50 m

5,000 5,000
y= = = 100 m
x 50
Ratio of length to width = 2 : 1

11. What is the shape of the rectangle of given area that has the longest diagonal?

Solution:

L2 = x 2 + y 2
2 LL' = 2 x + 2 yy ' = 0
2 x = − 2 yy '
x
y' = −
y
A = xy
dA
= xy '+ y = 0
dx
y
y' = −
x
Equating for y ' :
x y
− =−
y x
x2 = y 2
x=y

12. What is the area in sq. m of the rectangle of maximum perimeter inscribed in a circle having a diameter of 10 m?

Solution:

D2 = x2 + y2
2 DD ' = 2 x + 2 yy ' = 0
2 x = − 2 yy '
x
y' = −
y
A = xy

15
 dA
= xy '+ y = 0
dx
y
y' = −
x
Equating for y ' :
x y
− =−
y x
x2 = y 2
x=y
(10) 2 = x 2 + y 2
(10) 2 = x 2 + x 2
(10) 2 = 2 x 2
x 2 = 50
Area = 50 sq.m

13. An open cylindrical tank was built with minimum surface area. Find the ratio of its length to its radius?

Solution:

(
S = π 2 rh + r 2 )
dS
dr
[
= π 2rh ' + h( 2) + 2r = 0]
2 rh ' + 2 h + 2 r = 0

− h − r − (h + r )
h' = =
r r

V = πr 2 h

[ ]
V ' = π r 2 h ' + h(2r ) = 0

2h
h' = −
r

Equating for h ' :

2h (h + r )
− =−
r r

h=r

h r
Ratio = = =1
r r

16
14. Determine the ratio of the height to radius of a closed cylindrical tank of a given surface area to have maximum
volume.

Solution:
S = 2πrh + 2πr 2

(
S = 2π rh + r 2 )
dS
dr
[
= 2π rh ' + h + 2r = 0 ]
− h − 2r
h' =
r

− (h + 2r )
h' =
r

V = πr 2 h

[
V ' = π r 2 h ' + h(2r ) = 0 ]
2h
h' = −
r

Equating for h ' :

2h (h + 2r )
− =−
r r

h = 2r

h 2r
Ratio = = =2
r r

15. A closed cylindrical container was cut out of 169.6 m2 of materials. Determine the radius of the vessel to have a
maximum volume.

Solution:

S = 2πrh + 2πr 2

169.6 = 2π rh + r 2 ( )
[
0 = 2π rh ' + h + 2r ]
− h − 2r
h' =
r

− (h + 2r )
h' =
r

V = πr 2 h

[
V ' = π r 2 h ' + h(2r ) = 0 ]
17
 2h
h' = −
r

Equating for h ' :

2h (h + 2r )
− =−
r r

h = 2r

(
169.6 = 2π r ( 2r ) + r 2 )
169 .6
3r 2 =
2π

r =3 m

16. A closed cylindrical tank has a capacity of 402 m3 and minimum surface area. It is painted with anti-rust with a
spreading capacity of 67 m2 per gallon. How many gallons of paint is used

Solution:

V = πr 2 h

402 = πr 2 h

[
0 = π r 2 h ' + h ( 2r ) ]
2h
h' = −
r

S = 2πrh + 2πr 2

(
S = 2π rh + r 2 )
dS
dr
[
= 2π rh ' + h + 2r = 0 ]
− h − 2r
h' =
r

− (h + 2r )
h' =
r

Equating for h ' :

2h (h + 2r )
− =−
r r

h = 2r

V = πr 2 h

402 = πr 2 ( 2r ) = 2πr 3

18
 r=4 m

h = 2r = 8 m

[ ]
S = 2π ( 4 )(8) + ( 4 ) 2 = 301 .59 m 2

301 .59 m 2
No . of gallons = = 4.5 gallons
67 m 2 / gallon

17. The diameter of a closed cylindrical tank that requires the minimum amount of materials to make it if its volume is
16π m3.

Solution:
V = πr 2 h

16π = πr 2 h

16 = r 2 h

[
0 = r 2 h ' + h( 2r ) ]
2h
h' = −
r

S = 2πrh + 2πr 2

(
S = 2π rh + r 2 )
dS
dr
[
= 2π rh ' + h + 2r = 0 ]
− h − 2r
h' =
r

− (h + 2r )
h' =
r

Equating for h ' :

2h (h + 2r )
− =−
r r

h = 2r

V = πr 2 h

16π = πr 2 ( 2r )

r=2 m

Diameter = 2r = ( 2)( 2) = 4 m

19
18. A closed cylindrical can is to have a volume of 108 cu. m and a minimum total surface area. What should be the base
radius and height?

Solution:

V = πr 2 h

108 = πr 2 h

[
0 = π r 2 h ' + h ( 2r ) ]
2h
h' = −
r

S = 2πrh + 2πr 2

(
S = 2π rh + r 2 )
dS
dr
[
= 2π rh ' + h + 2r = 0 ]
− h − 2r
h' =
r

− (h + 2r )
h' =
r

Equating for h ' :

2h (h + 2r )
− =−
r r

h = 2r

V = πr 2 h

108 = πr 2 ( 2r )

r = 2.58 m

h = 2r = ( 2)( 2.58) = 5.16 m

19. A box with open top and square base is to be constructed using the maximum amount of material. If the volume is
to be 32 cu. m, what should be the height of the box in meters?

Solution:

V = x2 y

32 = x 2 y

0 = x 2 y ' + y (2 x)

20
 − 2y
y' =
x
S = x 2 + 4 xy
dS
dx
[ ]
= 2 x + 4 xy ' + y (1) = 0

4 xy ' + 4 y + 2 x = 0
− (4 y + 2 x) − (2 y + x)
y' = =
4x 2x
Equating for y ' :
− (2 y + x) − 2 y
=
2x x
x = 2y
32 = ( 2 y ) 2 y
y3 = 8
y=2 m

20. What is the least amount of material, in sq. ft that can produce a box with a square base and open top having a
volume of 32 cu. ft?

Solution:
V = x2 y

32 = x 2 y

0 = x 2 y ' + y (2 x)

− 2y
y' =
x
S = x 2 + 4 xy
dS
dx
[ ]
= 2 x + 4 xy ' + y (1) = 0

4 xy ' + 4 y + 2 x = 0
− (4 y + 2 x) − (2 y + x)
y' = =
4x 2x
Equating for y ' :
− (2 y + x) − 2 y
=
2x x
x = 2y
32 = ( 2 y ) 2 y
y3 = 8
y=2 m
x = ( 2)( 2) = 4 m
S = (4 ) + (4 )(4 )( 2 ) = 48 sq . ft
2

21. A wall 3 m high is 2.44 m away from a building. What is the length in meters of the shortest ladder that can reach the
building with one end resting on the ground outside the wall?

Solution:

21
 3
sin θ =
x
x = 3 csc θ
2.44
cos θ =
y
y = 2.44 sec θ
L = x + y = 3 csc θ + 2.44 sec θ

L' = (3)( − csc θ cot θ ) + ( 2.44)(sec θ tan θ ) = 0

3 csc θ cot θ = 2.44 sec θ tan θ
3 cos θ 2.44 sin θ
=
sin θ sin θ cos θ cos θ
3 cos 3 θ = 2.44 sin 3 θ
sin 3 θ 3
=
cos 3 θ 2.44
3
tan 3 θ =
2.44
3
tan θ = 3
2.44
3
θ = Arc tan 3 = 46.97 0
2.44
L = x + y = 3 csc 46 .97 0 + 2 .44 sec 46 .7 0 = 7 .68 m

22. A wall “h” meters high is 2 m away from the building. The shortest ladder that can reach the building with one end
resting on the ground outside the wall is 6 m. How high is the wall in meters?

Solution:

h
sin θ =
x
x = h csc θ
2
cos θ =
y
y = 2 sec θ

6 = x + y = h csc θ + 2 sec θ Eqn. ①

0 = h(− csc θ cot θ ) + (2)(secθ tan θ )
h csc θ cot θ = 2 sec θ tan θ
h cos θ 2 sin θ
=
sin θ sin θ cos θ cos θ
h cos 3 θ = 2 sin 3 θ
2 sin 3 θ
h=
cos 3 θ
h = 2 tan 3 θ Eqn. ②
Substituti ng Eqn. 2 in Eqn. 1 :
6 = 2 tan 3 θ csc θ + 2 sec θ
2 sin 3 θ 2
6= 3
+
sin θ cos θ cos θ

22
 2 sin 2 θ 2
6= 3
+
cos θ cos θ
2 sin θ + 2 cos 2 θ
2
6=
cos 3 θ
6 cos 3 θ = 2(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )
2
cos 3 θ =
6
2
θ = Arc cos 3 = 46 .10 0
6
h = 2 tan 3 46 .10 0 = 2 .24 m

23. A cable is to be run from a power plant on one side of a river 900 m wide to a factory on the other side 3 km away
upstream. The cost of running the cable overland is P4 per meter while the cost under water is P5 per meter.

①What is the length of the cable overland which is most economical?

②What is the length of the cable under water that is most economical?
③Find the minimum cost of running the cable from the plant to the factory.
④What total length of the cable must be run at most economical cost?

Solution:
①Length of the cable overland:
y 2 = x 2 + (900) 2

y= x 2 + (900 ) 2
C = (300 − x)(4) + [x 2
]
+ (900) 2 (5)

dC
dx
[
= −4 + (5)(1 / 2) x 2 + (900 ) 2 ]−1 / 2
(2 x) = 0
( 2 x )(5)
−4+ =0
2 x 2 + (900 ) 2
4 x 2 + (900) 2 = 5 x
5
x 2 + (900 ) 2 = x
4
Squaring both sides :
25 2
x 2 + (900) 2 = x
16
25 2
x − x 2 = (900 ) 2
16
25 x 2 − 16 x 2
= (900 ) 2
16
9 x 2 = (900 ) 2 (16)
(900 ) 2 (16)
x2 =
9
x = 1, 200 m
3,000 − 1, 200 = 1,800 m

23
 ②Length of the cable under water:
y= x 2 + (900 ) 2
y = (1,200) 2 + (900) 2 = 1,500 m

③Minimum cost = (4)(1,800)+(4)(1,500)=P14,700

④Total length of the cable from power plant to factory = 1,800 +1,500 = 3,300 m

24. In triangle ABC, AC = 4.25 cm, AB = 9.61 cm, and BC = 8.62 cm. A rectangle is inscribed in it such that its shorter side
is on the 4.25 cm side of the triangle.

①Find the length of the rectangle if the area is maximum.

②Determine the width of the rectangle if its area is maximum.
③Determine the maximum area of the rectangle.

Solution:
①Length of the rectangle:
By similar triangles :
y 8.62
=
4.25 − x 4.25
 8.62 
y = ( 4.25 − x ) 
 4.25 
y = (4.25 − x)(2.028)
A = xy
A = x( 4.25 − x)(2.028)
dA
= ( 2 .028 x )( − 1) + ( 4.25 − x )( 2.028 ) = 0
dx
x = 4 .25 − x
2 x = 4.25
x = 2.125 cm
y = ( 4.25 − 2.125)( 2.028) = 4.31 cm
②Width of rectangle = 2.125 cm

③Maximum area = (2.125)(4.31) = 9.16 cm2

25. The length of the sides of a triangle are 4.25 cm, 9.61 cm and 8.62 cm. A rectangle is inscribed in it such that the
longest side is on the 9.61 cm. What is the length of the rectangle if its area is maximum?

Solution:
By similar triangles :
h h− y
=
9.61 x
(9.61)(h − y)
x=
h
A = xy
(9 .61( h − y )
A= y
h
24
 4.25
tan θ =
8.62
 4 .25  0
θ = Arc tan   = 26 .25
 8 . 62 
h
sin θ =
8.62
h = 8 .62 sin θ = (8 .62 )(sin 26 .25 0 ) = 3 .81 cm
(9.61)(3.81 − y )
x= = (2.52)(3.81 − y )
3.81
A = (2.52)(3.81 − y ) y
dA
= ( 2.52 )[(3.81 − y )(1) + y ( −1) ] = 0
dx
3.81 − y = − y
2 y = 3.81
y = 1.905 cm
x = ( 2.52 )(3.81 − 1.905) = 4.8 cm
26. The lower edge of a picture frame is 4 ft while its upper edge is 9 ft above the eyes of the observer who is 6 ft tall.
How far horizontally from the picture should the observer stand such that the angle subtended by the picture at the
observer’s eyes should be maximum?

Solution:
9
tan α =
x
9
α = Arc tan
x
4
tan β =
x
4
β = Arc tan
x
θ =α −β
9 4
θ = Arc tan − Arc tan
x x
−9 −4
dθ x 2
x2
= 2
− 2
=0
dx 9 4
1+   1+  
 x  x
9 4
2
= 2
x + 81 x + 16
9 x 2 + 144 = 4 x 2 + 324
5 x 2 = 180
x = 6 ft
27. A 3 m statue stands on top of a 4 m pedestal whose base is on a level ground. How far should a man stand from the
base such that the angle subtended by the statue at the eyes of the man would be maximum. The man’s eyes are
4.92 feet above the ground.

25
Solution:

2 .5
tan α =
x
2.5
α = Arc tan
x
5 .5
tan β =
x
5.5
β = Arc tan
x
θ = β −α
5.5 2.5
θ = Arc tan − Arc tan
x x

− 5.5 − 2 .5
dθ x 2
x2
= 2
− 2
=0
dx  5 .5   2 .5 
1+   1+  
 x   x 
5.5 2.5
2
= 2
x + 30.25 x + 6.25
5.5 x 2 + 30.375 = 2.5 x 2 + 75.625
3 x 2 = 41.25
x = 3.7 m
28. ① Find the point on the curve y 2 = 8 x which is nearest to the external point (4, 2).
② Find the distance from the point (4, 2) to the nearest point on the curve y 2 = 8 x.

Solution:
① d 2 = ( x − 4) 2 + ( y − 2) 2
2dd ' = 2( x − 4)(1) + 2( y − 2) y ' = 0
x − 4 + ( y − 2) y ' = 0
4− x
y' =
y−2
y 2 = 8x
2 yy ' = 8
4
y' =
y
4 4−x
=
y y−2
4 y − 8 = 4 y − xy
xy = 8
8
y=
x
2
8
  = 8x
x
64
= 8x
x2
8 x 3 = 64
x=2
26
 8
y= =4
2
② d 2 = ( x − 4) 2 + ( y − 2) 2
d 2 = ( 2 − 4) 2 + ( 4 − 2) 2
d 2 = ( −2 ) 2 + ( 2 ) 2
d2 = 4+ 4
d = 2.83 units
29. The total cost of producing a certain product is C = 40 x − 0.01x 2 − 600 where x = no. of units produced. Find the
value of x for minimum cost.

Solution:
C = 40 x − 0.01x 2 − 600
dC
= 40 − ( 2)( 0.01) x = 0
dx
x = 2,000

30. A worker can produce at the rate of n = 10 + 6t 2 − t 3 product units per, where t = no. of hours on the job. In how
many hours will he attain maximum rate of production?

Solution:
n = 10 + 6t 2 − t 3
dn
= ( 2)( 6)t − 3t 2 = 0
dt
t = 4 hrs.

31. A lamp with adjustable height hangs directly above the center of a circular kitchen table that is 8 m in diameter. The
illumination at the edge of the table is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle θ and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance from the lamp to the edge of the table and the angle θ is the angle between the ray of
light and the vertical. How close to the table should the lamp be pulled to maximize the illumination at the edge of
the table.

Solution:
k cos θ
I=
y2
x
cos θ =
y
x
k
y kx
I= 2 = 3
y y
y = x + r 2 = x 2 + 16
2 2

(
y = x 2 + 16 )
1/ 2

(
y 3 = x 2 + 16 )
3/ 2

kx
I=
(x 2
+ 16 )
3/ 2

 2 3 
dI 
x + 16( )
3/ 2
( ) 1/ 2
(1) − x   x 2 + 16 ( 2 x ) 
=  2 =0
dx  ( 2
x + 16) 3

 
27
 (x 2
+ 16 )
3/ 2
(
= 3 x 2 x 2 + 16 )
1/ 2

x 2 + 16 = 3x 2
2 x 2 = 16
16
x2 = = 8
2
x = 2.83 m
Problems:
1. The sum of two numbers is S. What is the maximum value of the sum of their cubes?
3
Ans. S
4
2. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 20 m. If the area is maximum, what is its perimeter?
Ans. Perimeter = 48.3 m

3. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 20 cm. What is the maximum possible area of the triangle in sq. cm?
Ans. A = 100 cm2

4. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 20 cm. Determine the perimeter that will make its area maximum.
Ans. Perimeter = 48.28 cm

5. A closed cylindrical tank was built with minimum surface area. Determine the ratio of its altitude to its radius.
h
Ans. Ratio = = 2
r

6. A closed cylindrical tank has a capacity of 50.27 m3. Determine the radius of the tank such that the amount of
material used to make the tank is minimum.
Ans. r = 2 m

7. What is the biggest volume in cu. m of the biggest closed cylindrical tank that can be made out of 125.5 sq. m of steel
sheet?
Ans. V = 108 cu. m

8. What is the least amount of tin sheet, in sq. inches, that can be made into a closed cylindrical can having a volume of
108 cu. inches?
Ans. S = 125.50 m2

9. A box having a square base and open top is to be made with the least amount of material. What should be the edge in
meters if the volume is to be 32 cu. m?
Ans. x = 4 m

10. What is the height of the biggest box with open top and square base that can be made out of 48 sq. ft of cardboard?
Compute also the base edge. Compute also the volume in cu. ft.
Ans. x = 4 ft , y = 2 ft , V = 32 ft3

11. Find the nearest distance from the point (16, 0) to the parabola y 2 = 16 x.
Ans. d = 13.85 units

12. The total cost of producing a certain product is C = 30 x − 0.02 x 2 + 500 where x = no. of units produced. Find the
value of x for minimum cost.
Ans. x = 750

28
13. A factory has an hourly production of x = 30t + 6t 2 − t 3 units, where t = no. of hours from start of work. After how
many hour will the production rate be maximum?
Ans. t = 5.74hrs.

MARGINAL PROFITS
Examples:
1. A product is sold at P420 per unit. The unit cost of production is (50 + x) where x is the number of units sold. Find the
marginal profit at a sales level of 50 units.

Solution:
P = 420 x − (50 + x) x
P = 420 x − 50 x − x 2
dP
= 420 − 50 − 2 x
dx
dP
= 420 − 50 − (2)(50) = 270 m arg inal profit
dx

2. The total profit “P” in million pesos is a function of the number of units “x” produced such that P = 100 ( x + 1)1 / 2 − 4 x .
Find the marginal profit in million pesos at a production of 100 units.

Solution:
P = 100 ( x + 1)1 / 2 − 4 x
dP 1
= (100 )  ( x + 1) −1 / 2 (1) − 4
dx 2
dP 50
= −4
dx x +1
dP 50
= − 4 = 0.975 m arg inal profit
dx 100 + 1

3. The profit derived from selling ”x” units of a certain product is P = 0.003x 2 + 10 x . Find the marginal profit for a
production of 50 units.

Solution:
P = 0.00 x 2 + 10 x
dP
= ( 2) (0.003 )x + 10
dx
dP
= (2)(0.003)(50) + 10
dx
dP
= 10.3 m arg inal profit
dx

4. The profit from producing a certain product is P = 30 x − x 2 − 200 where x = no. of product units produced per
month. What level of production will yield a zero marginal profit?

Solution:
P = 30 x − x 2 − 200
dP
= 30 − 2 x = 0
dx
x = 15

29
6. A certain commodity is produced and sold at P200 per unit. The cost of production is (80 + x) pesos per unit where
x = no. of units produced. Determine the marginal profit in pesos for a production of 40 units.
Solution:
P = 200 x − (80 + x) x
dP
= 200 − 80 − 2 x
dx
dP
= 120 − (2)(40)
dx
dP
= 40 m arg inal profit
dx

Problems:
1. The profit in selling “x” units of a certain manufactured product is P = 0.05 x 2 + 10 x in pesos. Find the marginal profit
in pesos for a production of 100 units.
dP
Ans. = 20 m arg inal profit
dx

2. The profit in selling “x” units of a certain manufactured products is P = 0.002 x 2 + 1.5 x in million pesos. Find the
marginal profit in million pesos for a production of 10 units.
dP
Ans. = 1.4 m arg inal profit
dx

TIME RATES

Time rate – a value that results from dividing the change in a function of a variable by the change in time.

Examples:
1. Oil flows into a vertical cylindrical tank at 500 cubic centimeters per second. The oil level rises at 0.15 cm/s. Determine
the diameter of the tank in cm.

Solution:

πD 2 h
V =
4
dV π 2 dh
= D ( )
dt 4 dt

dV
4
dt = ( 4)(500 )
D= = 65 .15 cm
dh π (0.15 )
π
dt

30
2. Water flows at the rate of 2,000 cu.cm/s into a vertical tank 120 cm and 6 m high. How fast is the water level rising in
cm/s?

Solution:

πD 2 h
V =
4
dV π 2 dh
= D ( )
dt 4 dt

dV
4
dh ( 4)( 2,000 )
= dt2 = = 0.177 cm / s
dt πD π (120 ) 2

3. The water level is rising at the rate of 0.2 cm/s in a vertical cylindrical tank, 100 cm in diameter. What is the rate of
inflow in cu.cm/s?

Solution:
πD 2 h
V =
4
dV π 2 dh
= D ( )
dt 4 dt
dV π
= (100) 2 (0.2) = 1,570.8 cm3 / s
dt 4

4. Water is flowing into a conical vessel at a constant rate of 4 cu.cm/s. The diameter at the top is 10 cm and the altitude
is 18 cm. At what rate in cm/s is the water level rising when the water is 12 cm deep?

Solution:

By proportion:

5 x
=
18 h
5h
x=
18
πx 2 h
V =
3
2
 5h 
π  h
V =  18 
3
25πh 3
V =
(3)(18) 2
dV 25π (3)h 2 dh
= ( )
dt (3)(18) 2 dt
dV
(18) 2 2
dh
= dt = (18) ( 4) = 0.115 cm / s
dt 25πh 2 25π (12 ) 2

31
5. A conical vessel has an open top diameter of 10 cm and a height of 18 cm. Water flows into it at a constant rate of
4 cu.cm/s. At what depth will the water be rising at the rate of 0.115 cm/s?

Solution:
5 x
=
18 h
5h
x=
18
πx 2 h
V =
3
2
 5h 
π  h
V =  18 
3
25πh 3
V =
(3)(18) 2
dV 25π (3)h 2 dh
= ( )
dt (3)(18) 2 dt
dV
(18) 2
dt = (18 ) 2 ( 4)
h= = 11 .98 cm
dh 25π (0.115 )
25π
dt

6. The angle between the sides of a triangle 8 cm and 12 cm long is changing, causing the area to change at a constant
rate of 45 m 2 / min . What rate in rad/min, is the angle changing when the angle is 30 deg.?

Solution:

(8)(12) sin θ
A=
2
dA dθ
= 48 cos θ
dt dt

dA
dθ dt 45
= = = 1.08 deg . / min = 0.019 rad / min
dt 48 cos θ ( 48)(cos 30 )

7. Each side of an equilateral triangle is changing at a constant rate of 30 cm/min. Find the length of each side at the
time the area is changing at the rate of 100 cm2/min.

Solution:

x 2 sin 60 0
A=
2
A = 0.433 x 2
dA dx
= (2)(0.433) x
dt dt

32
 dA
dt 100
x= = = 3.85 cm
dx ( 2)(0.433)(30)
( 2)(0.433)
td

8. How fast is the area of a circle when the radius in 10 cm if the radius is changing at the rate of 2 mm/s?

Solution:
A = πr 2
dA dr
= 2πr
dt dt
dA
= 2π (10)(0.2) = 12.57 cm2 / s
dt

9. How fast is the volume of a sphere changing when the radius is 20 cm if the radius is changing at the rate of one
mm/s.

Solution:
4
V = πr 3
3
dV 4 dr
= 3( )πr 2
dt 3 dt
dV
= (4)π (20) 2 (0.1) = 502.65 cm3 / s
dt

10. How fast is the surface area of a sphere changing when the radius is 25 cm if the radius is changing at the rate of one
mm/s?

Solution:
S = 4πr 2
dS dr
= (2)(4π )r
dt dt
dS
= (2)(4π )(25)(0.1) = 62.83 cm 2 / s
dt

11. A cone with an altitude of 25 cm has its base radius changing at the rate of one mm/s. How fast is its volume
changing when the radius is 14 cm?

Solution:
πr 2 h πr 2 ( 25)
V = =
3 3
dV  25  dr
= (2 ) π  r
dt  3  dt

dV  25 
= ( 2 ) π  (14 )( 0 .1) = ( 2 )( 4π )( 25 )( 0 .1) = 73 .39 cm 3 / s
dt  3 

33
12. How fast is the volume of a cube changing when the edge is 15 cm if the edge is changing at the rate of 2 mm/s

Solution:
V = x3
dV dx
= 3x 2 = (3)(15) 2 (0.2) = 135 cm3 / s
dt dt

13. How fast is the surface area of a cube changing when the edge is 30 cm if the edge is changing at the rate of 3 mm/s?

Solution:
S = 6x 2
dS dx
= (2)(6 x) = (12)(30)(0.3) = 108 cm2 / s
dt dt

14. A cone with an altitude of 40 cm has its base radius changing at the rate of 2 mm/s. How fast is its lateral area
changing when the radius is 60 cm?

Solution:

L2 = r 2 + h 2
L = r 2 + (40) 2

S = πrL
S = πr r 2 + (40) 2
dS  1 1
dr dr 
( )−
= π  r   r 2 + ( 40 2 2 ( 2 r ) + r 2 + ( 40) 2
dt 
dt   2 dt
dr
πr 2
dS dt dr
= + πr r 2 + ( 40 ) 2
dt 2
r + ( 40 ) 2 dt
dS π (60) 2 (0.2)
= + π (60) (60) 2 + (40) 2 (0.2) = 76.65 cm 2 / s
dt 2
(60) + (40) 2

15. A man 1.8 m tall walks away from a lamp post 4 m high at a speed of 1.5 m/s. How fast in m/s does his shadow
lengthen in m/s? How much does the end of his shadow move with respect to the lamp post?

Solution:
By proportion:
x y
=
2.2 1.8
1.8 x
y=
2.2
dy 1.8 dx
=
dt 1.2 dt
34
 dy (1.8)(1.5)
= = 1.23 m / s
dt 1.2
S x
=
4 2.2
4x
S=
2.2
dS 4 dx (4)(1.5)
= = = 2.73 m / s
dt 2.2 dt 2.2
Alternate solution:
dS dx dy
= + = 1.5 + 1.23 = 2.73 m / s
dt dt dt

16. A lady 1.65 m tall walks towards a lamp post 2.65 m high at a speed of 1.5 m/s. How fast does her shadow shorten
in m/s? How fast does the end of her shadow move with respect to the lamp post?

Solution:
By proportion:
x y
=
1.0 1.65
y = 1.65 x
dy dx
= 1.65
dt dt
dy
= (1.65)(1.5) = 2.475 m / s
dt

dS dx dy
= + = 1.5 + 2.475 = 3.975 m / s
dt dt dt
17. The upper end of a 3 m pipe leans against a vertical wall, while the lower end is on a level concrete pavement
extending to the wall. The lower end slides away at a constant rate of 2 cm/s. How fast is the upper end moving
down on the wall in cm/s when the lower end is 2 m away from the wall?

Solution:

x 2 + y 2 = (3) 2
dx dy
2x + 2y =0
dt dt
dy x dx
=−
dt y dt
When x = 2 m,
y = 9 − x 2 = 9 − (2) 2 = 2.24 m
dy  2 
= −  ( 2) = − 1.79 cm / s
dt  2.24 

18. A man on a wharf pulls in a rope to which a boat is attached at the rate of 2 m/s. The wharf is 3 m above the water
level. Find the speed of the boat when there is 7 m of rope out. Find the acceleration of the boat when there is still
7 m of rope outs.

35
 Solution:

R2 = x2 + 9
dR dx
2R = 2x
dt dt
dx R dR
=
dt x dt
When R = 7 m,
x = R 2 − 9 = (7) 2 − 9 = 6.32 m
dx  7 
=  ( 2 ) = 2.22 m / s
dt  6 .32 
dx R dR
Vx = =
dt x dt
R R
Vx = (2) = 2
x x
 dR dx 
dV x  x dt − R dt   (6.32)(2) − (7)(2.22)  2
ax = = 2 2  = 2 2  = −0.145 m / s
dt  x   ( 6 .32 ) 
 
19. At noon, a car starts westward at 30 kph. At 2:00 P.M. another goes northward and from the same point at 45 kph.
How fast in kph are the two cars separating at 4:00 P.M.?

Solution:

S 2 = (30t ) 2 + [( 45)(t − 2) ]
2

dS dt dt
2S = (2)(900)t + (45) 2 (2)(t − 2)
dt dt dt
dS 900t + ( 45) 2 (t − 2)
=
dt S
When t = 4 hours,
S= [(30)(4)]2 + [(45)(4 − 2)]2 = 150 km
2
dS (900 )( 4) + ( 45) ( 4 − 2)
= = 51 kph
dt 150

20. The first train started eastward at 40 mph. One hour later, the second train starts southwards at 60 mph. How fast
in mph are the two trains separating 2 hours after the start of the second train?

Solution:
S 2 = ( 40t ) 2 + [(60)(t − 1)]
2

dS dt dt
2S = (2)(40) 2 t + (60) 2 (2)(t − 2)
dt dt dt
dS 1,600t + 3,600(t − 1)
=
dt S

When t = 3 hours,
S= [(40)(3)]2 + [(60)(3 − 1)]2 = 169.71 miles

36
 dS (1,600)(3) + (3,600)(3 − 1)
= = 70.71 mph
dt 169.71

21. A balloon leaves the ground 18 m from an observer and rises vertically at 1.25 m/s. How fast in m/s is the balloon
receding from the observer after 8 sec.?

Solution:
S 2 = (18) 2 + y 2

dS dy
2S = 2y
dt dt
dS y dy
=
dt S dt
When y = (1.25)(8) = 1.25 m,
S = (18) 2 + (10) 2 = 20.59 m
dS (10)(1.25)
= = 0.61 m / s
dt 20.59

22. A balloon leaves the ground 18 m from an observer and rises vertically at 1.25 m/s. Find the rate in m/s2, at which
The velocity of recession of balloon from the observer is changing after 8 seconds.

Solution:
S 2 = (18) 2 + y 2

dS dy
2S = 2y
dt dt
dS y dy
=
dt S dt
When y = (1.25)(8)=10 m,
S = (18) 2 + (10) 2 = 20.59 m
dS (10)(1.25)
= = 0.61 m / s
dt 20.59
y dy y 1.25 y
Vs = = (1.25) =
S dt S S

 dy dS 
1.25 S −y 
dV S  dt dt  (1.25)[( 20 .59 )(1.25 ) − (10 )(0.61)]
a= = = = 0.058 m / s 2
dt S2 ( 20 .59 ) 2

23. A stone is dropped from the top of a tower 30 m high and 10 m away from an observer on the ground. How fast is
the distance between the stone and the observer changing one second later?

37
 Solution:
1 2
y= gt
2
1
y = (9.8066)(1) 2 = 4.9033 m
2
S 2 = (10) 2 + (30 − y ) 2
S = (10) 2 + (30 − 4.9033) 2 = 27.02 m
From:
S 2 = (10) 2 + (30 − y ) 2
dS  dy 
2S = 2(30 − y ) − 
dt  dt 
 dy 
(30 − y ) − 
dS
=  dt 
dt S
From:
1 2
y= gt
2
dy
= gt = (98066 )(1) = 9.8066 m / s
dt
Hence,
dS (30 − 4.9033)(−9.8066)
= = −9.11 m / s
dt 27.02

24. A car traveling slowly along the shore is being followed by a searchlight in a lighthouse that 1.5 km offshore. When
the car was 2 km away from the point on the shore nearest to the lighthouse, it was traveling at 10 kph. How fast in
rad/hour is the searchlight turning at this moment?

Solution:
x
tan θ =
1.5
x
θ = arctan
1.5
 
 
dθ 1  dx / dt 
=
dt 1.5   x  2 
1 +   
  1.5  
When x = 2 km and dx/dt = 10 kph,
 
 
dθ  1   10  = 2.4 rad / hour
= 
dt  1.5    2  2 
1 +   
  1.5  

25. A revolving searchlight in a light house 1.2 km offshore, the following a jogger running along the shore at a speed of
3 km. How far is the jogger from the point on the shore nearest to the lighthouse when the searchlight is turning at
the rate of 1/3 revolution per hour?

38
 Solution:
x
tan θ =
1.2
x
θ = arctan
1.2
 
 
dθ 1  dx / dt 
=
dt 1.2   x  2 
1 +   
  1.2  
2
 x  dx / dt
1+   =
 1.2  1.2 dθ / dt
2
 x  dx / dt
  = −1
 1.2  1.2 dθ / dt
dx / dt
x = 1. 2 −1
1.2dθ / dt
 2π rad 
When dθ = 1 rev / hr   = 2.09 rad / hour
dt 3  1 rev 
 
and
dx
= 3 kph
dt
dx / dt 3
x = 1.2 − 1 = 1.2 − 1 = 0.53 km
1.2dθ / dt (1.2)( 2.09)

26. A revolving searchlight in an offshore lighthouse is following a car slowly running along the shore at 8 kph. When the
car is 1.8 km away from the point on the shore closest to the lighthouse, the searchlight was turning at the rate of
2 rad/hour. How far is the lighthouse from the shore?

Solution:
y
tan θ =
x
y
θ = arctan
x
 
 
dθ 1  dy / dt 
=
dt x   y 2 
1 +   
 x 
2
 y dy / dt
1+   =
x xdθ / dt
y2 dy / dt
1+ 2 =
x xdθ / dt
2 2
x +y dy / dt
=
x2 xdθ / dt
xdy / dt
x2 = − y2
dθ / dt

39
 dθ dy
When = 2 rad / hour, y = 1.8 km and = 8 kph,
dt dt
x(8)
x2 = − (1.8) 2
2
x 2 − 4 x + 3.24 = 0

Using quadratic formula:

x = 1.13 km

27. As a man walks across a bridge at a speed of 1.5 m/s, a boat passes directly beneath him at a speed of 3 m/s. The
bridge is 9 m above the water. How fast in m/s are the boat and the man separating 3 seconds later?

Solution:
S2 = [x 2
+ (9 ) 2 ] +y
2
2

S 2 = x 2 + 81 + y 2
dS dx dy
2S = 2x + 2 y
dt dt dt
dx dy
x +y
dS dt dt
=
dt S

When t = 3 sec onds , x = (3)(1.5) = 4.5 m , y = (3)(3) = 9 m

S = (4.4) 2 + 81 + (9) 2 = 13.5 m
dS (4.5)(1.5) + (9)(3)
= = 2.5 m / s
dt 13.5

28. As a cart crosses a bridge at a speed of 1.2 m/s, a small boat passes directly beneath it at a speed of 2.5 m/s. If the
bridge is 6 m above the water after how many seconds will the cart and the boat be separating at the rate of
2.59 m/s?

Solution:
S2 = [x 2
+ ( 6) 2 ] +y
2
2

S 2 = x 2 + 36 + y 2
dS dx dy
2S = 2x + 2 y
dt dt dt
dx dy
x +y
S= dt dt
dS
dt
When x = 1.2t , y = 2.5t ,
S 2 = (1.2t ) 2 + 36 + ( 2.5t ) 2
S 2 = 7.69t 2 + 36

40
 From:
dx dy
x +y
S = dt dt
dS
dt
(1.2t )(1.2) + (2.5t )(2.5)
S= = 2.969t
2.59
S 2 = ( 2.969t ) 2 = 8.815t 2
Equating for S2:
7.69t 2 + 36 = 8.815t
1.125t 2 = 36
36
t= = 5.65 sec onds
1.125

29. A bicycle passes a skywalk at a speed of 2 m/s, a man directly above it walks on the skywalk at the speed of 1 m/s.
The skywalk is at right angle to the road. 3 seconds later, the man and the bicycle will be separating at the rate of
1.57 m/s. Find the length of the skywalk.

Solution:

S 2 = x2 + h2 + y2
When t = 3 sec onds :

x = vt = (1)(3) = 3 m

y = vt = ( 2)(3) = 6 m

S 2 = (3) 2 + h 2 + (6) 2

S 2 = 9 + h 2 + 36

dS dx dy
2S = 2x + 2y
dt dt dt

dx dy
x +y
S= dt dt = (3)(1) + (6)(2) = 9.55 m
dS 1.57
dt
From:

S 2 = 9 + h 2 + 36

h = S 2 − 9 − 36 = (9.55) 2 − 9 − 36 = 6.80 m

30. Two boats left the wharf at the same time. One sailed due North at 30 mph while the other sailed due East at 40
mph. How fast were they separating after 30 minutes in mph?

41
 Solution:

S 2 = (30t ) 2 + (40t ) 2

S 2 = 900t 2 + 1,600t 2

S 2 = 2,500t 2

30
When t = = 0.50 hour
60
S 2 = (2,500)(0.50) 2

S = 25 miles
From S 2 = 2,500t 2 :
dS
2S = 5,000t
dt
dS 5,000t (5,000)(0.5)
= = = 50 mph
dt 2S ( 2)(25)

31. Two boats left the wharf at the same time. One sailed in the direction N. 300 E. at 40 mph. The other sailed due east
at 25 mph. Hoe fast were they separating at the end of one hour in mph.

Solution:

By cosine law:
S 2 = (40t ) 2 + (25t ) 2 − 2(40t )(25t ) cos 60 0
S 2 = 1,225t 2
When t = 1 hour
S 2 = (1,225)(1) 2

S = 35 miles
From S 2 = 1,225t 2 :
dS
2S = (2)(1,225)t
dt
dS 1,225t (1,225)(1)
= = = 35 mph
dt S (35)

32. A 12:00 noon, boat A, left the pier in the direction N. 100 E. at 36 mph. At 1:00 P.M. boat B, left the same pier in
the direction N. 700 E. at 28 mph. How fast are they separating at 2:00 P.M.?

Solution:

By cosine law:
[ ]
S 2 = (36t ) 2 + 28(t − 1) 2 − 2(36t )[28(t − 1)] cos 60 0
S = 1,296t + 784(t − 1) 2 − 1,008t (t − 1)
2 2

When t = 2 hours
S 2 = (1,296)(2) 2 + (784)(2 − 1) − (1,008)(2)(2 − 1)
42
 S = 62.86 miles
From S 2 = 1,296t 2 + 784(t − 1) 2 − 1,008t (t − 1) :
S 2 = 1,296t 2 + 784(t − 1) 2 − 1,008t 2 + 1,008t
dS
2S = (2)(1,296)t + (784)(2)(t − 1)(1) − (2)(1,008)t + 1008
dt
dS ( 2)(1,296)t + (2)(784)(t − 1) − ( 2)(1,008)t + 1,008
=
dt 2S

dS (2)(1,296)(2) + ( 2)(784)(2 − 1) − ( 2)(1,008)(2) + 1,008

= = 29.65 mph
dt (2)(62.86)

33. From the pier a boat is sighted 10 nautical miles away with a bearing of N.300E.moving towards the pier at 8 nautical
miles per hour. At the same time another boat is sighted 15 nautical miles away with a bearing of N.600 E. moving
also toward the pier at 6 nautical miles per hour. How fast is the distance between the two boats changing after 30
minutes in nautical miles per hour?

Solution:

S 2 = (10 − 8t ) 2 + (15 − 6t ) 2 − 2(10 − 8t )(15 − 6t ) cos 30 0

When t = 0.5 hour
S 2 = (6) 2 + (12) 2 − (2)(6)(12) cos 30 0
S = 7.44 nautical miles
From S 2 = (10 − 8t ) 2 + (15 − 6t ) 2 − 2(10 − 8t )(15 − 6t ) cos 30 0
S 2 = (10 − 8t ) 2 + (15 − 6t ) 2 − (1.732)(10 − 8t )(15 − 6t )

dS
2S = (2)(10 − 8t )(−8) + (2)(15 − 6t )(−6) − 1.732)[(10 − 8t )(−6) + (15 − 6t )(−8)]
dt
When t = 0.5 hour
dS
= −0.764 nautical mile per hour
dt

34. A Ferris wheel has a radius of 10 m. Its center is 12 m above the ground. When a passenger is 17 m above the ground
he is moving 1.81 m/s. What is the speed of rotation of the wheel in rpm?

Solution:

x = 12 + 10 sin θ
When x = 17 m :
17 = 12 + 10 sin θ
10 sin θ = 17 − 12
5
sin θ =
10
0
θ = 30

From :
x = 12 + 10 sin θ

43
 dx dθ
= 10 cos θ
dt dt
dx
1.81
θ = dθ =
10 cos θ 10 cos 30 0
1 rev 60 sec
θ = 0.209 rad / sec x x = 2 rpm
2π 1 min

35. Car A is traveling East at 44 m/s and car B is traveling North at 33 m/s. Both cars are traveling towards the junction of
two perpendicular roads. At what time they will be closest together when car A is 300 m and car B is 400 m from the
junction?

Solution:
S 2 = (300 − 44t ) 2 + (400 − 33t ) 2
dS
2S = 2(300 − 44t )( −44) + 2( 400 − 33t )( −33)
dt
dS
When =0
dt
0 = −26,400 + 3,872t − 26,400 + 2,178t
6050t = 52,800
t = 8.73 sec .

From :
x = 12 + 10 sin θ
dx dθ
= 10 cos θ
dt dt
dx
1.81
θ = dθ =
10 cos θ 10 cos 30 0
1 rev 60 sec
θ = 0.209 rad / sec x x = 2 rpm
2π 1 min

36. A bomber plane, flying horizontally 3.2 km above the ground is sighting at a target on the ground directly ahead. The
angle between the line of sight and the path of the plane is changing at the rate of 5/12 rad/min. When the angle is
300, what is the speed of the plane in mph?

Solution:

3,200
tan θ =
x
3,200
θ = arctan
x
− 3,200  dx  dx
  − 3,200
 
2
dθ x dt dt
= 2
= 2
dt  3,200  x + (3, 200 )2
1+  
 x 

44
 dx
[x 2
+ (3,200) 2 ] ddtθ [(5,542.56) 2
]
+ (3,200) 2 ((25 )
= =
dt − 3,200 − 3,200

Whenθ = 30 0 ,
3,200
tan 30 0 =
x
3,200
x= = 5,542.56 m
tan 30 0
dθ 5  60 min 
= rad / min  = 25 rad / hr
dt 12  1 hr 
dθ
dx
[
x 2 + (3,200) 2 ] [
2 2
]
dt = (5,542.56) + (3,200) ((25) = −320,000 meters / hour x 3.28 ft  1 mile  = 198.79 mph
=  1 m  5,280 ft 
dt − 3,200 − 3,200   

37. A particle moves along the path defined by the equation x = t 3 and y = 3t 2 . Determine the component of its velocity
when t = 5 sec .

Solution:
dy
= 6t
dt
dy
= (6)(5) = 30
dt

38. A point moves along the parabola y 2 = 4 x with a constant speed of 30 cm/sec. Find the horizontal component of
the velocity at (1, 2) in cm/sec.

Solution:
y 2 = 4x
dy dx
2y =4
dt dt
When x = 1
y 2 = 4 x = (4)(1) = 4
y=2
From :
dy dx
2y =4
dt dt
dx dx
4 4
dy dx
= dt = dt =
dt 2y (2)(2) dt
2 2
 dx   dy 
V =   + 
 dt   dt 
2
 dx 
2  = V 2
 dt 

45
 2
 dx  V2
  =
 dt  2
dx V2 (30) 2
= = = 21.21 cm / sec
dt 2 2

39. A particle moves along the curve x 2 = 16 y. The y-component of its velocity is constantly 2 mm/s. What is the
x-component of its velocity at (4, 1)?

Solution:
x 2 = 16 y.
dx dy
2x = 16
dt dt
dy
16
dx
= dt = (16)(2) = 4 mm / sec
dt 2x (2)(4)

40. A particle moves along a path whose parametric equations are x = 3t 2 and y = 2t 3 . What is the acceleration when
t =1.

Solution:

x = 3t 2
dx
= V X = 6t
dt
dV X
= aX = 6
dt
y = 2t 3
dy
= VY = 6t 2
dx
dVY
= a Y = 12t = (12)(1) = 12
dt
a= (a X )2 + (aY )2 = (6) 2 + (12) 2 = 13.42
2
 dx 
2  = V 2
 dt 
2
 dx  V2
  =
 dt  2
dx V2 (30) 2
= = = 21.21 cm / sec
dt 2 2

Problems:
1. A conical vessel has diameter of 2 m at the top and a height of 6 m. Water flows into it at a constant rate of
0.5 cu.m/min. At what rate in m/min is the water level rising when the water is one meter deep?
dh
Ans. = 5.73 m / min
dt
2. Water flows into a conical vessel at a constant rate of Q cu. cm/sec. The vessel has a height of 18 cm and a diameter
of 10 cm at the top. When the water is 12 cm deep, the water level is rising at the rate of 0.115 cm/sec. Find the value
46
 dV
of Q. Ans. = 4.014 cu. cm / sec
dt
3. Water flows into a conical vessel at a constant rate of 0.5 cu.m/min. The vessel has a height of 6 m and a top diameter
of 2 m. At what depth will the water level be rising at the rate of 7.73 m/min?
Ans. h = 1 m
4. Each side of an equilateral triangle is changing at a constant rate of 22 cm/min. How fast in cm2/min is the area
changing when one side is 14 cm long?
dA
Ans. = 266.7 cm2 / min
dt
5. How fast is the circumference of a circle changing if the radius is changing at the rate of 3 mm/s?
dC
Ans. = 1.88 cm / s
dt
6. A cone with an altitude of 50 cm has its base radius changing at the rate of 3 mm/s. How fast is its lateral area
changing when the radius is 20 cm?
dS
Ans. = 57.81 cm2 / s
dt
7. A worker 1.5 m walks toward a lamp post 3.05 m high at a speed of 1.05 m/s. How fast does his shadow
shorten in m/s?
dy
Ans. = 1.016 m / s
dt
8. A 15 ft. ladder leans against a vertical wall. If the upper end starts sliding downward at the rate of 4 fps, how fast in
fps does the lower end move horizontally when it is 12 ft. from the wall?
dx
Ans. = 3 ft / s
dt
9. A 15 ft. ladder leans against a vertical wall. If the lower end starts sliding horizontally at the rate of 2 fps, how fast in
fps is the upper end going down when it is 9 ft. above the wall?
dy
Ans. = −2.67 ft / s
dt
10. An observer on the ground is 12 m away from the foot of the tower 40 m high. A stone is dropped from the top of
the tower. How fast in m/s is the distance between the stone and the observer changing after one second?
dS
Ans. = −9.3 m / s
dt
11. As a small boat passes under a bridge at a speed of 2.5 m/s, a man walks across the bridge directly above it at a
speed of 1.2 m/s. The water is 6 m below the bridge. How fast in m/s are the man and the boat separating after
4 seconds?
dS
Ans. = 2.44 m / s
dt
12. As a boat passes under a bridge at a speed of 3 m/s, a cart crosses the bridge directly above the water at a speed of
1.5 m/s. The water is 9 m below the bridge. After how many seconds will the boat and the cart be separating at the
rate of 2.93 seconds?
Ans. t = 4.81 seconds

13. At 4:00 P.M. boat A left the pier in the direction of N.450 E. at 26, mph. At 4:30 P.M. boat B left the same pier in the
direction S.300E. at 32 mph. How fast were they separating at 5:00 P.M. in mph?
dS
Ans. = 38.25 mph
dt

47
14. A particle moves along the curve x 2 = 4 y. When x = 2, the x-component of the velocity is changing at 3 mm/s. Find
the corresponding rate of change of the y-component of the velocity in mm/sec.
dy
Ans. = 3 mm / sec
dt
15. The motion of a particle is defined by the parametric equations: x = t 3 and y = 2t 2 . Determine its velocity when
t = 2.
Ans. V = 14 .42

48