BACKGROUND:

- Volleyball is a fast sport, in a contained area which can be played indoor and outdoor. It
is composed of 12 players but only 6 players can play inside the court per team.
- One libero is assigned to each team, and once the ball is dead, he can replace any player
on the field. The libero's only responsibility is to stop, recover the ball, and execute a
defensive play. The libero position is mostly kept on the team so that the spikers can take
a break. Recall that a libero who moves into the front line of play is automatically
substituted out.

SCORING:
- The players are allowed to use their heads or feet to retrieve the ball. The first team who
reaches 25 points will be declared as the winner of the set. In case of 24-24 points of both
teams, or deuce, a two point advantage is needed to win the set.

HOW TO OFFICIATE THE GAME:

- In playing a volleyball game, the duties and functions of officials should be defined
because it is important for each player to know the limits of the authority and his
relationship to others. The officials are composed of the first referee, the second referee,
the scorer, and the linesmen.

FIRST REFEREE:
- The first referee is located at one end of the net. He carries out his functions seated or
standing on a referee's hand.
- The first referee directs the match from the Start until the end.
- During the match his decisions are final.
- He has the power to decide any matter involving the game, including those not provided
for in rules.

SECOND REFEREE:
- He is the assistant of the first referee, but also his own range of jurisdiction.
- He controls the work of the scorer.
- He checks the actual positions of the players on the court corresponding to those on the
line up sheets.
- During the match, the second referee decides, whistles, and signals.
- He supervises the team members on the team bench and reports their misconduct to the
first referee.
- He controls the numbers of time outs and substitutions used by each team and reports
the second timeout.

POSITIONAL FAULTS:
- The contact of the player with the net.
- Penetration into the opponent's court space under the net.
- The attack hit or blocked faults of the back row players. The ball that crosses the net
outside the crossing space or touches the antenna on his side of the court.
SCORER
- He keeps the score sheet according to the rules, cooperating with the second referee.
- Register the data of the match and teams, according to procedures in force and obtains
the signatures of the captains and the coaches.
- Records the starting line up of each team from the line up sheet.
- He also records the points scored and ensures that the scoreboard indicates the right
score.
- Controls the serving order to each team.
- Records the time-outs and players substitutions.
- Announce to the referees the ends of each sets.
- Records the sanctions, warnings, and penalties.
- Record the final result.
- He will sign the score sheet.

LINESMEN
- The linesmen perform their functions by using flags.
- They signal the ball "in" and "out" whenever the ball lands their line/s.
- They signal the touches of out ball by the team receiving the ball.
- They signal when the ball crosses the net outside the crossing space, touching the
antenna.
- The linesmen in charge of the end lines signal the foot faults of the server.
- At the first referee's request, a linesman must repeat his signal.

VOLLEYBALL OFFICIALS AND THEIR ROLES:

1. First Referee
- Directs the match, starting and ending each set.
- Signals with a whistle for the serve to begin.
- Indicates faults, such as foot faults or illegal serves.
- Signals for substitutions and timeouts.

2. Second Referee
- Assists the first referee, focusing on the net and its surroundings.
- Signals net faults, such as touching the net during play.
- Watch for touches out of bounds.

3. Line Judges
- Positioned at each corner of the court.
- Indicate if the ball is in or out of bounds by raising a flag.
- Signal touches on the block.

4. Scorer
- Keep track of the score, substitutions, and everything else referees must know between
points
- Record everything that occurs during a volleyball match
5. Ball Crew
- Their job is to prevent delays in the game caused by players fetching balls by swiftly
retrieving them.
- To keep game balls under control during volleyball matches.
- They dry off wet balls with towels to provide dry balls for the next play, contributing to the
efficiency of the game.

SIGNALS:
- Signals are done to easily point out faults during the match and pause the game, it is
done by the referee by blowing the whistle and using hand signals or flag signals

1. Authorization to serve
- It signals which direction the service should go
2. Team to serve
- It signals which team will serve
3. Change of court
- It signals that both teams will switch sides of the court
4. Time-out
- It signals for players to take a break a short period of time
5. Substitution
- It signals to switch a player in a team
6. Misconduct warning and misconduct penalty (yellow for warning, red for penalty)
- It signals that a fault has been made by a player and will receive either a warning
or penalty if repeated
7. Expulsion (both cards held in one hand)
- It signals that a player has repeated misconducts and must leave the court until
the end of the game
8. Disqualification (both cards held separately in each hand)
- It signals that a player is disqualified in the game for offensive or rude behavior
and violence
9. End of set or match
- It signals that the set or match has ended
10. Ball not tossed or released at the service hit
- It signals that the ball has not been tossed up during service
11. Delay in service
- It signals that the server has not made contact with the ball for 8 seconds and
delayed the service
12. Blocking fault or screening
- It signals that a player has made a fault when blocking
13. Positional or rotation fault
- It signals that there is a fault in the rotation order of service
14. Ball “In”
- It signals that the ball has landed inside the line of the court
 15. Ball “Out”
- It signals that the ball has landed outside the line of the court
16. Catch
- It signals that the ball has been caught
17. Double contact
- Also known as “double hit”, signals that a player has touched a ball twice in a row
18. Four hits
- It signals that a player or the team has touched the ball 4 times without returning
19. Net touched by player or served ball fails to pass to the opponent through
crossing space
- It signals that the server has failed to pass the ball to the opponent’s side or the
ball has touched the net
20. Reaching beyond the net
- It signals that a player has touched the ball over the net and interfering with the
opponents play
21. Attack hit fault
- It signals that a player has hit the ball while it is in the playing space of the
opponent
22. Penetration into the opponent court ball crossing the lower space or the server
touches the court or the player steps outside his/her court at the moment of the
service hit
- It signals that a player has stepped into the court during service
23. Double fault and replay
- It signals that players of both teams were at fault and a replay is needed
24. Ball touched
- It signals that a player has touched the ball that was out of bounds
25. Delay warning or delay penalty
- It signals that players who caused delay in the game will receive warning or
penalty

FLAG SIGNALS:
1. Ball “In”
- It signals that the ball has landed inside the line of the court
2. Ball “Out”
- It signals that the ball has landed inside the line of the court
3. Ball touched
- It signals that a player has touched the ball that was out of bounds
4. Crossing space fault, ball touched an outside object or foot fault by any player
during service
- Similar to number 22, It signals that a player has stepped into the court during
service
5. Judgment impossible
- This signal means that the referee cannot make a judgment