2nd ENGINEERING CORPS QUALIFYING EXAMINATION

SIMPLE CIRCUITS
Prepared by: Jared S. Cuchapin

OHM'S LAW EXAMPLE 2: 3. A copper transmission line is to be replaced by

“For a fixed metal conductor, the temperature and A copper wire of unknown length has a diameter of aluminum having the same resistance. If the cross-
other conditions remaining constant, the current (I) 0.25 inch and a resistance of 0.28 ohm. By successive sectional area of the copper wire is 500MCM, what is
through it is proportional to the potential difference (V) passes through drawing dies, the diameter of the wire the cross sectional area of the equivalent aluminum
between its ends.” is reduced to 0.05 inch. Assuming that the resistivity of wire? Resistivity of aluminum and copper are 17Ω-Cm
the wire remain unchanged in the process, determine per ft and 10.37 respectively.
V V the resistance of the reduced wire size.
=constant or =R
I I ANSWER: 90 ohms*rojas 20
R1 =0.28 Ω d1=0.25 inch d2=0.05 inch
LAW OF RESISTANCE ρ1 =ρ 2
RESISTANCE IN SERIES
ρL ρL R1 ρ1 L 1 A2
R= R= → = 1. Current Flowing through each resistance is the
A A R2 ρ2 L 2 A1
same.
Area in circular mils CM=d
2 2. Voltage drop will vary as per value of the
If volume remains unchanged: individual resistance.
d = diameter in mils L A R A
2
d
4

1 mil = 0.001 inch L 1 A1 =L 2 A 2 → 1= 2 → 1 =( 2 ) =( 2 )

L2 A 1 R2 A 1 d1 V T = V 1+ V 2+ V 3+ ... Vn
EXAMPLE 1:
Substitute: IT =I1 =I2=I3 =In
Determine the resistance of a conductor 0.10 m long
4
with a uniform diameter of 1.0 cm and having a d1 0.25 4 RT =R1 + R2 + R3 + ...R n
→ R2 =R1 ( ) =0.28 ( ) =175 ohms
resistivity which varies as a function of length d2 0.05
measured from one end of the conductor according to
−4
formula: ρ =0.003 + 10 L ohm−cm TEST YOURSELF: RESISTANCE IN PARALLEL

Because resistance varies with according to the given 1. A piece of silver wire has a resistance of 1.0 ohm. IT =I1 + I 2+ I3 + ... In
formula, the relationship can be modified to: What will be the resistance of manganin wire, 1/3 the
length and 1/3 the diameter if the resistivity of
−4 2
L2 dL 10 (0.003 + 10 L )dL manganin is 30 times that of silver. ANSWER: 90 V T = V 1= V 2= V 3= V n
R=∫L ρ → R=∫0
0 A 1.022 ohms*valenzona 23
∏ 1 1 1 1 1
4 = + + + ...
2. A conductor whose diameter is 0.175 inch has a R T R1 R2 R 3 Rn
Use your calculator: resistance of 0.5 ohm. The wire is drawn through a
series of dies until its diameter is reduced to 0.08 inch.
R = 0.0806 ohm Assuming the specific resistance of the material
remains constant, what is the resistance of the
lengthened conductor?ANSWER: 11.45 ohms*1001-15
 2nd ENGINEERING CORPS QUALIFYING EXAMINATION
SIMPLE CIRCUITS
Prepared by: Jared S. Cuchapin

when connected in parallel: → resistance of theline=r =(0.001)(2 x 900)=1.8Ω

6
RELATIONS BETWEEN POWER, CURRENT, VOLTAGE 1 1 1 P 100 x 10
= + → eq2 I= = =2000A
AND RESISTANCE 8 R a Rb V receivingend 500 x 103
2
→ resistance of theline=r =(0.001)(2 x 900)=1.8Ω
2 V Using your calculator:
P=VI=I R =
R Ra = 12 Esending end =503.6 kV
Rb = 24
12
Ratio= =0.5
RESISTOR COLOR CODING 24 TEST YOURSELF:

COLOR NUMBER COLOR NUMBER EXAMPLE 4: 4. If a resistor rated at 5 watts and 6 volts are
Black 0 Green 5 The equivalent resistance of three resistors A, B and C connected across a battery with an open circuit voltage
Brown 1 Blue 6 connected in parallel is 1.714 ohms. If A is twice of B of 6 volts. What is the internal resistance of the battery
Red 2 Violet 7 and C is half as much as B, find the equivalent if the resulting current is 0.8 A?
Orange 3 Grey 8 resistance when the three of them are connected in ANSWER: 0.3 ohms*rojas44
Yellow 4 White 9 series?
5. To determine the resistances of three resistor A, B
1 1 1 1 and C the following procedure is followed: R A and RB
1. The first two colors tell the first two digit in = + +
R T RA RB RC are connected in series and an emf of 21 volts for a
resistance value. current of 1 A; RB and RC are next connected in series
2. The third band tells how many zeros follow the and an emf of 27 volts is impressed for the same
1 1 1 1
first two digits. = + + adjusted current, finally RC and RA are connected in
1.714 2RB RB 0.5R B
3. Sometimes the fourth band is present. This series and an emf of 24 volts is impressed for the same
band tells the tolerance and will be either → RB=6
current. What is the total resistance when they are all
silver or gold. A gold band means 5%, silver → R A=12
connected in series?
10% and no fourth band, 20% → RC=3 ANSWER: 36 ohms*val49

EXAMPLE 3: when connected in series: 6. A barangay power station supplies 60 kW to a load

When two resistors A and B are connected in series,
the total resistance is 36 ohms. When connected in
parallel, the total resistance is 8 ohms. What is the
ratio of the resistance of A to B. Assume A <B.
when connected in series:
Ra+ R b=36 → eq 1
over 2,500 ft, 100 mm2 two conductors copper feeder,
RT =R A+ RB+ R C=6+ 12 + 3=21 ohms the resistance of which is 0.078 ohm per 1000 ft. the
bus bar voltage is maintained at 600 V. Determine the
EXAMPLE 5: load current?
ANSWER: 108 A*rojas35
A high voltage DC transmission line delivers 100 MW at
500 kV to an aggregate load over a distance of 900 km. 7. Three resistors of 10, 12 and x ohms, respectively
Determine the voltage at the sending end. Assume the are connected in parallel across a constant current
loop resistance of the line to be 1 milli-ohms per km. source of 8A. Determine x if this resistor draws 2.5 A.
ANSWER: 12 ohms*rojas54
 2nd ENGINEERING CORPS QUALIFYING EXAMINATION
SIMPLE CIRCUITS
Prepared by: Jared S. Cuchapin

THEVENIN'S THEOREM MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

“It states that for the purpose of determining the
current in a resistor RL , connected across two
terminals of a network which contains sources of emf
and resistors, the network can be replaced by a single
source of emf and a series resistor RTH .”
“Maximum power output is obtained from a network
when the load resistance is equal to the output
resistance of the network as seen from the terminals of
the load.”
RL=R TH
Application:
1. motor cars
2. Telephone lines and TV aerial leads
EXAMPLE 6:
For the given circuit, calculate the value of RL that will
result in maximum power transferred to it. Also
calculate the power transferred.
8. A lead storage battery is rated at 12 V. If the internal
resistance is 0.01-Ω, what is the maximum power that
can be delivered to the load?
ANSWER: 3600 watts*seva12
DELTA-STAR TRANSFORMATION
When networks having a large number of branches are
to be solved using Kirchoff's law, a great difficulty is
experienced in solving several simultaneous equations.
Such complicated networks, however can be simplified
by successively replacing delta meshes by equivalent
star systems and vice versa.

NORTON'S THEOREM

“Any two-terminal linear network containing

independent voltage and current sources may be
replaced by an equivalent current I N in parallel with a
resistance RN where IN is the short circuit current at
network terminals and RN I is the equivalent resistance
of network as seen from the terminals but with all For maximum power transfer:
voltage sources short circuited and all current sources RL=R TH
open circuited.” They will be equivalent if the resistance measured
between any two of the terminals 1, 2, 3 is the same in
30 x 150
RL = =25Ω the two cases.
PROCEDURE: 30+ 150
[R12 ]Y =[ R12 ]Δ
1. Calculate short circuit current at the network Solving for VTH :
terminals.
2. Redraw the network with its internal resistance R12 (R23+ R31 )
120 x 150 or R1 + R2=
and each current source by an open circuit in V TH= =100 V R12 + R23+ R31
30 + 150
parallel with its internal resistance.
3. Calculate the resistance of the redrawn 2 using these analysis, it can be derived:
V L 502
network. Pmax @ the load= = =100 watts Delta to Wye:
RL 25
TEST YOURSELF:
 2nd ENGINEERING CORPS QUALIFYING EXAMINATION
SIMPLE CIRCUITS
Prepared by: Jared S. Cuchapin

R12 R31 resistances of the equivalent WYE connected load?

R1 =
R12+ R 23+ R31
10 x15
R1 = =3.33Ω
R23 R12 10 + 15+ 20
R2 = 15 x 20
R12+ R 23+ R31 R2 = =6.67Ω
10 + 15+ 20
R31 R23
R3 = 10 x 20
R12+ R 23+ R31 R3 = =4.44 Ω
10 + 15+ 20

Wye to Delta:
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 TEST YOURSELF:
R12=
R3
9. Three resistors of 6-ohm resistance are connected in
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 delta. Inside the delta, another 6-ohm resistors are
R23= connected in wye.Find its resistance between any two
R1
corners.
ANSWER: 3 ohms*rojas82
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
R31=
R2 10. The equivalent wye element of 3 equal resistors,
each equal to R and connected in delta is?
ANSWER: R/3*rojas81
In electronics, star and delta circuits are generally
referred to as T and pi circuits respectively. 11. Twelve similar resistors of 2-ohms are connected so
as to form a cube. Find the resistance:

a. between two diagonally opposite corners

ANSWER: 1.66 ohms*rojas99
b. two corners of the same edge
ANSWER: 1.167 ohms*rojas100

EXAMPLE 7:

A circuit consisting of three resistors rate: 10 Ω, 15 Ω

and 20 Ω are connected in DELTA. What would be the
2nd ENGINEERING CORPS QUALIFYING EXAMINATION
SIMPLE CIRCUITS
Prepared by: Jared S. Cuchapin

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