STADIO 2024 Referencing Guide

STADIO Referencing Guide
© STADIO (Pty) Ltd.

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Table of Contents
Heading Page number
1. INTRODUCTION 4
1.1 Why should you reference? 4
2. PLAGIARISM 6
2.1 What is plagiarism and why is it important to be aware of it? 6
2.2 Avoiding plagiarism 7
3. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) 8

3.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 8
4. COPYRIGHT 10
4.1 Copyright/plagiarism 10
4.2 Detection of plagiarism and breach of copyright 11
5. THE STADIO REFERENCING SYSTEM 13

5.1 When to use references 13
5.2 Which referencing system should you use? 14
5.3 Methods of ‘in-text referencing’ or citation 15
5.4 Paraphrasing 20
5.5 Quotations 21
5.6 When no date is indicated for the year of publication 25
5.7 Place of publication is unknown 25
5.8 Publisher is unknown 25
5.9 Page numbers 25
5.10 Formatting the reference list 26
5.11 Websites as sources of information 27
6. GUIDELINES ON CITATIONS AND COMPILING REFERENCE LISTS 29

6.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 29
6.2 Books 29
6.3 Journal articles: citations and reference list 34
6.4 Newspaper articles 39
6.5 Law cases 41
6.6 Multiple works by the same author 42
© STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024

ii
6.7 Email correspondence 42
6.8 Web pages 43
6.9 Conference paper and conference proceedings 44
6.10 Theses and dissertations 45
6.11 Personal interviews 45
6.12 Study guides and lecture notes 46
6.13 Secondary sources 46
6.14 Government publications 47
6.15 Unpublished raw data 48
6.16 Multimedia 48
6.17 Artwork and designs 50
6.18 Student original work 52
6.19 Social media 54
6.20 Example of a list of references 57
7. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQS) 63

7.1 General 63
7.2 Dates 63
7.3 Citations 64
7.4 Reference list 65
REFERENCES 67
ANNEXURE 1 68
STADIO SCHOOL OF LAW REFERENCING GUIDELINES 68

Format 68
Abbreviations 68
Quotations 68
Capital letters 69
Headings 69
Italics 69
References 69

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1. Introduction
At STADIO, you will be expected to compile and submit various documents for
tuition and assessment purposes. The work you submit may be in the form of
study materials, assignments, reports, dissertations, proposals, essays and
projects. In preparing for and compiling these documents, you will be expected
to consult, read, review, analyse, debate and paraphrase information from a
wide variety of sources, including books, journals, research reports, magazines,
websites, eDocuments, eJournals, eBooks, films, conference proceedings,
newspapers, brochures, white papers, green papers, Government Gazettes,
policies and Acts.
Each time you refer to an idea, concept, theory, model or explanation from an
information source, you need to identify and acknowledge the source — both in
the text of your document and in a reference list at the end of your document.
The practice of acknowledging sources (whether produced by an author, editor,
compiler, composer, director, organisation or Artificial Intelligence [AI] tools) is
known as referencing.
It is extremely important that you cite information sources accurately whenever

you refer to or use someone else’s ideas, opinions, theories, research, data,
etc. Kotze (2009:19) argues that a reference is required whenever you:
• quote (use someone else’s exact words).

• copy (use figures, tables or structure).
• paraphrase (convert someone else’s ideas into your own words).
• summarise (use a brief account of someone else’s ideas).
• adapt (make minor revisions or remodel someone else’s ideas, models,
theories, illustrations, etc.).
1.1 WHY SHOULD YOU REFERENCE?
According to Harris (2000:23), references assist the author to:
• acknowledge all the sources of information accessed.

• substantiate arguments and discourse within the text.
• avoid plagiarism, even when it is unintentional.
• enable the reader(s) to follow up the source material.

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• show the scope and depth of the research.
• strengthen the academic argument in the text.
• show the reader the source of their information.
• enable the reader to consult their sources independently.
• enable the reader to verify the information/data provided in the text.

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2. Plagiarism
2.1 WHAT IS PLAGIARISM AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO BE

AWARE OF IT?
In the academic context, we are continually engaging with other people’s ideas.
We read them in texts, hear them in lectures, discuss them in class, and
consequently, often incorporate them into our own writing. As a result, it is
very important that we give credit where it is due by clearly signalling to the
reader the precise sources from which ideas and information have been taken.
Whenever you produce written work, such as assignments or answers to exam

questions, you must differentiate between your own ideas and those of others.
You must distinguish what you have written from what you are quoting directly
or from what you are referring to.
Using someone else’s ideas and not crediting those ideas properly (by
referencing and citing your sources) and thus presenting them as your own is
plagiarism. Plagiarism is cheating or academic fraud. Students found guilty of
plagiarism will be punished.
Examples of plagiarism are:
• Copying word for word (verbatim) from sections of a text (books,

articles, newspaper and magazine articles, study materials, etc.).
• Using someone else’s work or ideas in a slightly altered form (such as
substituting words for others with a similar meaning or paraphrasing)
without acknowledgement.
• Copying from a classmate or from someone who completed the course
before you.
As part of the compulsory Academic Integrity Course (ACI) on Canvas, you will
complete the STADIO Plagiarism Pledge. Subsequently, you cannot plead
ignorance; by completing the pledge, you undertake to uphold the values of
honesty and integrity throughout your studies at STADIO. This means that you
have read and understood the nature of plagiarism and that your work at
STADIO will not contain any plagiarised content.

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It does not matter how much of the other person’s or institution’s work you use
(whether it is one sentence or a whole section), or whether you do it
unintentionally or on purpose. If you present the work as your own without
acknowledging that person/institution, you are committing plagiarism — an act
tantamount to theft. You are taking someone else’s work and passing it off as
your own. Because of this, plagiarism is regarded as a very serious offence and
carries heavy penalties.
STADIO owns the copyright on all its academic material. This means that
whoever wishes to use STADIO material for assignments may do so, as long as
they have properly referenced the material used. This is true even if parts of
the material are used in the answer to an assessment question. Failure to do
this is seen as plagiarism and the student may either lose marks for the
sections(s) copied or face disciplinary action.
2.2 AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
To avoid plagiarism:
• Use quotation marks for everything that comes directly from the text
(please do not exceed 175 words in total for the entire quote when you
quote).
• Paraphrase, but be sure you are not just re-arranging or replacing a

few words. Instead, read over what you want to paraphrase carefully,
cover up the text with your hand, or close the text so you cannot see
any of it. Write out the idea in your own words without peeping and
cite the source you have used in brackets after you have completed the
idea. Check your paraphrasing against the original text to be sure you
have not accidentally used the same phrases or words, and that the
information is accurate (see also section 4.4).
• Use your own words, whether you have worked in a group or not.
Never use a colleague/friend/family member’s assignment and merely
paraphrase a number of words. It is never acceptable for students to
share one electronic copy of the answers and to make minor changes
before hand-in. Also, never share your assignment with anyone prior to
the hand-in date.

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3. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
3.1 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
At STADIO we promote the ethical and responsible use of AI. It is your

responsibility to check the specific AI requirements and conditions for every
assessment question. Consult the STADIO AI Traffic Light Matrix (AIMat) to
make sure whether a question is red (you may not use AI), amber (you may
use AI), or green (you must use AI). Because of the rapid developments in
Generative AI, the citation format may change. Make sure to check that you
are familiar with the latest update.
Here are some ways you could use generative AI in your studies (Open
University, 2024):
• To help improve your writing skills, for example, by correcting

spelling/grammar mistakes. Tools such as Microsoft Word grammar
checker and Grammarly already do this and can be more appropriate
for assessed work.
• To revise your own knowledge on a topic. This could be by asking it to

summarise key information on a topic.
• To support critical thinking skills; for example, you could ask it to

challenge your key points to help you identify potential gaps and
strengthen your arguments.
• To develop understanding of complex concepts or apply discipline

knowledge in new contexts.
• To generate initial ideas; for example, if you’re struggling with writer’s

block, it can be used to draft ideas, plans, or structures that you can
adapt based on your own understanding of the topic.
• To generate images, diagrams, infographics, tables, video and other

visual representations.
• To transcribe audio to text and other formats.
• To create the structure, format or templates for your work.

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Remember that you will need to critically evaluate any information generated
by such tools, as Generative AI has no understanding of the accuracy of the
information it generates and so can provide incorrect or false information.
When referencing information produced by Generative AI tools, it’s essential to

acknowledge the source correctly. Because any content generated by AI cannot
be recovered by the reader, it should be cited as personal communication. In
addition, provide context for the reader by briefly explaining the prompt. You
may be asked to include the Generative AI output in an addendum or appendix.

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4. Copyright
The content in STADIO study guides and teaching documents is not intended to
be sold for commercial purposes. Such content is in essence part of tuition and
constitutes an integral part of the learning experience.
4.1 COPYRIGHT/PLAGIARISM
When authors/students/academics submit work1, the same copyright/

plagiarism rules apply. No amount of any type of content should be used
without reference, in a way that is in line with accepted rules for academic work
and as referred to in authoring contracts.
The following are guidelines:
a) A direct quote from another author’s work may not exceed 175 words
for the total quote, should be in quotation marks and should be
referenced properly.
b) No amount of plain text may be copied from another publication other

than for referenced quotes as mentioned above.
c) Authors can represent a diagram from another author with a reference.

Such a diagram should form an integral part of the academic argument
provided to the students. If such a diagram is changed in any way for
the purposes of representation, the original author should be
acknowledged and referenced.
d) Any presentation of photos and artwork can only be done with the
permission of the photographer or the original artist. School of Fashion
students may use images for assessments, provided they reference the
author accordingly.
e) As part of learning activities, links can be provided to free video clips in

the public domain to follow and watch as further enrichment, and as
part of exploration beyond the basic learning content.
1 When we say ‘work’, it could refer to anyone's ideas such as words, images, audio, videos, designs
textbooks, Internet web pages, newspapers, magazines, photographs, illustrations, diagrams and
many more.

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f) As part of activities, links can also be provided for the above purpose to
external websites for further enrichment and as part of exploration
beyond the basic learning content. However, content of such websites
is protected by the same rules as for printed text and may not be used
without a reference and/or permission.
g) Practices such as in-linking or deep-linking (linking into a particular

website towards a specific target, or links that import images and other
pieces of content directly) are not allowed.
4.2 DETECTION OF PLAGIARISM AND BREACH OF COPYRIGHT
All STADIO teaching materials and academic content are scanned by an

approved and appropriate similarity detection programme such as Turnitin.
These programmes are widely used to alert researchers, students, and
institutions such as STADIO to problems in texts related to plagiarism and
copyright. Texts found to contain problems will be referred back to authors and
the necessary steps will be taken.
Authors are reminded of their contractual responsibilities in terms of submitting

original work, and the obligation to reference, acknowledge, and respect the
work of other authors. It is a contractual responsibility of an author to follow
accepted copyright rules and not to commit plagiarism.
There are four forms of plagiarism:
1. When the work submitted or presented has been done by someone

other than the person submitting the work.
2. When the whole work, such as an essay, is copied from some other
source.
3. When parts of the work are taken from another source and no
reference is made to the original author.
4. When a student submits or presents work in one course which has also
been submitted in another course and has not sought approval from
the course coordinator to do so.
In summary, plagiarism refers to any or all the following:
• Stealing and passing off the ideas or words of another as one's own.

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• Using another's production (written or media) without crediting the
source.
• Committing literary theft (stealing the writing of someone else and
presenting it as your own).
• Presenting an idea or product as new and original while deriving it from
an existing source.
• Turning in someone else's work as your own.
• Copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit.
• Failing to put a quotation in quotation marks.
• Giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation.
• Providing a false (non-existent) source.
• Changing words, but copying the sentence structure of a source
without giving credit (not properly paraphrasing).
• Copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the
majority of your work, whether you give credit or not.

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5. The STADIO referencing system
5.1 WHEN TO USE REFERENCES
You must provide a reference whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarise

someone else’s ideas, models, theories, or data. You must also reference any
graphic information (such as graphs, pictographs, tables, illustrations, etc.)
that you use. Some of the sources you will need to reference include the
following:
• Books or chapters in books.

• Journal or newspaper articles.
• Conference papers.
• Films or television programmes.
• Personal communications, such as emails, letters, interviews, or
answers generated from your interactions with AI tools.
• Electronic sources, such as web pages, journal articles from online
databases, or electronic discussion forums, etc.
Kotze (2009) points out that references should be used whenever you:
• quote the exact words of another author.

• refer to, paraphrase, or summarise someone else’s ideas, theories,
arguments, and/or research in your own words.
• present another author’s interpretation, point of view, opinion, or
understanding about an issue in your own words.
• state specific factual information, such as statistics, graphs, facts,
verbal interviews.
• present diary entries that you have obtained from someone/somewhere
else.
• present a table, graph, figure, or diagram taken or adapted from
another source.
• construct a table, graph, figure, or diagram from data or information
taken from another source (i.e. a source other than data that you have
collected yourself) or produced with AI tools.

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5.2 WHICH REFERENCING SYSTEM SHOULD YOU USE?
There are different referencing systems used in academic writing. STADIO uses
an adapted version of the author–date system, commonly known as the
Harvard Referencing System. This adaptation is called the STADIO Referencing
System.
The author–date referencing system comprises two parts, namely:
1. The author and the date are referred to in the text or main body of
your writing (called embedded or in-text referencing).
2. All the resources referred to in the body of writing are included in the
Reference List at the end of the text/assignment. All information is
included in this list: author, date, title of publication, publisher, and
where it was published.
The other features of author–date referencing include:
• a specific order in which the information should be structured.

• the in-text reference, which should be placed (cited) in such a way that
it causes minimal disruption to the flow of your writing. This usually
means that the in-text referencing will appear at the very end or the
very beginning of your sentences (see Ways of citing below).
When you cite sources of information in the text, regardless of whether you
quote, copy, paraphrase, or summarise, you should include:
• the author’s surname (family name).

• the year of publication (latest edition).
• page numbers, when directly quoting or closely paraphrasing an
author’s words/material.
• correct punctuation and spacing.
You are therefore advised to adhere strictly to the referencing conventions as

explained in this guide.

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5.3 METHODS OF ‘IN-TEXT REFERENCING’ OR CITATION
The STADIO Referencing System acknowledges the following methods of citing

references, namely:
• author-prominent citations
• information-prominent citations
• image referencing (caption method)
• image referencing (thumbnail method)
• referencing edited or original images or photographs.
Author-prominent citation
This approach/style gives prominence to the author by using the author’s

surname (family name) with the date, followed by a colon and the page
number in parentheses (round brackets).
Examples
Direct quote:
Govender (1999:31) argues that “school teachers in South Africa confuse the
term technology as being solely concerned with computers, machines and
gadgets”.
“Design is notoriously complex to define...It improves existing conditions in

various levels of society” (Aspelund, 2010:22).
Design is important because “[i]t improves existing conditions” (Aspelund,

2010:22).
Design has the potential to fix problematic conditions in “various levels of

society” (Aspelund, 2010:22).
Paraphrase (see also section 4.4):
Govender (1999) suggests that South African schoolteachers have an ill-

conceived perception that technology refers mainly to machines and gadgets.
According to Aspelund (2010:22), designing can improve existing conditions.

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Note
If the author is an “institution, organisation, or non-human”, the in-text

reference should be at the end of the sentence or quotation, for example:
“Technology education is a largely unexplored concept in South Africa” (UN

Report, 2007:29),
and not
According to the UN Report (2007:29), “Technology education is a largely

unexplored concept in South Africa”.
Information-prominent citation
This method of citing references gives prominence to the information, with all
the required referencing details in parentheses at the end of the citation.
Examples
Direct quote:
It has been argued that “school teachers in South Africa confuse the term
technology as being solely concerned with machines and gadgets” (Govender,
1999:31).
Paraphrase (see also section 4.4):
South African schoolteachers have an ill-conceived perception that technology

refers mainly to machines and gadgets (Govender, 1999:31).
Image referencing (caption method)
STADIO School of Fashion uses the caption method for modules, including
marketing, consumer behaviour, retail management, entrepreneurship and
business, for theory assessments such as:
• reports
• analyses
• rationales.

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Caption method requires:
• Caption underneath the image providing a figure number, in-text

citation (same as in-text referencing rules). Location, if available.
• Matching reference entry in a separate image reference list at the end
of your assessment. Remember to provide all necessary information.
Example
The image to the left was sourced from
cosmopolitan.com. Although Emma Baty wrote the
article, this image has been used with permission (and
payment) from a photographer.
On the website, a caption underneath the image credits

the photographer, Dan MacMedan. The photographer is
therefore the author of the image, not Emma Baty.
Figure 1: MacMedan, 2019. Miley Cyrus at the Grammy Awards ceremony,

Getty images. Los Angeles.
In a separate image reference list at the end of the assessment:
MacMedan, D. 2019. Miley Cyrus at the Grammy Awards ceremony, Getty

images. [Online image]
https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a30657741/where-is-
miley-cyrus-grammys/ [Accessed: 24.01.2020]
Image referencing (thumbnail method)
Used for practical or visually-oriented modules, including creative design, visual

merchandising, trend analysis, and computer literacy, for practical assessments
such as:
• mood, trend, or design boards
• presentations
• visual analysis.
In practical assessments, you must compile a visually appealing presentation

filled with images for various purposes, such as a PowerPoint, mood board, or
look board presentation. In this case, adding many captions would look ugly
and distract the viewer from the purpose of the board — to present visual
information.

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The thumbnail method requires you to compile a separate visual reference list
using a smaller ‘thumbnail’ version of the image next to the reference list
entry. This allows your marker to verify image sources without the use of
captions.
In a separate image reference list at the end of the assessment:
MacMedan, D. 2019. Miley Cyrus at the Grammy Awards

ceremony, Getty images. [Online image]
https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a30657741/where-is-
miley-cyrus-grammys/ [Accessed: 24.01.2020]
Referencing edited or original images or photographs
Adaptions/collages examples:
Caption method:
• Caption template — Figure number: Adapted from photographer/artist

surname (year). Description of image.
Figure 1: Adapted from Barger, J. 2023. Image of “Motivation”.
• Reference list entry: Barger, J. 2023. 3 Purposes for motivational

speeches. [Online image]
https://jasonvbarger.com/motivational-speakers/3-purposes-for-
motivational-speeches/
[Accessed: 12.02.2024]
Thumbnail method:
• No caption
• Reference list:
Barger, J. 2023. 3 Purposes for motivational speeches.

[Online image] https://jasonvbarger.com/motivational-
speakers/3-purposes-for-motivational-speeches/ [Accessed: 12.02.2024]

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Student photographs/illustrations/diagrams:
If the image is 100% your own work, you must specify its authorship.
Otherwise, your marker may think that the image is missing a reference and
thus indicate plagiarism.
Caption method:
Caption template — Figure number [image format] by author (year).

Description of image.
Examples
Photograph:
Figure 1 Photograph by author (2021). Green leaf pattern. Johannesburg.
Illustration:
Figure 1 Illustration by author (2021). Green leaf pattern. Johannesburg.
OR
Figure 1 Design by author (2021). Green leaf dress. Johannesburg.
Diagram:
Figure 1 Diagram by author (2021). Green leaf. Johannesburg.
Thumbnail method:
No caption beneath image.

Reference list entry: Author. Date. Title/Description. Location.
Image Reference List:
Photograph by author. 2021. Green leaf pattern.

Johannesburg.

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Note
If a source has three or more authors, the surnames of all the authors must be
listed in the first in-text reference to the specific source. Thereafter, only the
surname of the first author is shown in all in-text references. The surnames of
the second and later authors are replaced with the abbreviation et al. Since et
al. is an abbreviation for the Latin words et alii, it must always be typed in
italics with a full stop at the end. This principle applies to all source types, for
example:
First time in use: Govender, Mhkize and Whithall (2009) argue that…
Thereafter in the document: Govender et al. (2009) dispute the fact that…
If a source has multiple (two or more) authors, the ampersand sign (&) may be
used in place of the word ‘and’ where authors are listed in in-text citations that
appear in brackets, as well as in the list of references. However, the ampersand
sign (&) may not be used when the authors are listed as part of a normal
sentence.
Examples:
Geczy and Karaminas (2017:9) state that Westwood’s influence on design
broke down the historically strong relationship between fashion and wealth.
VS
Westwood’s influence on design broke down the historically strong relationship
between fashion and wealth (Geczy & Karaminas, 2017:9).
5.4 PARAPHRASING
Paraphrasing means to restate something you have read, accurately and

succinctly, in your own words. If your work does not refer to specific ideas on
particular pages of a resource, but to general themes mentioned throughout
the resource, page numbers need not be shown.
Example
General theme
Meta analytical studies (Rob, 2009) reveal that South Africa cannot be
classified as a developed country.

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Example
Specific idea
Rob (2009:28) claims that the economic structure of South Africa does not
entitle it to be classified as a developed country for now.
When to paraphrase or use quotations
It is preferable that you paraphrase (put ideas in your own words), as too
many quotations (using the exact words) can lead to a poorly written
assignment. A general rule in academic practice is that no more than 10% of
an assignment should be in the form of direct quotations. No matter whether
you use quotations or paraphrase another’s words, you always need to give
references, both in the text and in the reference list.
5.5 QUOTATIONS
Quotations should be used sparingly, selected carefully, used in context,

integrated into your text and reproduced exactly (including the words, spelling,
punctuation, capitalisation, and paragraphing of the original writer). The
original author’s exact words, including any spelling or grammatical errors,
should be quoted. Kotze (2009:6) advises us that if the original wording
contains spelling or grammatical errors, one has to point these errors out by
placing the word [sic] in square brackets in the quote directly after the error.
The word [sic] (meaning so or thus) can be inserted in a quotation when the
original text is incorrect with regard to grammar, spelling or gender.
Example
According to Aswy (2006:21), the DCLD is a “centre of excellence at Unisa and

this con [sic] be attributed to the dedication of the education consultants
employed at the DCLD”. (NB: the word ‘con’ is misspelt; [sic] has been added
to denote this.)

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Babes (2005:21) argues that “when human beings interact with animals, he
[sic] should be aware of their sensitivity to rough play”. (‘He’ is not gender
sensitive, and therefore, the author should have stated [they].)
Short quotations
Short quotations (fewer than 30 words) should:

• be incorporated into your sentence without disrupting the flow of your
paragraph.
• have double quotation marks.
• maintain the same font size.
Incorporating a quote as part of your sentence — information-prominent
The reference comes AFTER the quotation, UNLESS you referred to the author
before the quote: The church is not the only setting where the soul may be
nurtured, as “[t]he soul also finds sustenance in more domestic settings, like
the family home where customs and values have created a spirit handed down
over generations” (Jonas 1998:9).
Incorporating a quote as part of your sentence — author-prominent
The church is not the only setting where the soul may be nurtured. As Jonas
(1998:9) suggests, “[t]he soul also finds sustenance in more domestic settings,
like the family home where customs and values have created a spirit handed
down over generations”.
The square brackets around the ‘t’ – [t] – are used to indicate that in the
original quotation, the word ‘the’ began with a capital ‘T’.
Long quotations
Long quotations (more than 30 words) should:

• be introduced in your own words.
• begin on a new line.
• be fully indented by default (i.e. 1.27 cm) from both margins.
• be in reduced line spacing compared to the rest of the text.
• use a smaller font for the quotation (that is, change from size 10.5 to
size 10).

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Separate the quotation from the lead-in statement with one blank line. The
lead-in statement ends with a colon (:). Separate the quotation from the text
that follows it with one blank line. This is illustrated below.
Example
Friere (1998:3) summarises the effects of reducing literacy to a set of tools or

skills when he states that:
[m]erely teaching men [sic] to read and write does not work miracles: if
there are not enough jobs for men [sic] able to work, teaching more men
[sic] to read and write will not create them. When literacy is considered as
a social practice, the relationships that exist between language use and the
production and maintenance of cultural and ideological hegemony are
uncovered.
Quotation marks are not used for longer quotations. When using an
information-prominent long quotation, the full stop will be included after the
last sentence of the quotation before the citation, as shown below.
Example
The church is not the only setting where the soul may be nurtured as:
[t]he soul also finds sustenance in more domestic settings, like the family
home, where customs and values have created a spirit handed down over
generations. According to Thomas Moore, the soul finds sacredness in the
ordinary, and may benefit most when its spiritual life is performed in the
context of mundane daily life (Jones, 1998:89).
Words omitted from quotations
To omit words from quotations, use an ellipsis. An ellipsis consists of three full
stops (…). Do not leave any spaces before the ellipsis or after the ellipsis. If
you contemplate omitting parts of the quotation, make certain that the
omission(s) do not alter the meaning of the sentence/quotation.

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Example
Wells (1991:7) describes literacy as a “set of practices which people use in

literacy events…and that literacy practices are situated in social relations”.
Hint: if the quotation does not begin at the start of a sentence, an ellipsis
should be used to convey this to the reader.
Example
Students may adopt a more dominant understanding of literacy because of the

emphasis they place on literacy as a means of achieving “…equality of
opportunity and the possibilities of liberty and democracy” (Rock, 1994:213).
Double quotations
For a double quotation, i.e. a quotation within a quotation, use single quotation
marks inside double quotation marks.
Example
“The first words of Melville’s Moby Dick are ‘Call me Ishmael’ and these words
are full of significance” was the first statement in Smith’s memorable speech
(Johns, 1995:43).
The square brackets in quotations
Sometimes in quotations, it is necessary to insert a word that explains the

meaning of another word in that quotation. Place the explanation in square
brackets.
Example
“The curriculum of the national schools in the 1870s included reading, writing,
arithmetic, drill [physical exercises] and music” (Cavey, 1996:21).

24
5.6 WHEN NO DATE IS INDICATED FOR THE YEAR OF
PUBLICATION
You may come across some information sources where no date/year of

publication is given. If no year is given for a source, use n.d. (which stands for
‘not dated’) after the author's name.
• In-text referencing example: in a detailed analysis, Jackie (n.d.)

argues…
• Reference list example: Jackie, C. Not dated. The year that was. New
York: Caxton.
Hint: this rule should be followed for all sources of information (i.e. you should
indicate ‘Not dated’ in the reference list for the year of publication).
5.7 PLACE OF PUBLICATION IS UNKNOWN
In place of publication, simply state ‘Not known’:
Example
Dick, K. 2001. The ride to hell. Not known: Caxton.
5.8 PUBLISHER IS UNKNOWN
When the publisher is unknown, simply state ‘Not known’:
Example
Dick, K. 2001. The ride to hell. London: Not known.
5.9 PAGE NUMBERS
Page numbers should be used when you quote directly from material (word for
word) from the original publication. This includes tables or figures. Page

25
numbers should also be provided for indirect quotes and paraphrasing where
the summarised material appears on specific pages, in specific chapters, or in
specific sections.
Examples
1. One page referred to: Wells (1992:4)

2. Pages that are not in sequence: Smith (1996:1, 4 & 6)
3. Pages that are in sequence: Jones and Mackay (1998:25–26)
4. Pages from a website (.html format): Clark (1997)
5. Pages from a website (.pdf format): Clark & Heat (1997:2)
Page numbers are not indicated
You may come across sources of information where page numbers have been
omitted. Kotze (2009:33) states that “If an original document (except a web
page) does not have page numbers, one should still indicate to the reader on
what page the information can be found”. He advises that this could be done by
counting the pages from the front and then including that number in an in-text
reference, indicating that the original pages were not numbered by placing the
page count in square brackets.
Example
Dick (2000:[19]) states that biodiversity cannot be accommodated in the 21st

century because...
5.10 FORMATTING THE REFERENCE LIST
The title should be ‘References’ and it should be as follows:

• Bold
• Left aligned
• In the same font size as the document, 10.5 pt
• Not underlined.
The references contained in the list should:

• be in single line spacing.

26
• use a line spacing of 1.5 pt after each reference.
• be left aligned.
• be arranged alphabetically.
• be the final page of your assignment. (Appendices/annexures are
placed after the reference list.)
The reference list should contain all the sources cited in the paper and no
sources that are not cited.
A source is listed only once in the reference list, regardless of how many times
it is cited in-text.
5.11 WEBSITES AS SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Evaluating websites for educational use
Always be vigilant when extracting information from any electronic source. The
standard of reliability and validity for information on websites is often not as
high as for articles in published materials. Anyone can place information on the
internet, often without any review process. Facts and figures on websites are
sometimes misleading and therefore every effort should be made to choose
websites very carefully.
Reliable sources generally include:
• referenced articles in online journals.

• articles from databases selected by the university.
• articles published by universities.
• reports and white papers published by government departments,
business organisations and reputable lobby groups.
Consider the following:
• The purpose of the website (to inform, to persuade, to sell). If you

know the motive behind the web page, you can make an informed
decision about whether it is suitable for your assessment.
• Is there an author/sponsor? If you cannot find an author or an

organisation responsible for publishing the site, then it is most likely
unreliable.

27
• Is the author qualified to write about this topic? What is the author’s
expertise? Is the sponsor reputable? Are opinions being presented as
facts? Try to differentiate fact from fiction. Authenticity is not always
easy to confirm, so test one source against another. Make sure there is
no bias evident.
• Ascertain whether the person presenting the information has a vested

interest in proposing the particular viewpoint.
• Are references or bibliographies included?
• How current is the information?
• When was the website last updated?
• Is the information well written and free of grammatical errors?
Note
To save your information, print the material you are referring to, save it on a
memory stick or in the cloud so that you have a permanent record.

28
6. Guidelines on citations and compiling
reference lists
6.1 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
Basic formula when using AI

Name of AI. Year of communication. Medium of communication. Receiver of
communication, Day/month of communication.
In-text referencing Reference list

In-text referencing: Reference list: AI generated text
In an interaction with OpenAI’s OpenAI ChatGPT. 2024. ChatGPT
ChatGPT, the system responded response to Ayanda Sithole, 10 January
with a suggestion on how to 2024.
reference a GenAI query (ChatGPT4,
10 January 2024).
or
OpenAI’s ChatGPT4 (2024)
responded with a suggestion on how
to reference a GenAI query.
6.2 BOOKS
Basic formula for a book reference

Surname(s), Initial(s). Year of publication. Title: Subtitle. Place of publication:
Publisher.

One author Author prominent: Booth, J. 2001. Strategic
interventions in leadership. 9th
Booth (2001:23) argues ed. London: McMillan.
that...
or Hint: the title page verso (i.e.
Booth (2001) defines the page following directly after

29
strategy as... the title page) usually contains
information on the date of
Information prominent: publication, edition, place of
Strategy is an elusive publication and publisher of a
concept to define (Booth, book.
2001:23).
The date of publication of a book
is usually indicated on the title
page verso directly after the
copyright sign (©).
Use normal sentence case for

the title of the book. This means
that only the first word of the
title and all proper nouns are
capitalised. All the other words
in the title are written in small
letters.
The title of the book must be

printed in italics.
Where spaces are included in in-

text references (e.g. after the
comma and before the date) or
in entries in the list of
references, these are always
single spaces.
There is a single space after the
colon and before the name of the
publisher.
Note the full stop at the end of

each entry in the list of
references.
Omit words such as Publishers,

Co., Inc., (Pty) Ltd., & Sons that
are not necessary to identify a
publisher.

30
If the place of publication is not

well known, include the
town/city, province and/or
country.
Two single When referring to two Tshabalala, M.S. The South
authors with authors with the same African economy. Cape Town:
the same surname, publishing in the Fynbos.
surname same year, the initials must
be used in the text to Tshabalala, T. The state of
distinguish between the two. employment in South Africa.
Journal of Labour, 5(2):29–45.
The South African economy
is… (Tshabalala, M.S.,
2011:34).
Data from STATSSA proves…

(Tshabalala, T., 2011:266).
Two authors Author prominent: Booth Booth, J. & Cooth, S. 2003.
and Cooth (2003) state Leadership and management in
that... the 21st century. New York:
Prentice Hall.
Information prominent:
Transformative leadership is
not conducive to young
democracies (Booth &
Cooth, 2003).
Hint: note that the word
‘and’ is used in full
sentences, while the
ampersand sign (&) is used
in in-text citations that
appear in brackets, as well
as in the list of references.
This principle applies to all
source types.
Three or First appearance in the Meden, J., Tedd, J. & Moller, P.
more authors document: 1999. Political perspectives.
Meden, Tedd and Moller Chicago: Prentice Hall.
(1999:28) stated that “…”.

31
or
A recent study highlighted
the fact that… (Meden, Tedd
& Moller, 1999).
Second appearance in the

document:
the fact that… (Meden et al.,
1999).
or
Meden et al. (1999:28)
stated that “…”.
Hint: use an ampersand (&)

within the parenthesis, but
use ‘and’ in author-
prominent referencing.
Note: the abbreviation et al.

(typed in italics with a full
stop at the end) indicates
that a source has three or
more authors. The verb
following the et al. must,
therefore, always take the
plural form; e.g. Meden et
al. (1999:28) state that...
Basic formula for a book chapter in edited book
Surname(s), Initial(s) of the author(s) of the chapter. Year of publication. Title
of the chapter: Subtitle. In: Surname(s), Initial(s). (ed or eds) Title of the
book, pages of the chapter. Place of publication: Publisher.
Books with Cite the author(s) of the Smith, A.R. 1996. The strategy
chapters by chapter you are referring to. of manpower planning. In:
different Barth, D. (ed) Human resource
author(s) For example, when referring planning: Selected readings.
to information taken from Aylesbury, UK: Hazell, Watson
the chapter by Smith & Viney.
mentioned below in an in-
text reference, you would

32
cite Smith (1996:23) in the
in-text reference and not
the editor (Barth).
Sources with Bad (2003, n.d.:20) argues Bad, J. Not dated. Referencing
no date that... guidelines. Essex, UK:
or Adminton.
It is very difficult to
reference if there is no date
of publication (Bad, n.d.).
Books If no author can be Anon. 2011. The global financial
(monographs) identified, two options are markets. Stock market
with no author available: mercury, 60(5):69, 7 August.
1. ‘Anon’ (anonymous) can

be used. For example:
The state of the American
economy does not
support global markets
(Anon, 2011:3).
2. The author can be an
institution, such as a
university, association or
journal. The abbreviation
is used in the text with
the full name in the
source list.
“Due to the low salaries of

academics at South African
universities…” (Unisa,
2011:40).
Editor(s) The abbreviations ‘ed’ Nieuwenhuizen, C. (ed). 2019.
(editor) or ‘eds’ (editors). Business management: An
African Perspective. Cape
Town: Juta.
Institution/ The author can be an Unisa (University of South
organisation/ institution, such as a Africa). 2011. The brain drain.
society as an university or association. Pretoria.
author The abbreviation is used in

33
the text with the full name
in the source list.
“Due to the low salaries of

academics at South African
universities…” (Unisa,
2011:40).
Basic formula for online book
Author(s), Initial(s). Year. Title. URL. [Date of access]

1. Reference There are six steps in the Book from ScholarText
books found application of scientific database:
on STADIO method (Brancati, 2018:5). Brancati, D. 2018. Social
databases as scientific research. Los Angeles:
print books. SAGE.
2. Books Vorster (2023) provides an Book from the internet:

found on extensive overview of South Vorster, J.M. 2023. Finding a
Internet: African colonial past. moral compass for South Africa.
Provide URL https://directory.doabooks.org/
and the date handle/20.500.12854/132168
of access. [Accessed: 12.04.2024]
6.3 JOURNAL ARTICLES: CITATIONS AND REFERENCE LIST
Basic formula for a journal article

Surname(s), Initial(s) of the author(s) of the article. Year. Title of article. Title
of journal, volume number(issue number):page number(s) of the article.

Single Author prominent: Booth Booth, J. 2001. Strategy
author (2001:23) argues that... development in geography teaching.
or South African Journal of Higher
Booth (2001) defines Education, 21(2):34–39.
strategy as...
Hint: use sentence case for the title
Information prominent: of the article. This means that only
Strategy is an elusive the first word of the title and any

34
concept to define (Booth, proper nouns are capitalised. All the
2001:23). other words in the title are written in
small letters.
Use title case and italics for the title

of the journal. Title case means that
all the major words in the title of the
journal are typed in capital letters.
Minor words, such as ‘in’, ‘of’, ‘and’,
‘the’ or ‘an’ are not capitalised.
There are no spaces between the

volume, issue number and page
numbers.
Where spaces are included in in-text

references (e.g., after the comma
and before the date) or in entries in
the list of references, these are
always single spaces.
Two Author prominent: Booth Booth, J. & Cooth, R. 2001. Strategy
authors and Cooth (2003) state development in pre-school teaching.
that… South African Journal of Education,
29(5):134–139.
Transformative leadership
is not conducive to young
democracies (Booth &
Cooth, 2003).
Hint: note that the word

‘and’ is used in full
sentences, while the
ampersand sign (&) is
used in in-text citations
that appear in brackets,
as well as in the list of
references.
This principle applies to
all source types.

35
Three First appearance in the Meden, J., Tedd, S. & Moller S. 1999.
authors document: The bigotry of science. Australian
A recent study highlighted Journal of Science, 60(3):49–73.
the fact that… (Meden,
Tedd & Moller, 1999).
or
Meden, Tedd and Moller
(1999:28) stated that
“…”.
document:
the fact that…(Meden et
al., 1999).
or
Hint: use an ampersand

(&) within the
parenthesis, but use ‘and’
in author-prominent
referencing.
Note that the abbreviation

et al. (typed in italics with
a full stop at the end)
indicates that a source
has three or more
authors.
Journal First appearance in the Meden, J., Tedd, S. & Moller S. 1999.
volume document: The bigotry of science. Australian
known; A recent study highlighted Journal of Science, 60:49–73.
however, the fact that… (Meden,
number is Tedd & Moller, 1999).
unknown or
“…”.

36
document:
al., 1999).
or
Volume and First appearance in the Meden, J., Tedd, S. & Moller S. 1999.
month document: The bigotry of science. Australian
known, A recent study highlighted Journal of Science, 60(April):49–73.
number the fact that… (Meden,
unknown Tedd & Moller, 1999).
or
“…”.

document:
al., 1999).
or
Month First appearance in the Meden, J., Tedd, S. & Moller S. 1999.
known, document: The bigotry of science. Australian
volume and A recent study highlighted Journal of Science, April:49–73.
number the fact that… (Meden,
unknown Tedd & Moller, 1999).
or
“…”.

document:

37
al., 1999).
or
Author is Referencing is difficult Anon. 2008. Referencing in the
unknown when the author is Sciences. Science News,
unknown (Anon., 200(90):34–36.
2008:23).
Hint: never begin a

sentence with an
unknown author. For
example:
According to Anon.
(2008:23), “Referencing
is difficult when the
author is unknown”.
Electronic/ Online journals can Jane, B. 2005. Alternate fuels for SA.
online appear in two formats, Fuels International, 2(7):40(22pp).
journals namely: American Educational Research
• .html Association Stable:
• .pdf http://www.jstor.org/stable/3594377
[Accessed: 19.02.2009]
When an electronic
journal article is printed Hint: the page indication of 40 (22p)
or viewed in .html format, indicates that the article started on
the number of pages will p. 40 of the original paper-based
differ depending on the journal and that it was 22 pages long
printer, page set-up and when printed from the internet. This
font size used when the page indication also alerts the reader
article is printed. As a to the fact that the article was
result, page numbers are viewed in .html format.
not mentioned in in-text
citations. However articles Jane, B. 2005. Alternate fuels for SA.
viewed in .pdf format Fuels International,
have fixed page numbers 2(7):40(22p):40–62. American
and font sizes, therefore Educational Research Association
we can refer to the exact Stable:
page numbers in the http://www.jstor.org/stable/3594377
article. [Accessed: 19.02.2009]

38
Hint: if you quote from a Hint: the inclusion of page numbers

journal article in .html (40–62) indicates that this article
format, there is no need was downloaded in .pdf format. If
to provide page numbers page numbers are included here,
in brackets after the page numbers must also appear in
author’s surname, even if all in-text references to this source.
it is a direct quote.
Example:
Jane (2005) argues that
“Gas is a cheaper
alternative to power in
SA”.
If you quote from an

article in .pdf format,
make certain that your
citation has page
numbers where
appropriate.
Example:
Jane (2005:40–62)
intensifies her struggle...
6.4 NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

Print-based Author prominent: Booth, J.A. 2009. Xenophobic
Booth (2001:23) argues violence in Thokoza Township. The
that... or Star, 21 March:16.
Booth (2001) defines
strategy as...
Strategy is an elusive
concept to define (Booth,
2001:23).
Unknown There are three options Anon. 2009. Who’s fooling who?

39
author that you can employ when The Star, 21 March:16.
referencing a newspaper
article of which the author
is unknown:
Use the term ‘Anon.’ in the

place of the author.
Example:
According to Anon.
(2009)...
Use the name of the

newspaper in place of the
author.
Example:
Municipalities are becoming
ungovernable in South
Africa (The Star, 2009:16).
Use the title of the article

in place of the author.
Example:
Municipalities are becoming
ungovernable in South
Africa (Who’s fooling who?
2009:16).
Hint: never begin a

sentence with the title of
the newspaper or the title
of the article when in the
author-prominent mode.
Example:
According to The Star
(2009:16)...
or
Who’s fooling who?
(2009:16) states that...
Online Samson (2006) states that Samson, C.S. 2006. Gold will lose
newspaper “Gold mining is dying a its shine. Business Day, 7 October.

40
article slow death in SA”. http://www.thestar.co.za/articles/n
ational.aspx?ID=326412
[Accessed: 07.10.2008]
6.5 LAW CASES
The standard reference format is:
Case name Year Volume Law report Page Court Exact

series case reference
begins
Venter v Van 2001 4 258 934 F at 968A G
der
Westhuizen
The following aspects are important when referencing law cases:
• The names of the parties are always in italics.

• When a page or paragraph is cited, the page and paragraph number
have to be preceded by the word ‘at’:
Venter v Minister of Higher Education and Training 1995 (3) SA 665 (C)
at 688 G
• Sometimes the court numbers the paragraphs of a judgement. The

paragraph of the court can be cited as well:
Van der Westhuizen v Castrillon 2004 (1) SA 111 (CC) par 43 at 456 M

First appearance in Venter v Minister of Higher Education and
document: Training 1995 (3) SA 665 (C) at 688 G
Venter v Minister of Higher
Education and Training
[1995 (3) SA 665 (C) at 688
G]

41
Second appearance in
document:
Venter v Minister of Higher
Education and Training
(1995)
6.6 MULTIPLE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR

Where there are several Jade, B. 2009a. Policies and practices. New
works by one author and they York: Caxton.
are published in the same
year, they should be Jade, B. 2009b. Policies on Leadership. New
differentiated by adding a York: Caxton.
lower-case letter after the
date. Hint: works by the same author should be
displayed in chronological order, with the
Remember that this must also earliest appearing first.
be consistent with the
citations in the text. For
multiple works, the required
elements for a reference are:
Author. Year. Title of book.
Place of publication:
Publisher.
Example:
Jade (2009a) argues that...
Jade (2009b) refutes the
argument that...
6.7 EMAIL CORRESPONDENCE

According to Mkize (2008), Surname of sender. Initials of sender. Year. Title
Master’s in Education or subject of email message. [Email to:]
students... Receiver’s surname. Receiver’s initials. Date
received.

42
Example:
Mkize, G. 1996. Discussion of M.Ed. audits.
[Email to:] Govender, D. 15.05.2009.
Hint: copies of such correspondence (email)

should be kept, as these may need to be
submitted as an appendix in an academic
submission.
Obtain permission from the email sender/

recipient before these sources are quoted.
6.8 WEB PAGES
Basic formula for web pages

Author’s Surname, Initials. Year. Title of article or web page in sentence case.
URL [Accessed: date accessed]
In-text referencing Reference List

Kotze (2009:29–30) states
that web pages refer to any Oorende, B. 2008. Acceptance speech of the
information (other than chairman of Anglo Saxon Incorporated on 17
articles from web-based May 2008. http://angloinc/ans/
electronic journal platforms speeches/accept.html [Accessed: 17.05.2008]
or web-based electronic
journals) that is published Hint: in some cases, websites continuously
on the World Wide Web. He change and it is therefore advisable to print and
goes on to add that one can file a copy of the front page of any website you
distinguish between web use, especially for future reference.
pages (in .htm, .html, .xml
& .asp format) and files that
can be downloaded from the Mr Price Group Ltd. 2018. Who we are – vision,
web (in .doc and .pdf purpose and values. https://www.mrpricegroup
format). The basic in-text .com/mr-price-group-about-
structure of a reference to us.aspx?loc=whoweare [Accessed: 01.12.2019]
information on the World
Wide Web is as follows:
Author’s Surname (date

43
written)
Note:
The date should appear

after the author’s surname.
If the name of the author is

not available, please use the
name of the organisation
associated with the website.
6.9 CONFERENCE PAPER AND CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

Conference According to Tshibalo Tshibalo, E. 2009. Geothermalise
paper (2009:10), the aim of Africa? Paper presented at the Tenth
geothermal power International Geothermal
generation is to... Conference, Umdloti, KwaZulu-Natal,
10–15 October.
Hint: italicise the title of the

conference.
Conference According to Tshibalo Tshibalo, E. 2009. Geothermalise
proceedings (2009:10), the aim of Africa? In: Govender, D. (ed).
geothermal power Proceedings of the paper presented
generation is to... at the Tenth International
Geothermal Conference, Umdloti,
KwaZulu- Natal, 10-15 October
2009:89-100.

conference.
Online/ According to Tshibalo Tshibalo, E. 2009. Geothermalise
electronic (2009:10), the aim of Africa? In: Govender, D. (ed).
conference geothermal power Proceedings of the paper presented
proceedings generation is to... at the Tenth International
Geothermal Conference, Umdloti,
KwaZulu- Natal, 10–15 October:89–
100. American Educational Research

44
Association Stable:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3594377
[Accessed: 19.02.2009]

conference.
6.10 THESES AND DISSERTATIONS

Hardcopy According to Mrs G.S. Benjamin, G.S. 2005. Fraud in
Benjamin from Radio South African Broadcast
Cactus (2008:1), there Institutions: A Case Study.
was no embezzlement of Unpublished Master’s in
funds... Education Thesis: University of
Cuckooland.
Electronic According to Mrs G.S. Benjamin, G.S. 2005. Fraud in
version Benjamin from Radio South African broadcast
Cactus (2008:1), there institutions: a case study.
was no embezzlement of Unpublished Master’s in
funds... Education thesis: University of
Cuckooland.
http://uclintra.ucl.ac.za/thesis/
available-0945312345
[Accessed: 19.02.2011]
6.11 PERSONAL INTERVIEWS

Audio/video According to Mrs G.S. Benjamin, G.S. Personal
recorded Benjamin from Radio communication with the author
conversation Cactus (2008:1), there on 30.08.2008. Chatsworth,
was no embezzlement of KwaZulu-Natal. (Recording in
funds… possession of the author.)
Written According to Mrs G.S. Benjamin, G.S. Personal

transcript of the Benjamin from Radio communication with the author

45
conversation Cactus (2008:1), there on 30.08.2008. Chatsworth,
was no embezzlement of KwaZulu-Natal.
funds… (Transcript/notes in possession
of the author.)
6.12 STUDY GUIDES AND LECTURE NOTES

According to Porta Porta, A.B. 2009. Study guide for Marketing
(2003)… Management 405: Strategic Issues in Marketing.
Pretoria: Department of Marketing and
Communication Management, University of South
Africa. (Where no author is provided for a study guide,
use then STADIO as author).
Aswy, T.S. 2003. Finding an appropriate research

topic: Some practical guidelines. Lecture to the URT
302 class on 19 March 2009.
Hint: note that the names of academic disciplines (e.g.

Marketing Management, Communication Management
or Tourism Management) or the names of specific
modules/courses (e.g. Strategic Issues in Marketing or
the Marketing of Services) are treated as proper
nouns and are, therefore, typed in title case.
6.13 SECONDARY SOURCES

Van der Merwe (as Jones, A.B. The prevalence of violence in schools. 3rd
quoted by Jones, ed. Pretoria: Waterberg.
1988:244) was of the
opinion that… Hint: the use of secondary sources is not regarded as
academically acceptable and should be limited to
exceptions. Only the source that has been used
appears in the source list.

46
6.14 GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

Councils The Council is of the CHE (Council on Higher Education).
opinion that… (CHE, 2011. Report on the state of higher
2011). education in South Africa. Pretoria.
Commissions According to the Hefer, R., chair. 2011. Report of the
of enquiry with Commission there was Commission of Inquiry into banking
known no… (Hefer, 2011:45). practice in South Africa. Pretoria:
chairperson Government Printer.
Commissions According to the South Africa. 2011. Report of the
of enquiry Commission, there was Commission of Inquiry into banking
without known no… (2011:45). practice in South Africa. Pretoria:
chairperson Government Printer.
Departments The employment of South Africa. 2011. Department of
people over the age of Labour. Annual Employment Report.
25… (South Africa, Pretoria: Government Printer.
2011:36).
Government In cases where close South Africa. 2011. The registration
Gazette corporations were not of close corporations. (Proclamation
notified… (South Africa, No. W. 3654, 2011). Government
2011:2). Gazette, 399:23, 18 Jan.
(Regulation Gazette no. 23).
Provincial In cases where close Western Cape (South Africa). 2011.
Gazette corporations were not The registration of close
notified… (Western corporations. Western Cape
Cape, 2011:2). Provincial Gazette, 5654:3–15, 9
Sept.
Constitution In terms of Article 30 South Africa. 1996. Constitution of
(3) of the Constitution the Republic of South Africa, 1996
(1996), everyone has as amended until 2012. Pretoria:
the right to… Government Printer.
http://www.justice.gov.za/legislatio
n/constitution/SAConstitution-web-
eng.pdf
Acts The Council on Higher South Africa. 2008. The Higher
Education is overseeing Education Act 45 of 2008. Pretoria:
the quality…in terms of Government Printer.
the Higher Education

47
Act (45/2008).
Provincial Establishment of the Western Cape (South Africa). 2011.
ordinances Consumer Rights Board Establishment of Consumer Rights
was finalised (Western Board. (In Western Cape
Cape, 2011). ordinances. Economic Development.
Cape Town: Laudatum. Premier’s
notice, P.N. 9.)
Green papers Environmental South Africa. Department of Basic
education incorporated Education. 2011. South Africa’s
in national curriculum Green Paper on Environmental
(SA, 2011:2). Education. Pretoria: Government
Printer.
White papers The White Paper on South Africa. Department of Basic
Environmental Education. 2011. The White Paper
Education (SA, on Environmental Education in
2011:56) outlines the South Africa. Pretoria: Government
new curriculum… Printer.
6.15 UNPUBLISHED RAW DATA

According to Singh Singh, P. & White, L. 2011. (The passion of MBA
and White (2011), students for research). Unpublished raw data.
there is…
Hint: use brackets to indicate that the material is a
description of the content, not a title. Do not use italics
for title.
6.16 MULTIMEDIA

Sound According to Oosthuizen Oosthuizen, C. 2011.
recording (2011) there are… Entrepreneurship in action [Audio
Cassette]. Johannesburg: Milpark
Media.
Film Recent presentations of Oosthuizen, C. (Producer). 2011.

48
informal trading Entrepreneurship in action
(Oosthuizen, 2011) in… [Educational picture]. Johannesburg:
Milpark Media.
Television Oosthuizen (2011) Oosthuizen, C. (Producer). 2011.
rejects… Entrepreneurship in action
[Television broadcast: 03.01.2011].
Johannesburg: Milpark Broadcasting
Services.
Also, the following:
Source
Format Reference list In-text citation
type
Audio Artist. Year. Song Kanye West. 2010. All of Repetition for
songs name, Album the lights ft Rihanna and emphasis is found
title. [Audio]: Kid Cudi, My beautiful in many of West’s
Producer/ Twisted Fantasy. [Audio]: lyrics (e.g. Kanye
Publisher label. Kanye West & Jeff West, 2010).
Bhasker.
Online Director/creator Korie, D. 2016. South Nomvula is a
videos surname, initial. African boys singing popular song
(including Year. Title of Nomvula. [YouTube] among South
YouTube) Video. https://www.youtube.com Africans as
Publisher/House /watch?v=qlN1kSptPiQ illustrated in the
(if relevant). [Accessed: 01.09.2019] YouTube video by
[Format] <URL> Korie (2019).
[Accessed date]
Films Producer Coogler, R. 2018. Black In the movie Black
surname, initial. Panther. [Motion picture] Panther, Coogler
Title of film. Year Location not known: (2018) introduces
released. Marvel Studios. the audience to an
[Format] alternate world
Location: which reimagines
Publishing/ an African empire
production house. in which European
colonisation did not
take place.
Content Title of Canva. 2019a. Glacial Caption example:

from application/game/ indifference. Mobile app: Figure 2 Canva
apps software. Year Canva. (2019a). Example

49
released. of a birthday card.
Description of Canva. 2019b. Eufloria. [s.l].
content. Mobile app: Canva. Figure 3 Canva
Platform: (2019b). Lake
Publishing house. landscape of
location unknown.
6.17 ARTWORK AND DESIGNS
Source
Format Reference list In-text citation
type
General Original Duncanson, M. 2012. Abstract art In-text citation:
Artist. Year. landscape seascape bold colorful Duncanson’s
Title of art artwork serenity by Madart. (2012) artwork
piece/design. FineArtAmerica [Online image] shows intense
Photographer, https://fineartamerica.com/ abstract use of
[Format] featured/abstract-art-landscape- colour similar to
Location of
seascape-bold-colorful-artwork- those of aurora
source and
serenity-by-madart-megan- lights.
[Accessed
duncanson.html [Accessed:
date]
01.12.2019] Image caption:
Figure #
Duncanson
(2012).
Abstract art
landscape
seascape bold
colorful artwork
serenity by
Madart.
Location not
known.

50
Images Dependent If the image is from an online web page, cite as per
from on the type online source (generic). The only difference here is
other of source that you will indicate [Online image] instead of
sources [Online].
*Stock
images If you are using an image from a designer’s
fall under collection, cite accordingly.
this
category
as well.
Artwork Original Madrazo y Kuntz, F. 1853. Amalia In-text

exhibited Artist. Year. de Llano y Dontres, countess of citation:
at a Title of art Vilches. Oil on canvas unlined. 126 Madrazo y
museum piece/design. × 89 cm. Museo del Prado. [Online Kuntz (1853)
Composition. image] artwork shows
Size. https://www.museodelprado.es/col intricate
Museum. eccion/obra-de-arte/amalia-de- garment detail
[Format] llano-y-dotres-condesa-de- and textures
Location of vilches/5aa9dcdd-3e53-40bd-84f4- such as light
source and d5afad8cbfdd [Accessed: blue satin.
[Accessed 16.01.2021]
date] Image
caption:
Figure #
Madrazo y
Kuntz (1853).
Amalia de
Llano y
Dontres,
countess of
Vilches. Oil on
canvas
unlined. 126 ×
89 cm. Museo
del Prado.

51
Designer Designer. Viktor & Rolf*. 2019. Spiritual In-text
collections Year. Title of glamour A/W 2019. [Collection] citation:
collection and http://www.viktor-rolf.com/haute- Viktor & Rolf’s
season couture/ A/W 2019
abbreviation. [Accessed: 01.04.2019] collection
[Format] referred to
Location of *Note that the author is not glamour in a

Horsting, V. & Snoeren, R. Rather magical sense
source and
it is Viktor & Rolf as a brand, not instead of
[Accessed
two individual authors/designers. sensationalism.
date]
Image caption:
Figure # Viktor
& Rolf (2019).
Spiritual
glamour A/W
2019. Location
not known.
6.18 STUDENT ORIGINAL WORK
Source type Format Reference list In-text citation

Your own ideas Do not reference either in text or in the reference list.
and opinions Make double (triple!) sure that these are your own ideas and
and analysis do not come from another source.
Original artwork, See appropriate section of this guide to learn how to
photographs reference your own original visuals.
and diagrams

52
Student Caption: Thumbnail
photographs of Owner (Year Both Thumbnail and method:
others’ artefacts artefact Caption methods in No caption required.
(objects, made). separate image

products, Description. reference list: Caption method:
clothing, etc.) Location.
*Stock images Reference list: Truworths.

fall under this Owner. Year 2019. Navy
category as artefact cocktail
well. made. dress.
Description. Photograph taken at
Figure 3
Sandton City, 2019.
Truworths (2019).
Navy cocktail
dress. Sandton
City, 2019.
Images that you Caption No reference list entry Figure 1: Image
create using AI Figure is required for generated using
an image that you have DALL-E from the
tools number: created using an AI prompt blue
Description or tool. pigeon wearing a
explanation feather boa.

53
6.19 SOCIAL MEDIA
Source In-text
Format Reference list
type citation
Instagram Image If using the image, provide entry In-text
posts caption: in a separate image reference list citation:
Figure # with thumbnail: Fivaz
Instagram Author/ (03.12.2019)
has full username Christopherfivaz. designed a
copyright handle (Day, 03.12.2019. That golden
of all month, year show-stopping shimmer
posts, so posted). moment of… [Instagram] matric dance
you will Description. https://www.instagram dress for a
find you Location. .com/p/B5j7cL4n-W8/ [Accessed: personal
cannot 06.12.2019] client.
copy Reference OR
original list: Fivaz, C. 03.12.2019. Image
images. Surname, That show-stopping caption:
You are, Initial OR moment of…
however, username [Instagram]
allowed to handle. Day, https://www.instagram
Figure 4 Fivaz
screen month, year .com/p/B5j7cL4n-W8/ [Accessed:
(03.12.2019).
capture posted. First 06.12.2019]
Matric dance
the full five words of
dress by
post with the post designer
the followed by Christopher
username ellipses… Fivaz.
handle [Instagram] Johannesburg.
and <URL>
Instagram [Accessed
logo date]
included
with
relevant
entry into
the
reference
list.

54
Source In-text
Format Reference list
type citation
X Surname, Forbes. 08.12.2019. 9 effortless Forbes posts
previously Initial OR ways to make… [X post] frequent
Twitter username https://twitter.com/Forbes tweets with
posts handle. Day, /status/120389731112815 links with
month, year 0016?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoo regard to
posted. First gle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr improving
five words of %5Etweet [Accessed: 09.12. office relations
the post 2019] (e.g. Forbes,
followed by 08.12.2019).
ellipses… [X
previously
Twitter]
<URL>
[Accessed
date]
Facebook Surname, Magugu, T. 26.11.2019. Tank Thebe Magugu

– Initial OR Magazine print interview, (26.11.2019)
Personal username featuring… [Facebook] was in Paris at
handle. https://www.facebook.com/thebe the end of
Day, magugu/photos/pcb.1377239049 November for an
month, 102639/1377238932435984/?typ interview with
year e=3&theater [Accessed: Tank Magazine.
posted. 26.11.2019]
First five Note the
words of difference
the post between brands
followed by and individuals
ellipses… as authors. If it
[Facebook] was Thebe
<URL> Magugu’s
[Accessed personal account,
date] you would
Facebook Brand. Day, Thebe Magugu. 26.11.2019. Tank provide his
– month, Magazine print interview, surname and
Business year featuring… [Facebook] initial. If,
posted. https://www.facebook.com/thebe however, you are
First five magugu/photos/pcb.1377239049 working with a

55
words of 102639/1377238932435984/?typ brand name, you
the post e=3&theater [Accessed: provide it in full
followed by 26.11.2019] (Thebe Magugu
ellipses… is the name of
[Facebook] the designer’s
<URL> brand).
[Accessed
date]
Blogs Surname, Aier, L. 05.12.2019. 10 best Aier
Initial OR luggage brands for… (05.12.2019)
username [FashionLady] recommends
handle. https://www.fashionlady.in/best- Delsey as an
Day, luggage-brands-for-trip/149591 excellent brand
month, [Accessed: 10.12.2019] of luggage for
year travelling in
posted. style.
First five
words of
the post
followed by
ellipses…
[Platform]
<URL>
[Accessed
date]

56
Source In-text
Format: Reference list
type: citation
Customer Surname, Mzikayise G. 05.12.2019. Mzikayise G
reviews Initial OR Fashioncompany, Online (05.12.2019)
username purchase… [HelloPeter] stated that
handle. Day, https://www.hellopeter.com/fashio the company
month, year ncompany/reviews/online- had not
posted. purchase- delivered his
Reviewed 59c0b5f3c2567aa4ff103c31084d1c order even
brand/product, 2670b9181c-2934666 [Accessed: though he
first five words 10.12.2019] paid for the
of the post order on the
followed by 27th of
ellipses… November
[Platform] 2019.
<URL>
[Accessed
date]
6.20 EXAMPLE OF A LIST OF REFERENCES
Acts (see South Africa).
American Psychological Association. 2020. APA style blog.

https://apastyle.apa.org/blog [Accessed: 11.08.2020]
Babbie, E. 2007. The practice of social research, 11th ed. Belmond: Thomson
Wadsworth.
Bagwandeen, D. 1994. Teacher education in a changing society. South African

Journal of Higher Education, 8(2):15–19.
Barrett, P. 2000. Systems and relationships for construction quality.

International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management. 17(4):377–392.
https://doi.org/10.1108/02656710010298409
Bate, N. 2013. MBA: Think, perform and earn like a top business school
graduate. [e-book]. Oxford: Infinite Ideas.
http://www.kalahari.com/digitaldownloads/MBA/80470/43850471.aspx
[Accessed 12.04.2013]

57
BBC Nature. 2012. Forest elephant. Natural World. [video].
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/African_Forest_Elephant [Accessed:
25.10.2012]
Bryant, K. & Diga, K. 2013. W/righting research capacity building: a

preliminary model to inform writing support activities for African researchers.
Alternation, 9:46–73.
Buthelezi, N.P.A. 2008. What in the school context promotes resilience?

SANPAD Conference on Resilience Outcomes. University of Pretoria. Durban,
South Africa.
Cherry, K. 2013. How to cite an online article with no date. Verywellmind.com.

http://psychology.about.com/b/2010/11/03/how-to-cite-an-online-article-with-
no-date.htm [Accessed: 22.04.2013]
Crossref. 2020. https://www.crossref.org/ [Accessed: 21.07.2020]
Davidson, L. & Douglas, K. 1998. Digital object identifiers: promise and

problems for scholarly publishing. Journal of Electronic Publishing: The
Socioeconomics Dimensions of Electronic Publishing, 4(2).
https://doi.org/10.3998/3336451.0004.203 [Accessed: 10.07.2017]
De Montfort University Library Services. 2009. The Harvard system of

referencing. [pdf].
http://www.library.dmu.ac.uk/Images/Selfstudy/Harvard.pdf [Accessed:
06.07.2017]
Denzin, N.K. & Lincoln, Y.S., (eds). 1994. Handbook of qualitative research.
Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Dickson, E. 2020. Lean leadership in a time of crisis. 32nd Annual Shingo

Conference, 12–13 October 2020. [unpublished paper]. Utah State University:
Shingo Institute.
Diga, K. 2012. Facing the African ICTD academic divide. International

Association for Media and Communication Research (IAMCR 2012), 15–19 July
2012, Durban, South Africa.

58
Diga, K. 2013. Local economic opportunities and ICTs: how ICTs affect
livelihoods (Part II). In Emdon, H., Elder, L., Petrazzini, B. & Fuchs, R. (eds).
Connecting ICTs to development: the IDRC experience. London: Anthem Press.
EasyBib. 2016. How to cite an ebook in APA.

http://www.easybib.com/guides/citation-guides/apa-format/e-book/
[Accessed: 23.06.2020]
Ehlers, M.B. 2000. Residential-based business as an alternative location-

decision for SMMEs. [DCom thesis]. Pretoria: University of Pretoria.
Feldman, H. 2017. SA has been re-colonised and we don’t even know it.
News24, 10 July. http://www.news24.com/Columnists/HowardFeldman/sa-has-
been-re-colonised-andwe-dont-even-know-it-20170710 [Accessed:
10.07.2017]
Heaton, J. & Kruger, H. 2015. South African law, 4th ed. Durban: LexisNexis.
Herrmann, S.M. 2017. Drought. Encyclopedia.com.

http://www.encyclopedia.com/earth-and-environment/atmosphere-
andweather/weather-and-climate-terms-and-concepts/drought [Accessed:
29.06.2017]
Howard-Jones, P.A. 2014a. Evolutionary perspectives on mind, brain and

education. Mind, Brain, and Education. 8(1):21–33, 1 March. Hoboken: Wiley-
Blackwell.
Howard-Jones, P.A. 2014b. Neuroscience and education: myths and messages.

[pdf]. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 15(12):817–824, December.
https://doi.org//10.1038/nrn3817
Kempen, A. 2017. Access to legal aid is possible for all: stating the case for
paralegals/community advice officers. Servamus, 110(4):33–37. Pretoria:
SARP Publishers.
King Committee on Corporate Governance. 2002. King Report on Corporate

Governance in South Africa. Johannesburg: Institute of Directors.
Klein, K.E. 2013. How small businesses use big data. Businessweek, 3 Apr.
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big-data#r=nav-f-story [Accessed: 12.04.2013]

59
Lab, S.P. 2016. Crime prevention: approaches, practices, and evaluations, 9th
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MacDonald, G. 2016a. How to live with dementia as a common experience of

ageing. SSPS Review, 3:14–32.
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macdonald.html [Accessed: 23.07.2020]
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Siperstein, S., Hall, S. & LeMenager, S., (eds). Teaching Climate Change in the
Humanities. London: Routledge.
Marx, J., ed. 2017. Investment management, 5th ed. Pretoria: Van Schaik.
Mccarthy, T.S., Gumbricht, T., Stewart, R.G., Brandt, D., Hancox, J., McCarthy,
J. & Duse, A. 2004. Wastewater disposal at safari lodges in the Okavango
Delta, Botswana. Water SA. 30(1):121–128.
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McMillan, K. & Weyers, J. 2010. How to write essays & assignments. Edinburgh
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Meadows, M. 2011. Indigenous media. In Downing, J.D.H., (ed). Encyclopedia

of social movement media. pp. 247–250. Los Angeles: Sage.
Morrison, E.M. 2012. Operations Research. BMN120: Business Management.

Pretoria: Tshwane University of Technology.
Ofwona-Adera, E., Waema, T., May, J., Mascarenhas, O. & Diga, K., (eds).
2014. ICT Pathways to poverty reduction: empirical evidence from East and
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62
7. Frequently asked questions (FAQs)
7.1 GENERAL
Q. How do I cite and reference sources in languages other than English?
A. Use the language of the information source.
Q. Which letters should I capitalise?
A. Capitalise:
• the first letter of each author's surname and each initial.

• the first letter of the publication title written in italics.
• all the first letters of the main words in the title of a journal,
newspaper.
• all the first letters of a place name.
• all the first letters of a publisher.
Q. What if there is no example in this guide for the source that I am

using?
A. Begin by applying the guidelines for books and then exchange or add in
guidelines from other types of information sources in order to build the
entry. You will also find ample examples on the Internet, but remember
to adapt them to the style and format used in the guide.
7.2 DATES
Q. Where do I find the date of a work?
A. Finding a publication date is not always easy. In books, it would be with

the other publication information on the title page or verso page.
The publication date of printed journals and newspapers is on the cover

or, in the case of periodicals, the spine and back page or around the
table of contents.

63
In the case of websites and blog posts, the publication date can be
somewhere around the title or in the footer of the page.
Q. What if a book has more than one date?
A. Use the latest publication (edition) date for citation purposes. Be sure
not to take the latest reprint date, which may be more recent. A reprint
is not a new edition; a reprint simply means that more books of that
edition were printed at a later date.
Q. What if the date is in Roman letters?
A. Convert the letters to numbers (Arabic numerals), e.g. MCMLXXXV =

1985.
Q. What if there is no date?
A. Use the abbreviation n.d. (which stands for "not dated") in the second
position.
7.3 CITATIONS
Q. How do I cite two sources written by the same author in the same
year?
A. Add lower case letters after the date.
(Molefe, 2001a:23; Molefe, 2001b:104)
Q. How do I cite a number of different sources to support the same point?
A. Cite them in alphabetical order and separate the different citations with
a semicolon.
(Epstein et al., 2012:278; Hudson & Nurius, 1994:103; Rosen, 1996:324)

64
7.4 REFERENCE LIST
Q. What if I have more than one work by the same author; how do I list
them in the reference list?
A. List them in the order of the date, starting with the earliest first.
Molefe, T. 2001a. …
Molefe, T. 2001b. …
Molefe, T. 2004. …
Q. Which place of publication should I include in the reference if a book

lists more than one place?
A. Include only the first place name listed in the book.
Q. Which publisher should I include in my reference if a book lists multiple

publishers?
A. Include only the first publisher listed.
Q. Do I have to include the publisher’s name in full?
A. Provide the name of the publisher in the shortest possible form that will
be recognised internationally, e.g. "Sage" and not "Sage Publications",
and "Van Schaik" and not "JL van Schaik".
Q. Some Harvard referencing style manuals use the words "Available at"
or "Available from" before the URL of an electronic publication. What is
the correct way?
A. It used to be the preferred way but lately most style manuals omit
those words since the URL sufficiently indicates the location of the
source. The STADIO style does not require this phrase.
Q. Some online journal articles and webpages have very long URLs.
A. Very long URLs may be shortened to the first forward slash /.
Q. Why do I have to include the date when I access a website?

65
A. Website pages appear and disappear so often that it is vital to indicate
that the information was accurate at the date given.
Q. Which do I choose: the website URL or the DOI?
A. The DOI (digital object identifier) is a unique identifier that is assigned

to some website pages. When it is present, use it instead of the
website URL and date accessed.
Q. Can I use software to manage the reference list?
A. You can make use of reference managers, of which some are freely
available on the Internet, i.e. Cite This For Me at
http://www.citethisforme.com/ or Mendeley at
https://www.mendeley.com/search/. However, you may find it
necessary to adapt the references created by a reference manager to
the style and format of this guide.
Q. If a source has more than one format, for example, a printed and an
online format, which information do I use in the reference list?
A. Only use the information of the format that you have used in your
research. If you have used a printed format, use that information in the
reference list.
Q. When do I use pp. and when do I only show the page number range?
A. When there is information about the series, volume and/or issue

number, the page or page range numbers follow immediately after a
colon (:).
Vance, C. & Larson, E. 2002. Leadership research in business and

health care. [abstract]. In Gennaro, S. (ed). Journal of Nursing
Scholarship, 34(2):165–171. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-
5069.2002.00165.x
When there is no other information following the title, use pp. as the
abbreviation to introduce the page numbers range.
Samson, C. 1970. Problems of information studies in history. In Stone,

S. (ed). 1980. Humanities information research, pp. 44–68. Sheffield:
CRUS.

66
References
Cronje, M., Murdoch, N. & Smit, R. (eds). 2003. Reference Techniques: Harvard
method and APA style. Auckland Park: University of Johannesburg.
Harris, J. 2000. Understanding the Harvard Referencing method. New York:

Caxton.
Kotze, T. 2009. Referencing in Academic Documents: Official Guidelines of the

Department of Marketing and Communication Management. 4th ed. Department
of Marketing and Communication Management. University of Pretoria.
http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=2319&sub=1&parentid=753&s
ubid=960&ipklookid=3.pdf [Accessed: 08.07.2009]
The Open University. 2024. Generative AI for students.

https://about.open.ac.uk/policies-and-reports/policies-and-statements/gen-
ai/generative-ai-students?nocache=64f82801052d9 [Accessed: 31.01.2024].
Van der Walt, E. 2006. Quoting sources. Potchefstroom: North-West University.

67
Annexure 1
STADIO School of Law referencing guidelines
Reference style of the Tydskrif vir Hedendaagse Romeins-Hollandse Reg

(THRHR) / Journal of Contemporary Roman-Dutch Law
The THRHR reference style is used for in-text and footnote referencing
FORMAT
Documents should be typed in double spacing on one side of A4 size paper.

This applies to summaries, footnotes and quotations.
ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations are not used in the text; in footnotes (and bracketed references)
recognised abbreviations are used extensively. Punctuation and spaces are not
used in abbreviations: eg, cf, USA, THRHR, RSA, BA, LLM, Unisa, SALJ.
Examples
s for section (plural ss); ff for and further; para for paragraph (plural paras);
2ed for second edition; AJ for Acting Judge; J for Judge; JA for Judge of Appeal;
JP for Judge President, AJA for Acting Judge of Appeal; CJ for Chief Justice; reg
for regulation; ch for chapter; and cf for compare.
QUOTATIONS
Quotations correspond exactly with the original, that is, with italicisation,
capital letters, full stops, etcetera, unchanged. All changes or insertions in
quotations are made in square brackets, for example: “[I]n…”.
Use double quotation marks (with single quotation marks inside a quotation).
Where a full sentence is quoted, the quotation marks are placed after the full

68
stop. In other cases, quotations marks are place before the comma, colon or
semi-colon.
CAPITAL LETTERS
The use of capital letters should be limited as far as possible. All footnotes start
with a capital letter.
HEADINGS
Consult the examples (provided by lecturers).
ITALICS
Quotations (also in Latin) are NOT italicised. Words and expressions in a

language other than that of the document are in italics, for example: dolus, fait
accompli, Grundnorm.
REFERENCES
Cases
The names of the parties and the “v” between them are in italics. The words
“and another”, “and others”, etcetera are omitted. Example: Botha v Botha
1979 3 SA 792 (T).
Subsequent reference to the same case: Botha v Botha.
Books
It is unnecessary to supply the initials of the author (except where the omission
may cause confusion). Book titles are in italics. Only the first word of the title
starts with a capital letter, except where proper names appear in the title. The
date of publication is provided between brackets. Example of a book reference:
Sharrock Business transactions law 9ed (2016). Subsequent references to the
same book: Sharrock 30.

69
Articles
The titles of articles are place in quotation marks. Only the first word of the title
starts with a capital letter. Names of journals are in italics and not abbreviated
(except LJ, LR and Univ): Harvard LR, Yale LR, De Rebus, De Jure. But THRHR,
SALJ, TSAR, CILSA, SASK, SA Merc LJ, LQR, JRS. The volume number is
omitted (except where the page numbers of a journal are not continuous –
such as Codicillus and De Rebus. Example of an article reference: Koziol
“Incorrect advice to investors and the liability of banks” 2011 THRHR 1.
Subsequent reference to the same article: Kozio 2011 THRHR 5.
Legislation
The title and number of an Act are not italicised: Bills of Exchange Act 34 of
1964. References to legislation in the text may also be informal (as soon as it is
clear to the reader which Act is referred to): The Act/The 1926 Act.
Old authorities
See 1985 THRHR 125.
Electronic article in newspapers or magazines/electronic sources
Clark “The doctor of Port St Johns” Dispatch Online (30-03-1998)

http://bit.ly/brfWha [Accessed: 26.08.2005]
Examples of in-text referencing will be provided directly to students.

70

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Heading Page number

3. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) 8

5. THE STADIO REFERENCING SYSTEM 13

6. GUIDELINES ON CITATIONS AND COMPILING REFERENCE LISTS 29

© STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024

7. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQS) 63

STADIO SCHOOL OF LAW REFERENCING GUIDELINES 68

© STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024

It is extremely important that you cite information sources accurately whenever

• quote (use someone else’s exact words).

1.1 WHY SHOULD YOU REFERENCE?

According to Harris (2000:23), references assist the author to:

• acknowledge all the sources of information accessed.

© STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024

© STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024

2.1 WHAT IS PLAGIARISM AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO BE

Whenever you produce written work, such as assignments or answers to exam

Examples of plagiarism are:

• Copying word for word (verbatim) from sections of a text (books,

© STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024

2.2 AVOIDING PLAGIARISM

• Paraphrase, but be sure you are not just re-arranging or replacing a

© STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024

3.1 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

At STADIO we promote the ethical and responsible use of AI. It is your

• To help improve your writing skills, for example, by correcting

• To revise your own knowledge on a topic. This could be by asking it to

• To support critical thinking skills; for example, you could ask it to

• To develop understanding of complex concepts or apply discipline

• To generate initial ideas; for example, if you’re struggling with writer’s

• To generate images, diagrams, infographics, tables, video and other

• To transcribe audio to text and other formats.

• To create the structure, format or templates for your work.

© STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024

When referencing information produced by Generative AI tools, it’s essential to

© STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024

When authors/students/academics submit work1, the same copyright/

The following are guidelines:

b) No amount of plain text may be copied from another publication other

c) Authors can represent a diagram from another author with a reference.

e) As part of learning activities, links can be provided to free video clips in

© STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024

g) Practices such as in-linking or deep-linking (linking into a particular

4.2 DETECTION OF PLAGIARISM AND BREACH OF COPYRIGHT

All STADIO teaching materials and academic content are scanned by an

Authors are reminded of their contractual responsibilities in terms of submitting

There are four forms of plagiarism:

1. When the work submitted or presented has been done by someone

In summary, plagiarism refers to any or all the following:

© STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024

© STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024

5.1 WHEN TO USE REFERENCES

You must provide a reference whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarise

• Books or chapters in books.

• quote the exact words of another author.

© STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024

The author–date referencing system comprises two parts, namely:

The other features of author–date referencing include:

• a specific order in which the information should be structured.

• the author’s surname (family name).

You are therefore advised to adhere strictly to the referencing conventions as

© STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024