BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEAVIOUR

Neuroanatomy =The study of the parts and functions of nerves

Neurons = individual nerve cells

• Part of __________________ = sensitivity

• Information sent as _______ (electrical signals that pass along neurons)
HOW A NEURON FIRES

Resting state = neuron has a __________ charge with positive ions surrounding the cell

1. Neuron is stimulated to release

________________

2. Neurotransmitters bind to
__________ sites on the ___________ (on
receiving neuron)

3. If ___________ is reached, the cell

membrane of the receiving neuron
becomes ______________
a. Positive ions rush ____
b. Charge now: _______
c. Change in charge spreads down
_____________
d. Electrical impulse firing “______________________”

ALL OR NOTHING PRINCIPLE: __________________________________________________________

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Neurotransmitters :

EXCITATOTRY NEUROTRANSMITTERS

INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS

ACETYLCHOLINE

ENDORPHINS

SEROTONIN

NOREPINEPHERINE

DOPAMINE

GABA

GLUTAMATE
NERVOUS SYSTEM

AFFERENT NEURON

INTERNEURON

EFFERENT NEURON

Reflex arc
ORGANIZATION

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

BRAIN
CEREBRAL CORTEX

• Wrinkled surface of the brain

o Wrinkles = fissures
• Hemisphere: _________
• Connected by ____________________
• Contralateral control
o Left hemisphere control ________
side of body

• Brain lateralisation:
o Special function of each
______________
▪ Lefr
hemisphere:_____________
▪ Right
hemisphere:____________

• Split brain patients

o Cut the ______________
o Cannot __________ report info only presented to the right hemisphere, since
______________ centers are in the left

• Brain plasticity
o Parts of the brain can perform other _______________
o ___________ grow throughout lives
o __________ brains are more plastic
WAYS TO STUDY THE BRAIN

ACCIDENTS

LESIONS

ELECTROENEPHALOGRAPH (EEG)

COMPUTERISED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE

IMAGING
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• Secretes _________
• System controlled by _______________

ADRENAL GLAND

OVARIES AND TESTES

BASIC GENETIC CONCEPTS

• Every human body cells contains _____ pairs of chromosomes

• Genetic material (_______) found on chromosomes
o Section of DNA: _____________
o Genes can be: ______________ or ______________

Twin studies:

• Monozygotic twins: _________________________________

• Thomas Bouchard

o 100 identical twins: ____________________________________

▪ IQ
▪ Twins raised apart: ________ correlation
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIE

DOWN SYNDROME

KLINEFELTERS SYNDROME

TURNERS SYNDROME