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 CONTENTS
UGC NET Paper-1 Topic wise Solved Papers 2020 Set 1 & 2 N-1–16

 Unit-I : Teaching Aptitude I-1-60

Chapter 1. Teaching 1-10
Chapter 2. Learner’s Characteristics 11-18
Chapter 3. Factors Affecting Teaching 19-30
Chapter 4. Methods of Teaching in Institutions of Higher Learning 31-42
Chapter 5. Teaching Support System 43-48
Chapter 6. Evaluation Systems 49-60

 Unit-II : Research Aptitude II-1-60

Chapter 7. Research 1-14
Chapter 8. Method of Research 15-23
Chapter 9. Steps of Research 24-44
Chapter 10. Thesis and Article Writing 45-52
Chapter 11. Application of ICT in Research 53-56
Chapter 12. Research Ethics 57-60

 Unit-III : Comprehension III-1-36

Chapter 13. Comprehension 1-36

 Unit-IV : Communication IV-1-42

Chapter 14. Communication 1-9
Chapter 15. Effective Communication 10-29
Chapter 16. Barriers to Effective Communication 30-33
Chapter 17. Mass-Media and Society 34-42

 Unit-V : Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude V-1-52

Chapter 18. Types of Reasoning 1-7
Chapter 19. Numerical Series Letter Series, Codes and Relationship 8-28
Chapter 20. Mathematical Aptitude 29-52
 Unit-VI : Logical Reasoning VI-1-50
Chapter 21. Understanding the Structure of Arguments 1-24
Chapter 22. Evaluating and Distinguishing Deductive and Inductive Reasoning 25-30
Chapter 23. Analogies 31-34
Chapter 24. Venn Diagram 35-38
Chapter 25. Indian Logic : Means of Knowledge 39-40
Chapter 26. Pramanas 41-44
Chapter 27. The Structure of Inference (Anumana) 45-50

 Unit-VII : Data Interpretation VII-1-40

Chapter 28. Sources, Acquisition and Classification of Data 1-2
Chapter 29. Quantitative and Qualitative Data 3-4
Chapter 30. Graphical Representation 5-9
Chapter 31. Data Interpretation 10-37
Chapter 32. Data and Governance 38-40

 Unit-VIII : Information and Communication Technology (ICT) VIII-1-42

Chapter 33. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) 1-18
Chapter 34. Basic of Internet 19-34
Chapter 35. Digital Initiatives in Higher Education 35-38
Chapter 36. ICT and Governance 39-42

 Unit-IX : People, Development & Environment IX-1-42

Chapter 37. Development & Environment 1-4
Chapter 38. Human and Environment Interaction 5-10
Chapter 39. Environmental Issues 11-18
Chapter 40. Impacts of Pollutants on Human Health 19-22
Chapter 41. Natural and Energy Resources 23-28
Chapter 42. Natural Hazard and Disasters 29-34
Chapter 43. Environmental Protection Laws of India 35-42

 Unit-X : Higher Education System X-1-44

Chapter 44. Institutions of Higher Learning and Education in Ancient India 1-7
Chapter 45. Evolution of Higher Learning and Research in Post Independence India 8-11
Chapter 46. Oriental, Conventional and non-Conventional Learning Programmes in India 12-17
Chapter 47. Professional, Technical and Skill-based Education 18-23
Chapter 48. Value Education and Environmental Education 24-26
Chapter 49. Policies, Governance and Administration 27-44
 UGC-NET EXAM
ABOUT THE UGC-NET EXAM
• The UGC-NET exam for Junior Research Fellowship/Eligibility for Assistant Professor, earlier conducted by the CBSE,
is being conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA) in online mode from Dec 2018. There is no change suggested
in the syllabus for June 2019 exam, but the exam pattern has been revised.
• There will be two papers with a total of 300 marks.

Paper 1 General Aptitude 1 hour 50 Qs 100marks

Paper 2 Optional Subject 2 hours 100 Qs 200 marks

• All questions, worth 2 marks each, will be compulsory; and, there will be no negative marking.
1. (Five questions each carrying 2 marks are to be set from each Unit-The details of syllabus as below)

SYLLABUS
Unit-I Teaching Aptitude
● Teaching: Concept, Objectives, Levels of teaching (Memory, Understanding and Reflective), Characteristics and
basic requirements.
● Learner’s characteristics: Characteristics of adolescent and adult learners (Academic, Social, Emotional and
Cognitive), Individual differences.
● Factors affecting teaching related to: Teacher, Learner, Support material, Instructional facilities, Learning
environment and Institution.
● Methods of teaching in Institutions of higher learning: Teacher centered vs. Learner centered methods; Off-line
vs. On-line methods (Swayam, Swayamprabha, MOOCs etc.).
● Teaching Support System: Traditional, Modern and ICT based.
● Evaluation Systems: Elements and Types of evaluation, Evaluation in Choice Based Credit System in Higher
education, Computer based testing, Innovations in evaluation systems.

Unit-II Research Aptitude

● Research: Meaning, Types, and Characteristics, Positivism and Post- positivistic approach to research.
● Methods of Research: Experimental, Descriptive, Historical, Qualitative and Quantitative methods.
● Steps of Research.
● Thesis and Article writing: Format and styles of referencing.
● Application of ICT in research.
● Research ethics.

Unit-III Comprehension
● A passage of text to be given. Questions to be asked from the passage to be answered.
Unit-IV Communication
● Communication: Meaning, types and characteristics of communication.
● Effective communication: Verbal and Non-verbal, Inter-cultural and group communications, Classroom
communication.
● Barriers to effective communication.
● Mass-Media and Society.

Unit-V Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude

● Types of reasoning.
● Number series, Letter series, Codes and Relationships.
● Mathematical Aptitude (Fraction, Time & Distance, Ratio, Proportion and Percentage, Profit and Loss, Interest
and Discounting, Averages etc.).

Unit-VI Logical Reasoning

● Understanding the structure of arguments: argument forms, structure of categorical propositions, Mood and
Figure, Formal and Informal fallacies, Uses of language, Connotations and denotations of terms, Classical square
of opposition.
● Evaluating and distinguishing deductive and inductive reasoning.
● Analogies.
● Venn diagram: Simple and multiple use for establishing validity of arguments.
● Indian Logic: Means of knowledge.
● Pramanas: Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), Upamana (Comparison), Shabda (Verbal testimony),
Arthapatti (Implication) and Anupalabddhi (Non-apprehension).
● Structure and kinds of Anumana (inference), Vyapti (invariable relation),Hetvabhasas (fallacies of inference).

Unit-VII Data Interpretation

● Sources, acquisition and classification of Data.
● Quantitative and Qualitative Data.
● Graphical representation (Bar-chart, Histograms, Pie-chart, Table-chart and Line-chart) and mapping of Data.
● Data Interpretation.
● Data and Governance.

Unit-VIII Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

● ICT: General abbreviations and terminology.
● Basics of Internet, Intranet, E-mail, Audio and Video-conferencing.
● Digital initiatives in higher education.
● ICT and Governance.
Unit-IX People, Development and Environment
● Development and environment: Millennium development and Sustainable development goals.
● Human and environment interaction: Anthropogenic activities and their impacts on environment.
● Environmental issues: Local, Regional and Global; Air pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution, Noise pollution,
Waste (solid, liquid, biomedical, hazardous, electronic), Climate change and its Socio-Economic and Political
dimensions.
● Impacts of pollutants on human health.
● Natural and energy resources: Solar, Wind, Soil, Hydro, Geothermal,Biomass, Nuclear and Forests.
● Natural hazards and disasters: Mitigation strategies.
● Environmental Protection Act (1986), National Action Plan on Climate Change, International agreements/efforts
-Montreal Protocol, Rio Summit,Convention on Biodiversity, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, International
Solar Alliance.

Unit-X Higher Education System

● Institutions of higher learning and education in ancient India.
● Evolution of higher learning and research in Post Independence India.
● Oriental, Conventional and Non-conventional learning programmes in India.
● Professional, Technical and Skill Based education.
● Value education and environmental education.
● Policies, Governance, and Administration.
 UGC NET PAPER 1 TOPIC WISE SOLVED PAPERS-2020
SET I & II

UNIT I: Teaching Aptitude A. Direct questions

B. Higher order questions
1. Which of the following emotional characteristics are of C. Convergent questions
crucial significance in adolescent learning? D. Indirect questions
[Ch-2 Learner's Characteristics-Set I] E. Concept based questions
(a) Feeling of group belongingnes [Ch-4 Methods of Teaching in Institutions of Higher
(b) Hero-worship and sentiments Learning-Set I]
(c) Expanding emotional ties with those in the Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
neighbourhood (a) (A), (B) and (C) only
(d) Dependence processes and making friends (b) (B), (C) and (D) only
2. Which of the following factors contributing to school (c) (C), (D) and (E) only
learning are termed as social competence? (d) (B), (D) and (E) only
A. Motivation B. Intelligence 6. Given below are two statements :
C. Social skills D. Family support Statement I : Tutorials, group discussions and question-
E. Specific abilities of the learner answer sessions are dialogic and are part of direct teaching
[Ch-3 Factors Affecting Teaching-Set II] methods.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: Statement II : Project work, Laboratory work, simulation
(a) A, C and D only (b) A, B and C only and role playing are action based and are part of indirect
(c) B, C and D only (d) C, D and E only teaching methods.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most
3. Identify from the following, those features of key behaviours
appropriate answer from the options given below :
which are contributive to the effectiveness of teaching [Ch-4 Methods of Teaching in Institutions of Higher
A. Lesson clarity which implies making ideas clear to the Learning-Set I]
learner (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
B. Questioning-implying fact and concept based questions (b) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
C. Probing involving eliciting and soliciting moves (c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Teacher-task orientation with a focus on outcomes of (d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
the unit clearly defined 7. What is the focus of concern in understanding level
E. Engagement in the learning process which implies the teaching?
amount of time students devote to learning [Ch-4 Methods of Teaching in Institutions of Higher
[Ch-3 Factors Affecting Teaching-Set II] Learning-Set I]
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (a) Promotion of scope for seeking of relationship among
(a) A, B and C only (b) B, C and D only facts and ideas
(c) A, D and E only (d) B, D and E only (b) Encouraging recall and recognition of facts and
4. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion information
A and the other is labelled as Reason R. (c) Raising of problems and seeing solutions to problems
Assertion A: It is the responsibility of the teacher to make so presented
students active listeners with the help of different interactive (d) Developing a sense of happiness and ownership in
techniques. learning
Reason R: In teacher-centric communication, students tend 8. In the spectrum of teaching methods given below, which
to become passive listeners. are considered dialogic?
In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer A. Laboratory work B. Demonstration
from the options given below C. Tutorials D. Group discussion
[Ch-3 Factors Affecting Teaching-Set II] E. Project work
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation [Ch-4 Methods of Teaching in Instututions of Higher Learning-Set II]
of A Choose the correct answer from the options given below
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct (a) C and D only (b) A and B only
explanation of A (c) B and C only (d) D and E only
(c) A is true but R is false 9. Teaching differs from training and conditioning in so far as
(d) A is false but R is true it promotes  [Ch-5 Teaching Support System-Set II]
(a) Disciplined drill (b) Critical thinking
5. During teaching when a teacher uses process questions
(c) Steady association (d) Mastery of facts
which of the following types will have dominance?
N-2 UGC NET PAPER-1 TOPIC WISE SOLVED PAPERS-2020 SET I & II
UNIT II: Research Aptitude
10. Identify the qualitative research characteristics from the
following :
A. Exploring a problem and developing a detailed
understanding of a central phenomenon.
B. Having the literature review play a minor role but
justifying the problem.
C. Describing a research problem through a description
of trends.
D. Collecting numeric data from a large number of people
using instruments with present questions.
E. Collecting data based on words from a small number
of individuals. [Ch-8 Method of Research-Set I]
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(a) (A), (B) and (C) only
(b) (A), (B) and (E) only
(c) (B), (C) and (D) only
(d) (C), (D) and (E) only
11. Which of the following methods is used in empirical
researches? [Ch-8 Method of Research-Set I]
(a) Inductive method (b) Deductive method
(c) Initiative method (d) Scientific method
12. Which of the following research is intervention-based,
cyclic in nature and improvement focused?
[Ch-8 Method of Research-Set II]
(a) Case study research (b) Survey research
(c) Experimental research (d) Action research
13. Given below are two statements :
Statement I : Maximum performance tests are designed
to assess the upper limits of the examinee's knowledge and
abilities.
Statement II : Typical response tests are designed to
measure the behaviour and characteristics of examinees.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most
appropriate answer from the options given below :
[Ch-9 Steps of Research-Set I]
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
(d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
14. When the independent variable is explored rather than
manipulated, to observe the effect on dependent variable,
the method of research is called,
[Ch-9 Steps of Research-Set I]
(a) Ex-post facto method
(b) Experimental method
(c) Case study method
(d) Descriptive survey method
15. Identify the probability sampling procedures from the
following :
(A) Quota sampling (B) Stratified sampling
(C) Dimensional sampling (D) Cluster sampling
(E) Systematic sampling
[Ch-9 Steps of Research-Set I]
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(a) (A), (B) and (C) only (b) (B), (C) and (D) only
(c) (B), (D) and (E) only (d) (C), (D) and (E) only
16. Using an appropriate parametric test in a research project,
the researcher finds evidence to reject the Null hypothesis.
In doing so, which type of error is likely?
[Ch-9 Steps of Research-Set II]
(a) Alpha error
(b) Beta error
(c) Both Alpha and Beta errors
(d) Neither Alpha nor Beta error
17. Match List I with List II.
List I List II
Sampling techniques Description
used in research
A. Simple random I. The units are identified
sampling in terms of various specific
features identified before
drawing a sample structure
B. Systematic II. Each unit is given an equal
sampling independent chance of being
picked up
C. Dimensional III. The k-interval is obtained by
sampling N/n and the units are drawn
using the same, where N is
population size and n is
desired sample size.
D. Snowball IV. First member unit is used to
sampling identify the second unit and
so on
[Ch-9 Steps of Research-Set II]
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(a) A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III (b) A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
(c) A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I (d) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
18. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as
Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R.
Assertion A : Empirico-inductive paradigm in research
focuses on meaning-giving subjective perspectives to
depict reality.
Reason R : The purpose of research in this paradigm is not
to arrive at generalizations but to discover the reality as lived.
In light of the above statements, choose the most
appropriate answer from the options given below:
[Ch-9 Steps of Research-Set II]
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct
explanation of A
(c) A is correct but R is not correct
(d) A is not correct but R is correct
19. A college/university teacher plans to test his/her substantive
research hypothesis in a major project. Which of the
following statements are considered relevant in this regard?
A. Substantive research hypothesis has to clearly specify
the relationship among variables
B. Research hypothesis may be directed at finding out
differential effects or relationships
C. Null hypothesis should be formulated beforehand
D. There is direct support available for testing the
substantive research hypothesis
E. The final decision on the research hypothesis may
be reached indirectly by deciding the fate of the Null
hypothesis [Ch-9 Steps of Research-Set II]
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(a) A, B and C only (b) B, C and D only
(c) A, D and E only (d) A, B and E only
UGC NET PAPER-1 TOPIC WISE SOLVED PAPERS-2020 SET I & II N-3

20. Match List I with List II. defined as identity of the person of an ethnic group or of an entire
List I List II nation. But identities do not swim above in the stream of social
Methods of estimating Description life like amoebas in fermenting banana soup. If definitions of
the reliability of a test identity involve a characterisation of attributes and a drawing
A. Test-retest method I. Administering the test in of boundaries around the units so defined, in contrast with other
one session with two units, this must have a causal context. Moreover, we know that the
equivalent halves of the test search for identity varies historically, intensifying or slackening
for correlation over periods of time. Thus, a major rise occurred in the demand
B. Alternate form II. Two or more raters score the for identity with the advent of the nation-state and the collateral
development of nationalism, which hoped to create a unified and
method test independently
identifiable 'people', out of diverse populations with distinctive
C. Split-half method III. Administering the same test identities of their own. Recently, the demand for identities has
to the same group at two risen once again, precisely at a time when cultural repertoires are
different sessions becoming again more heterogeneous, as people have responded
D. Inter-rater method IV. Administering the two forms to changes in the social division of labour, in their relation to
of the test to the same group governments, in reaction to new modes of communication. These
at two different sessions repertoires of cultural understandings and practices do not easily
[Ch-9 Steps of Research-Set II] fit any traditional notion of culture as an integral and integrated
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: set of forms and meanings. [Ch-13 Comprehension-Set I]
(a) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV (b) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III 24. Historically the search for identity has been of
(c) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I (d) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II (a) Uniform continuity (b) Slackening of culture
21. A 'De-novo' institution is characterized by (c) Intermittent intensity (d) Illogical motives
[Ch-11 Application of ICT in Research-Set I] 25. The advent of nationalism led to
(a) ICT enabled pedagogy (a) Competing identities
(b) focus on teaching and research in unique and emerging (b) Single identity across the nation
areas of knowledge (c) The emergence of a unified cultural repertoire
(c) focus on teaching and research on foreign languages (d) Unity within diverse identities
and their literature 26. The identity has a tendency to have
(d) state of art infrastructure (a) Different attributes from others
22. Which of the following ICT initiatives of MHRD deal with (b) Coherence with other units
E-governance for institutions/ universities? (c) Undistinguishable boundaries
[Ch-11 Application of ICT in Research-Set I] (d) The movement above the stream of social life
(a) SAMARTH (b) VIDWAN 27. What is the focal issue in the present day cultural learning?
(c) IRINS (d) SWAYAM (a) Unending discussions on it
23. Match List I with List II (b) Contextual clarity
List I List II (c) Anthropological concern
ICT Initiatives of Their benefits for students (d) The need to organise the issue properly
Ministry of Human and researchers 28. The new cultural understanding does not fit into the
Resource Development traditional notion of culture due to
A. SWAYAM I. To get hands-on experience (a) New modes of communication
in embedded system (b) Traditional social divisions of labour
B. SWAYAM- II. To get free books and (c) Integrated sets of meanings
PRABHA curriculum-based e-content (d) The creation of a strong nation-state
C. e-PG Pathshala III. To watch high-quality Comprehension :(Qs. 29-33)
educational programmes
D. e-Yantra IV. To earn credits through Read the passage carefully and answer questions that follow -
online courses Marketers are reexamining their relationships with social values
[Ch-11 Application of ICT in Research-Set II]
and responsibilities and with the very Earth that sustains us. As
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: the worldwide consumerism and environmentalism movement
(a) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II (b) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I mature, todays marketers are being called on to develop
(c) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III (d) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV sustainable marketing practices. Corporate ethics and social
responsibility have become hot topics for almost every business.
 UNIT III: Comprehension And few companies can ignore the renewed and very demanding
Comprehension : (Qs. 24-28) environmental movement. Every company action can affect
Read the passage and answer questions from 46 to 50. customer relationships. Today’s customers expect companies to
If so much of present day cultural learning depends on situation deliver value in a socially and environmentally responsible way.
and context how do the resulting assemblages acquire an The social-responsibility and environmental movements will
organised coherence? One way this issue is being raised in place even stricter demands on companies in the future. Some
recent anthropology is through the concern with identity, whether companies resist these movements, budging only when forced
by legislation or organized customer outcries. Forward-looking
N-4 UGC NET PAPER-1 TOPIC WISE SOLVED PAPERS-2020 SET I & II

companies, however, readily accept their responsibilities to 36. Identify the correct sequence of phases in communication
the world around them. They view sustainable marketing as an development :
opportunity to do well by doing good. They seek ways to profit (A) Acta Diurna
by serving immediate needs and the best long-run interest of their (B) Cave paintings
customers and communities. (C) Wooden blocks for printing
Some companies, such as Patagonia, Ben & Jerrys, Timberland, (D) Development of languages
Method, and others, practice caring capitalism, setting themselves (E) Metal printing
apart by being civic-minded and responsible. They build social [Ch-14 Communication-Set I]
linkages.  [Ch-13 Comprehension-Set II]
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
29. What do farsighted companies prefer? (a) (A), (B), (D), (C), (E)
(a) Sustainable marketing (b) (B), (D), (C), (A), (E)
(b) Legislative compulsion (c) (C), (D), (E), (A), (B)
(c) Organized consumer pressure (d) (D), (E), (A), (B), (C)
(d) Status quo in the market 37. Match List I with List II
30. According to the passage, sustainable marketing is List I List II
perceived as Type of Characteristics
(a) Immediately profitable
communication
(b) Community fallacy
(c) Doing good to community as an opportunity A. Intra-personal I. Between persons
(d) Long-term burden to society as a difficult issue B. Inter-personal II. within a small organization
31. The concern for today’s society centres on C. Group III. Large number of unknown
(a) Marketing strategies (b) Customer relations audience
(c) Corporate ethics (d) Delivery of value for money D. Mass IV. Within oneself
 [Ch-14 Communication-Set II]
32. The present-day marketers have focused on
(a) Consumerism Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(b) Social obligations (a) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
(c) Sustaining their business practices (b) A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
(d) Competitive business (c) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
33. Caring capitalism is inclusive of (d) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
A. Make profit by ignoring social demands 38. Given below are two statements
B. Being civic-minded Statement I: Personality conflicts in a classroom situation
C. Forging social linkages are a barrier to effective interaction
D. Budge when there is a legislative nudge Statement II: Impersonal communication is invariably
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: considered the best solution in a `classroom environment
(a) A and B only (b) B and C only In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer
(c) C and D only (d) A and D only from the options given below
UNIT IV: Communication  [Ch-15 Effective Communication-Set II]
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are true
34. The entry of new media has made online learning : (b) Both Statement I and Statement II are false
[Ch-14 Communication-Set I] (c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is false
(a) Secondary source based (d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true
(b) Dependent on personal sources 39. Efficacy of written communication depends upon
(c) Institution-centric A. Lengthy presentation
(d) Independent B. Complex sentence structure
35. Match List I with List II. C. Editing after writing
List I List II D. Brevity in sentences
(Mode of Communication) (Type of communication) E. Use of strong words
(A) One-to-one (I) Network (transactional) F. Effective use of words
(B) One-to-many (II) Intra-personal [Ch-15 Effective Communication-Set II]
(C) Many-to-many (III) Inter-personal Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(D) One-to-none (IV) Mass Communication (a) A, B and C only (b) B, C and D only
especially print
(c) C, D and F only (d) D, E and F only
[Ch-14 Communication-Set I]
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 40. The concept fraction of selection in classroom communication
(a) (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV) is determined by the expectation of reward related to
(b) (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I) [Ch-15 Effective Communication-Set II]
(c) (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II) (a) Efforts needed (b) Reviews needed
(d) (A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(III) (c) Peer pressure needed (d) Time-lag needed
UGC NET PAPER-1 TOPIC WISE SOLVED PAPERS-2020 SET I & II N-5

41. Removal of communication barriers in a classroom will Statement II : When the Null hypothesis is rejected, there
result in will be chances for committing 'Beta' rather than 'Alpha'
(A) Clear enunciation of specific instructional behaviours error.
(B) A climate of purposeful student interaction In the light of the above statements, choose the most
(C) Promotion of personality cult appropriate answer from the options given below :
(D) The irrelevance of illustrative examples [Ch-20 Mathematical Aptitude-Set I]
[Ch-16 Barriers to Effective Communication-Set I] (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (b) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
(a) (A) and (B) only (b) (B) and (C) only (c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
(c) (C) and (D) only (d) (A) and (D) only (d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
42. Given below are two statements : One is labelled as 49. Given below are two statements :
Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
Statement I : Sometimes, Ratio has units.
Assertion (A) : Repeating more and more the same message
will make it important. Statement II : When two ratios are equal, a proportion is
Reason (R) : 'Don't use two words when one will do' is the formed.
guiding principle that works. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct
In the light of the above statements, choose the most answer from the option given below :
appropriate answer from the options given below : [Ch-20 Mathematical Aptitude-Set I]
[Ch-16 Barriers to Effective Communication-Set I] (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are true
(a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct (b) Both Statement I and Statement II are false
explanation of (A) (c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is false
(b) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is NOT the correct (d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true
explanation of (A) 50. What is the actual profit when the profit on selling price is
(c) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct 25%?  [Ch-20 Mathematical Aptitude-Set I]
(d) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct (a) 33.33% (b) 30.33%
43. What is the remainder when 45 is divided by 15? (c) 25% (d) 20%
[Ch-17 Mass-Media and Society-Set I] 51. Given below are two statements :
(a) 4 (b) 5 Statement I : Co-primes are the numbers which have only
(c) 8 (d) 11 1 as their common factor.
UNIT V: Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude Statement II : Factorisation is the decomposition of a
number into the other numbers which when added together
44 What is the missing number? will give the original number.
4, –8, 16, (?), 64, –128 In the light of the above statements, choose the correct
[Ch-19 Numerical Series Letter Series,
answer from the options given below :
Codes and Relationship-Set I]
[Ch-20 Mathematical Aptitude-Set I]
(a) –24 (b) –32
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are true
(c) 24 (d) 30
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are false
45. In terms of the relationship indicated below, which word (c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is false
will correctly pair to replace the question mark?
(d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true
Worse : Bad : : Doting : ____?_____
[Ch-19 Numerical Series Letter Series, 52. A man in a train notices that he can count 31 telephone
Codes and Relationship-Set I] poles in one minute. If the poles are at equal intervals of
(a) Reverence (b) Fond 50m, what is the speed of the train?
(c) Hate (d) Dislike [Ch-20 Mathematical Aptitude-Set II]
46. In the following letter series, what is the next term? (a) 50 km/hour (b) 60 km/hour
abcf, bcdg, cdeh, defi, ________ (c) 80 km/hour (d) 90 km/hour
[Ch-19 Numerical Series Letter Series, Codes and Realtionship-Set II] 53. Given three numbers, first is twice the second and is half
(a) efij (b) efgi of the third. If the average of three numbers is 56, then the
(c) efgj (d) defj difference of first and third number is
47. Identify the next term in the series [Ch-20 Mathematical Aptitude-Set II]
[Ch-19 Numerical Series Letter Series, Codes and Realtionship-Set II] (a) 12 (b) 24
2, 10, 26, 50, ? (c) 36 (d) 48
(a) 78 (b) 94 54. A sum of Rs. 500,000.00 is invested in a bank deposit for
(c) 82 (d) 104 1 year at an interest rate of 10 % per annum, compounded
48. Given below are two statements : on a half-yearly basis. What is the amount of interest at the
end of 1 year?  [Ch-20 Mathematical Aptitude-Set II]
Statement I : In research, 'Null hypothesis' when rejected,
(a) 5125 (b) 5250
offers the scope for accepting the alternative or substantive (c) 5500 (d) 5150
research hypothesis.
N-6 UGC NET PAPER-1 TOPIC WISE SOLVED PAPERS-2020 SET I & II

UNIT VI: Logical Reasoning 60. The sequential order of syllogism in Nyaya philosophy is
A. Nigman B. Udaharana
55. Given below are two statements : C. Hetu D. Upanaya
Statement I : Some examinations are too long. E. Pratigya
Some examinations are too difficult. [Ch-25 Indian Ligic : Means of Knowledge-Set II]
Therefore, some examinations are too long and too difficult. Choose the correct answer from the options given below
Statement II : Some dogs chase cats. (a) A, E, C, D, B (b) E, C, B, A D
All dogs have fleas. (c) E, B, C, D, A (d) D, A, B, C, E
Therefore, some cat-chasing dogs have fleas. 61. Given below is a proposition :
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct 'The weather is very cold today'.
answer from the options given below : Which one of the following, according to Nyaya, is the
[Ch-24 Venn Diagram-Set I] correct option?  [Ch-26 Pramanas-Set I]
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are true A. Samanya lakshana
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are false B. Yogaja
(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is false C. Jnanalakshana
(d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true D. Sannikarsha
56. Given below are four propositions. Two of them are related Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given
in such a way that they cannot be true, although they can below :
be false. Select the code that states those two propositions (a) (A) only (b) (B) only
(c) (C) only (d) (D) only
[Ch-24 Venn Diagram-Set II]
A. All men are honest 62. Paravidya, according to the vedic tradition, implies :
B. No men are honest [Ch-27 The Structure of Inference (Anumana)-Set I]
C. Some men are honest (a) Knowledge based on human experience
D. Some men are not honest (b) Knowledge that transcends human experience
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (c) Knowledge acquired from teachers
(a) A and B only (b) B and C only (d) Knowledge acquired from texts
(c) C and D only (d) A and D only 63. ‘To infer rain in the past by perceiving muddy water in the
pond’, is
57. Arrange in sequence the following theory of causality in
[Ch-27 The Structure of Inference (Anumana)-Set II]
Aristotle's philosophy :
(a) Purvovat Anumana
(A) Material cause (B) Efficient cause
(b) Sesvatanuman
(C) Formal cause (D) Final cause
(c) Both Purvovat Anumana and Sesvatanuman
[Ch-25 Indian Logic: Means of Knowledge-Set I]
(d) Comparison
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
64. The fallacy (hetvabhasha) produced in the conclusion due
(a) (A), (C), (B), (D) (b) (A), (D), (B), (C)
to the repudiation of Sadhya by Hetu is known as
(c) (C), (B), (A), (D) (d) (A), (B), (C), (D)
[Ch-27 The Structure of Inference (Anumana)-Set II]
58. Given below are two statements :
(a) Savyabhichra (b) Viruddha
Statement I : Human reason has this peculiar fate that (c) Satpratipaksha (d) Asiddha
it reaches at a stage when it can neither answer certain
questions nor can it ignore such questions. UNIT VII: Data Interpretation
Statement II : Human reason, by its own nature, is not
Comprehension : (Qs. 65-69)
competent to resolve certain questions concerning the
The following table shows the total number of beds in each
ultimate reality.
hospital in bracket and the number of patient admitted at different
In the light of the above statements, choose the most
hospitals for a disease on a particular day. Based on the data in
appropriate answer from the options given below :
the table, answer the questions 1-5 :
[Ch-25 Indian Logic: Means of Knowledge-Set I]
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct Hospital A B C D
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect Disease (100) (50) (100) (50)
(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect Viral disease 30 15 35 10
(d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
Heart disease 35 10 30 10
59. What is the sequential order of a comprehensible sentence
in Nyaya philosophy Kidney disease 15 5 15 5
A. Akanksha B. Yogyata Liver disease 10 5 5 15
C. Tatparya D. Sanniddhi [Ch-31 Data Interpretation-Set I]
[Ch-25 Indian Ligic : Means of Knowledge-Set II]
65. What is the ratio of total patients admitted to Hospital A to
Choose the correct answer from the options given below Hospital B?
(a) D, C, B, A (b) A, B, D, C (a) 19 : 7 (b) 17 : 7
(c) C, D, B, A (d) D, C, A, B (c) 18 : 7 (d) 7 : 17
UGC NET PAPER-1 TOPIC WISE SOLVED PAPERS-2020 SET I & II N-7

66. What is the ratio of patient admitted for viral disease to UNIT VIII: Information and Communicaiton Technology
kidney disease?
(a) 9 : 4 (b) 7 : 4 75. Consider the following technologies :
(c) 8 : 3 (d) 10 : 4 (A) Microprocessor
67. What is the percentage of Liver disease patient admitted in (B) Transistor
all the hospitals from the total patients admitted? (C) Vaccum Tube
(D) Artificial Intelligence
(a) 15% (b) 16%
Arrange the above technologies of different computer
(c) 13% (d) 14% generations in the order they have been used. Start from
68. Which disease occupies highest number of beds in all the the technology that was used in first generation.
hospitals? [Ch-33 Information and Communication Technology (ICT)-Set I]
(a) Heart Disease (b) Viral Disease Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(c) Kidney Disease (d) Liver Disease (a) (C), (A), (B), (D) (b) (C), (B), (A), (D)
69. What is the total percentage of unutilized beds? (c) (B), (C), (A), (D) (d) (C), (B), (D), (A)
(a) 19.44% (b) 17.66% 76. Given below are two statements :
Statement I : World Wide Web is not an example of
(c) 16.66% (d) 15.44%
client-server technology.
Comprehension : (Qs. 70-74) Statement II : FTP is a service available on the internet.
Consider the data in the given table and answer the questions In the light of the above statements, choose the correct
that follow: answer from the options given below :
The following table is on the Expenditures of Institution (in lakh [Ch-34 Basic of Internet-Set I]
Rupees) per annum over the given years (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are true
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are false
Heads of Expenditure (in lakhs)
(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is false
(d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true
Salary Transport Interest
Year Bonuses Taxes 77. Extra browser window of commercials that open
of Staff on loan
automatically on browsing web pages is called
2015 288 98 3 23.4 83 [Ch-34 Basic of Internet-Set I]
(a) Spam (b) Virus
2016 342 112 2.52 32.5 108 (c) Phishing (d) Pop-up
2017 324 101 3.84 41.6 74 78. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as
2018 336 133 3.68 36.4 88 Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R.
2019 420 14 3.96 49.4 98 Assertion A: Total number of mobile users in India is
increasing rapidly
[Ch-31 Data Interpretation-Set II] Reason R: The cost of the mobile is decreasing
70. What is the average amount of interest per year that the In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate
institution had to pay? answer from the options given below
(a) 30.50 (b) 36.66 [Ch-34 Basic of Internet-Set II]
(c) 39.66 (d) 41.02 (a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation
71. The total amount of bonus paid by the institution during of A
the given period is approximately what percent of the total (b) Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct
explanation of A
amount of salary paid during this period?
(c) A is correct but R is not correct
(a) ~3.96% (b) ~4% (d) A is not correct but R is correct
(c) ~7% (d) ~1%
79. Which of the following statements is/are true?
72. Total expenditure on all these items in 2015 was (A) Fibre optic cables are wooden fibres to provide high
approximately what per cent of the total expenditure in quality transmission.
2019? (B) Wireless communication provides anytime, anywhere
(a) 84.63% (b) 58% connection to both computes and telephones.
(c) 91% (d) 73.96% (C) Mobile phones are capable of providing voice
73. The total expenditure of the institution on these items during communication and also digital messaging service.
the year 2017 is [Ch-35 Digital Initiatives in Higher Education-Set I]
(a) 624.6 (b) 524.44 Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(c) 544.44 (d) 591.41 (a) (A) and (C) only (b) (B) and (C) only
(c) (A) and (B) only (d) (C) only
74. The ratio between the expenditure on taxes for the years
80. What is the binary number for decimal number 9?
2016 and 2018, is approximately
[Ch-35 Digital Initiatives in Higher Education-Set II]
(a) 17 : 11 (b) 27 : 22
(a) 1100 (b) 1001
(c) 31 : 27 (d) 19 : 17
(c) 0111 (d) 1011
N-8 UGC NET PAPER-1 TOPIC WISE SOLVED PAPERS-2020 SET I & II

81. The file extension of Microsoft (MS) Word document in 88. The phenomenon of ozone depletion is caused by
office 2007 is A. Volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons
[Ch-35 Digital Initiatives in Higher Education-Set II] B. Emissions from thermal power plants
(a) .docx (b) .png C. Combustion of urban waste
(c) .doc (d) .jpg D. Excessive use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers
82. What is the full form of the abbreviation loT? [Ch-39 Environmental Issues-Set II]
[Ch-36 ICT and Governance-Set II] Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(a) International Office of Tourism (a) A, B and D only (b) A and D only
(b) Internet of Things (c) A, B and C only (d) A, C and D only
(c) Internet of Think
(d) Instrument of Telecommunication 89. Day time noise standard prescribed for residential areas in
India is
UNIT IX: People, Development & Environment [Ch-40 Impacts of Pollutants on Human Health-Set II]
83. The underlying purpose of environmental education is to: (a) 75 dB (b) 65 dB (c) 55 dB (d) 50 dB
(A) Adjust to environmental challenges 90. Which type of memory holds the computer startup routine?
(B) Help face environmental hazards [Ch-40 Impacts of Pollutants on Human Health-Set II]
(C) Promote individual's critical-thinking about emerging (a) RAM (b) WAN (c) ROM (d) Cache
issues 91. 'Solar Water Still' is a device to
(D) Increase public awareness and knowledge of [Ch-41 Natural and Energy Resources-Set I]
environmental issues. (a) Produce potable water by using solar energy
(E) Enhance problem-solving and decision-making skills
(b) Pump water by using solar energy
in respect of handling environmental issues.
(c) Generate electricity by using solar energy
[Ch-37 Development & Environment-Set I]
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (d) Produce heat using solar energy
(a) (A), (B), (C) only (b) (B), (C), (D) only 92. As of now, which of the following is a leading country in
(c) (C), (D), (E) only (d) (D), (E), (A) only wind energy based electricity generation?
84. Identify the primary air pollutant among the following : [Ch-41 Natural and Energy Resources-Set I]
[Ch-38 Human and Environment Interaction-Set I] (a) India (b) China
(a) Ozone (c) France (d) Denmark
(b) Black carbon aerosols 93. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as
(c) Sulphate aerosols Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R.
(d) Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate (PAN) Assertion A: In the contemporary environmental discourse,
85. Identify the correct sequence of countries in decreasing small hydropower plants are preferred over large hydropower
order of their contributions to per capita emissions of carbon plants
dioxide emissions at present Reason R: Installation of a small hydropower plant is less
A. India B. China capital intensive compared to a large hydropower plant
C. USA D. Japan In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate
[Ch-38 Human and Environment Interaction-Set II] answer from the options given below
Choose the correct answer from the options given below
[Ch-41 Natural and Energy Resources-Set II]
(a) C, D, B, A (b) B, C, A, D
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation
(c) D, B, C, A (d) C, B, D, A
of A
86. Given below are two statements :
(b) Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct
Statement I : Long stretches of major rivers of India have
very low Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) values. explanation of A
Statement II : In rivers oxygen is added into water by (c) A is correct but R is not correct
diffusion from air due to its turbulent and rapid flow. (d) A is not correct but R is correct
In the light of the above statements, choose the most 94. Which of the following was NOT an issue to be addressed
appropriate answer from the options given below : under Millenium Development Goals?
[Ch-39 Environmental Issues-Set I] [Ch-43 Environmental Protection Laws of India-Set II]
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct (a) Child mortality (b) Environmentalsustainability
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect (c) Human rights (d) Primary education
(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
(d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct UNIT X Higher Education System
87. The only UN treaty related to environmental issues which 95. Takshashila, an ancient centre for higher learning in India,
has been ratified by all 197 UN member states is was declared as a heritage site by the UNESCO in
[Ch-39 Environmental Issues-Set I] (a) 1980 (b) 1982
(a) Montreal Protocol (b) Paris Agreement (c) 1984 (d) 1986
(c) Kyoto Protocol (d) Basel Convention
UGC NET PAPER-1 TOPIC WISE SOLVED PAPERS-2020 SET I & II
96. Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in higher education is the
total enrolment in higher education, regardless of age
expressed as a percentage to the eligible official population
in a given school year. Which of the following age groups
explain the eligible official population in this regard?
[Ch-45 Evolution of Higher Learning and Research in Post
Independence India-Set II]
(a) 16 - 21 years (b) 17 - 22 years
(c) 18 - 23 years (d) 19 - 24 years
97. MOODLE is abbreviation of
[Ch-47 Professional, Technical and Skill-Based Education-Set I]
(a) Modular Object-Oriented Distance Learning
Environment
(b) Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning
Environment
(c) Modular Object-Oriented Distance Legislative
Environment
(d) Modular Object-Oriented Distance Legal Environment
98. Which of the following statements best describe value
education?
[Ch-48 Value Education and Environmental Education-Set II]
A. It is a course in moral science
B. It talks about rewards and punishments for one’s own
actions
C. Students observe and imitate adult behaviours,
particularly that of their parents
ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS
1. (b) Adolescence is the age of transition from childhood
into adulthood marked by extra sensitivity and over
sentimentality as adolescents grapple with biological
and psychological changes within themselves and dwell
in confusion regarding their identity. This makes them
distance themselves from all that they experienced
as children (including parents’ indulgence, adults’
authority, rules, group belongingness, emotional ties
with neighbours, dependence on friends, etc.) , and
hero worship adults whom they fancy. So, these
emotional characteristics are of crucial significance
in case of adolescent learning; and, teachers must
acknowledge this and act accordingly.
2. (a) Social competence is the condition of possessing
the social, emotional, and intellectual skills and
behaviours needed to succeed as a member of society.
Social competence consists in social, emotional and
cognitive skills and behaviours that school learners
require for successful adaptation to the society as they
grow into its constituent adult members. Individual
intelligence and special abilities of the learner play a
part in their academic achievement rather than in their
social competence; which is determined, instead, by
family support, motivation and social skills they have.
3. (a) Lesson clarity for clear understanding of the learner;
questioning to test grasp of facts and concepts; and
probing to guide and lead to the required moves and/
N-9
D. Students investigate and explore their own inner self
E. It encourages students to fix their place in their life
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(a) A, B and C only (b) B, C and D only
(c) C, D and E only (d) A, D and E only
99. MHRD, Govt. of India, scheme 'RUSA' supports the
following components :
[Ch-49 Policies, Governance and Administration-Set I]
(A) Upgrading autonomous colleges to the status of a
University
(B) Providing maintenance grants to state Universities
(C) Setting up of new professional colleges in un-served
and under-served areas of the country
(D) Providing infrastructure grants to colleges and
universities to scale up capacity
(E) More scholarship programmes to supplement the cost
of education
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(a) (A), (B), (D) and (E) only
(b) (A), (B), (C) and (E) only
(c) (B), (C), (D) and (E) only
(d) (A), (C), (D) and (E) only
100. Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA), a Centrally
Sponsored Scheme aiming at providing strategic funding to
eligible state higher educational institutions, was launched
in  [Ch-49 Policies, Governance and Administration-Set II]
or responses are key behaviours for effective teaching.
Teacher-task orientation with a focus on outcomes of
the unit clearly defined (statement D); and, students’
engagement in the learning process which implies the
amount of time they devote to learning (statement
E) is to be realised optimally; however, neither is a
determinant of effective teaching.
4. (a) The teacher is the captain of the classroom- ship, being
responsible for how the teaching-learning process is
steered within. So, s/he may choose from teacher-
centric, student-centric or interactive/participative
methods for transacting the lesson. It is important to keep
students active and involved in the teaching learning
process to maintain the desired level of their interest
and motivation and make them active listeners of the
teacher’s communication. Therefore, teaching methods
wherein students are passive listeners are not effective.
Hence, it is the responsibility of the teacher to make
students active listeners with the help of different
interactive techniques (Assertion A) because in
teacher-centric communication, students tend to
become passive listeners (Reason R).
5. (d) Process questions are used to test the depth of one’s
knowledge on a subject (concept based questions) and
one’s ability to analyze how the various components/
processes of a system contributed to create the
whole; so, higher order and indirect questions are
predominantly asked.Convergent questions and direct
 Teaching I-5

23. Assertion (A) : All teaching should aim at ensuring 28. A teacher gives lot of positive and negative examples to support
learning. [July-2018] his/her presentations in the classroom. This will be related to
Reason (R) : All learning results from teaching. Choose which level of teaching?  [21st June 2019-IInd Shift]
the correct answer from the following code : (a) Autonomous development level
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct (b) Memory level
explanation of (A). (c) Understanding level
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct (d) Reflective level
explanation of (A). 29. Which of the following statements explains the concepts of
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. inclusive teaching? [24th June 2019-Ist Shift]
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. (a) Teacher facilitates the learning of the gifted students.
24. A college level assistant professor has planned his/her lectures (b) Teacher facilitates the learning of the weak students.
with an intent to develop cognitive dimensions of students (c) Teacher takes support of parents of the students to
centered on skills of analysis and synthesis. Below, given make them learn.
are two sets of items Set-I consisting of levels of cognitive (d) Teacher makes the students of different backgrounds
interchange and Set-II comprising basic requirements for to learn together in the same class.
promoting them. Match the two sets and indicate your 30. Which among the following bases can be counted to judge
answer by choosing the correct alternative from the code: the effectiveness of teaching? [25th June 2019-Ist Shift]
[July-2018] (1) Marks obtained by students in overall subjects
Set-I (Levels of Cognitive Interchange) (2) Level of realization of instructional objectives
A. Memory level (3) Time taken by the students to learn
B. Understanding level (4) Resources used by the teacher in teaching
C. Reflective level (5) Regularity of students in class
Set-II (Basic requirements for promoting cognitive Select your answer from the options given below:
Interchange)
(a) (1), (2) and (3) (b) (1), (2) and (4)
i. Giving opportunity for discriminating examples and
(c) (3), (4) and (5) (d) (2), (3) and (4)
non-examples of a point.
ii. Recording the important points made during the 31. Which of the following statements best explains the
presentations. concept of team teaching? [25th June 2019-Ist Shift]
iii. Asking the students to discuss various items of information. (a) More than two teachers teach
iv. Critically analyzing the points to be made and discussed. (b) More than two teachers plan and teach together the
Codes: same class
(c) More than two teachers plan and teach the same class
A B C A B C
as per their expertise
(a) ii iv i (b) iii iv ii
(d) A team of teachers who are ready and available to
(c) ii i iv (d) i ii iii
teach the students
25. Education is a powerful instrument of: [July-2018]
(a) Social transformation (b) Personal transformation 32. Learning objectives mean [25th June 2019-IInd Shift]
(c) Cultural transformation (d) All the above (a) Learning experience
26. ‘Cone of Experience’ related to teaching-learning was (b) Concise outcomes
suggested by: [20th June 2019-Ist Shift] (c) Academic achievement
(a) John Dewey (b) Kilpatrick (d) Intended learning outcomes
(c) Froebel (d) Edgar Dale 33. Reflective Practice implies use of one’s:
27. In the two sets given below, Set-I provides the different  [24th June 2019-IInd Shift]
levels of learning according to Bloom’s Taxonomy, while (a) Cognition
set-II gives their examples and concerns. Match the two sets (b) Metacognition
and select from the options to indicate your answer: (c) Metacognition on cognition
[21st June 2019-Ist Shift] (d) Reinforcement of learning
Set-I (Levels of Learning) Set-II (Examples)
34. From the list of the effective teaching behaviours, identify
those which are called key behaviours.
(A) Memory level (i) Identifying examples of a [24th June 2019-Ist Shift]
given concept (i) Direct, audible and oral delivery to all students.
(B) Understanding level (ii) Generating new ideas (ii) Encouraging students to elaborate on an answer.
(C) Analysing level (iii) Recalling information (iii) Warm and nurturing relationship with learners.
(iv) Varying modes of presentation.
(D) Creating level (iv) Isolating information into parts (v) Preventing misbehaviour with a minimum of class
(A) (B) (C) (D) disruption.
(vi) Organising what is to come and summarising what has
(a) (ii) (i) (iii) (iv)
gone before.
(b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Select your answer from the options given below:
(c) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii) (a) (i), (iv) and (v) (b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(d) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii) (c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (d) (iv), (v) and (vi)
Another random document with
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difficulties, and wish to try a new place. We have met many upon the road,
who have nearly equalled the old woman on the prairie, who had begun the
world seven times.
The other female passenger was a young girl who had come down the
river in the boat, her home being on the prairie, back of Peru. She was a
pretty innocent country lassie about sixteen, travelling alone, on a visit to a
brother living on the river, whose wife was ill and required her services. Her
travelling dress was a muslin striped with pink; and her hat one of that
description we call Dutch bonnets, made of pasteboard covered with pink
glazed gingham. She was rejoiced to examine my wardrobe, and cut new
patterns, as she lives far from the haunts of men and mantua-makers. My
Mosaic brooch pleased her much, and she asked me if I had bought it of the
pedlar who she heard had lately arrived in that part of the country with a lot
of new goods, and whom she was eager to see. I was obliged to say I had
not purchased it from that fashionable depositary. She then proposed to
show me her clothes; mine being new to her, she supposed her’s must be
new and desirable to me. At her request the chamber-maid drew from the
state-room a huge chest of black walnut, which she opened, and, among
other things, displayed a pretty straw bonnet trimmed with gay ribbons and
flowers. That was her Sunday bonnet. She also drew forth a topaz pin which
had reached here in a pedlar’s cart, and was a present to her by her brother.
‘This pin has lasted wonderfully,’ she said, ‘considering how much it has
been borrowed. At every dance or party when I do not go, some of the girls
borrow and wear it. It has been lent for ten miles around.’ This young lady
had been brought when quite young, by her family, from Ohio, whence they
emigrated here. They had all suffered much from the fever and ague, but
were now acclimated, or rather had corrected the causes of their agues, and
she had become fat and rosy. I have remarked in several instances, that the
children born here, or brought here young, grow up strong and ruddy, and
their parents suffer the most. It is only the first generation who lose their
health, as the land improves and diseases vanish about their homes by the
time their children are grown. This family live upon a large and productive
farm which yields, among other things, according to her account, four
hundred bushels of peaches. In the season of this delicious fruit her mother
gives a peach feast, inviting all their friends and acquaintances, who, after
eating as much as they like, carry away each a basket full. Her family sell
several barrels of dried peaches every year.
 Twelve miles below Peoria we stopped at the town of Pekin, built upon a
bank elevated fifteen feet above the water during high tide; but now, all
these places are much higher. The captain told us he should be here some
time taking in merchandize, and we employed the interval in seeing the
lions of the town. I told the little country girl our intention. ‘Lions!’ she
said, ‘I guess you mean wolves; there are no lions in these parts.’
Pekin is a small place and only contains eight or nine hundred
inhabitants, and five or six streets. The shops seemed well filled with goods,
and presented a goodly show of tin, iron-ware, dry-goods, crockery,
provisions, etc. I purchased a green gauze veil here and several small
articles, all of which I found much more expensive than in our Atlantic
shops, freight being high on the Mississippi. In paying for them I found a
new currency here, my shillings and sixpences being transformed into bits
and pics or picayunes. The Pekin Express lay upon the counter which we
amused ourselves looking over while waiting for change. The person who
kept the shop turned out to be the oldest inhabitant of the place, that
important personage who, in a storm, always determines if there has been
ever a greater one or no. He might very well be the oldest, as the town is but
ten years in existence. ‘Pekin,’ he said, ‘would have been ere this far ahead
of any town upon the river, were it not that there were two parties among
the commissioners who were to lay it out; these pulling different ways the
town was nearly lost between them. The rich country behind, and the river
in front, had befriended them, and they soon expected to have their branch
of the railroad finished to Mackinaw river, whose water power and timber
bluffs were very valuable.’ We remarked as we walked, a large hotel nearly
finished; a presbyterian, methodist, and several other meeting-houses; office
of the ‘Tazewell Telegraph’; academy, and some dwellings. We lay here
four hours with a hot sun reflecting from the sandy bank, impatiently
watching the barrels of flour which seemed as they would never cease
rolling from the large store-house upon the bank, down to our vessel. These
barrels are from the steam flour mills, which turn out two hundred barrels a
day. Beside these, we took in a hundred sacks of corn, and some other
merchandize. The captain seemed well pleased with his morning’s work,
saying he had a streak of luck that day. Three miles below this he had
another ‘streak.’ At the mouth of Mackinaw river scows were waiting him,
loaded with bundles of laths and staves, and long dark boards, which I took
for mahogany, but which proved to be black-walnut. The Mackinaw is a
clear stream, having rich bottom land, bounded by bluffs covered with
white oak and cedar. The prairies through which it flows, are rolling and
tolerable land with several mill seats.
The Illinois looked beautiful this afternoon. Its glassy waters scarcely
moved, and it seemed so content with its sweet resting place, and at the
silent admiration of those stately trees, which were sending their cool
flickering shadows over her and gazing down at loveliness, that it would
fain linger upon its course, as some young languid beauty, conscious of a
graceful position which is winning admiring glances from every beholder.
Among the trees, beside the usual elm, oak and maple, we observed
several enormous wild cherry trees, nearly one hundred feet in height, and
at least fifteen feet in circumference, and the paw paw, the coffee nut, the
red ash, American nettle, a tall, slender tree, with pretty red berries, and
many unknown to us, or to those around us. The islands in this river are
small but covered with soft, luxurious herbage. The birds and wild fowl
were out, enjoying themselves, chattering, pluming their wings, and visiting
each other from tree to tree. Among the wild fowl, we observed teal and
brant, and wild ducks, skimming over the water, or wheeling in flocks over
our heads. One, apparently in a spirit of daring, would set out to cross our
path—leaving his little cove, he would glide with the utmost rapidity over
the river in front of us, leaving a silver line on the smooth surface of the
stream, and after we had passed, glide back, bobbing up and down upon the
waves in our wake. When he arrived at home, what a quacking and
chattering and fluttering was heard! In one little cove, or bayou, was a little
island, covered with rich grass, and shaded from the sun by the dense grove
whose branches met over it—this seemed to be quite a colony of ducks,
who were going and coming in rapid but graceful evolutions from the main
land. A young man who stood near us named the place Quackville, and
declared when he returned home he would publish a map, and sell off the
lots. We passed several towns to day, as Liverpool, Havanna, Beardstown—
the former a small settlement, but which its inhabitants intend to make
larger, as they have already a railroad in contemplation across the
Mississippi. Beardstown is a place of some importance. It is a county town,
and its commerce greater than any upon the river. Mechanics of all
descriptions are to be found here, as bakers, shoe makers, tailors,
blacksmiths, cabinet makers, silver smiths, carpenters, joiners, coopers,
painters &c. &c. see Peck. There are also here steam flour mills, saw mills,
breweries, distilleries, &c. A canal is projected here, to connect the Illinois
with the Wabash, (which divides the state of Illinois from Indiana,) by
means of the Sangamon and Vermillion forks. While passing these towns
one is surprised at their rapid growth, for when Schoolcraft rowed his canoe
up this river twenty years since, it was a wilderness only inhabited by
Indians. Opposite Havanna, the Spoon river enters the Illinois. Its Indian
name is Amequeon, which means ladle, and is much prettier than its present
name. It is one hundred and forty miles in length, navigable most of the
way, and capable of being cleared further. The soil is dry undulating prairie,
with considerable timber—and some of it upon the forks of the Spoon is the
richest in the state—its forks and tributaries affording good mill seats. It is
in the military bounty land, which commences just above it, and terminates
at the junction of the Illinois with the Mississippi, making a triangle of five
million three hundred and sixty thousand acres, about ninety miles along
the Illinois, and the base of the triangle, ninety miles across to the
Mississippi, near Quincy. This is appropriated by Congress to the soldiers
of the regular army in the war between the United States and Great Britain.
Two thirds of this land is prairie, and the rest timbered, crossed by a variety
of rivers and creeks. The soil is generally a black vegetable mould from
fifteen to thirty inches deep. Much of the best of this land has been bought
up by a company who have opened an office at Quincy, where they sell it
from three to ten dollars an acre, while other parts are sold at the price
government established for its lands all over the States, one dollar and
twenty-five cents an acre. Government has given to the State of Illinois
every other section. Sangamon river comes gliding down over its pebbly
floor, a pure transparent stream, between Liverpool and Havanna. It runs
through Sangamon county, of whose fertility, beautiful scenery, crowded
population, rich prairies, numerous streams, and valuable timber groves, we
have heard such flourishing accounts. By the way, I can never get
reconciled to the western custom of calling woods timber, woodland, or
groves, or forest, timberland. My young country girl, Maria, in relating an
interesting romantic event which had occurred in her region of country,
instead of speaking of a ramble in the woods said ‘we had gone to walk in
the timber.’ In this famed county is Springfield, the capital of the State. The
Sangamon river is one hundred and eighty miles long, and navigable nearly
to the capitol, seventy-five miles, by small steamboats. With a small
expense it can be cleared. We do not see the Illinois in all its grandeur, as
the water is low. It falls, our captain says, one and a half inches a day, and
has fallen eight feet since June. It will arise in the autumn, and when its
present channel is full overflows the bottom land to the bluffs. This makes
the river shore, unless very elevated, rather unhealthy, and consequently
uninhabited. Soon after passing the Sangamon, we stopped to take in wood,
and we embraced the opportunity to take a sunset stroll in the forest. A
small cottage embowered among woodpiles, inhabited by a woodman and
his family, were the only signs of human life we saw. These sylvan
solitudes however, are not without their denizens, for the birds were
skipping from bough to bough, the turtle were romantically reclining upon
the logs beside the water, the wild fowls, and the paroquets were chattering
in concert with the mocking bird. There the squirrel also

“Sits partly on a bough his brown nuts cracking,

And from the shell the sweet white kernel taking.”

Here however in these pretty nooks he sits undisturbed, for no boys

‘with crooks and bags’ can molest his quiet haunts. We enjoyed the deep
forest walk very much having been now so long cramped in a steamboat,
and wandered along among the stately beech and graceful linden, the black
walnut and locust, swung upon the festoons of the enormous vines which
hung down from the trees, and breathed with much satisfaction the perfume
from the dewy herbage, grape vine buds, and yellow jassamin which
climbed the boughs around us. The steamboat bell recalled us to the shore
in time to see a steamboat pass, being the second we had met this morning.
There is much travelling upon this river during the summer months. Our
captain told us he had made fifty-eight trips last year from St. Louis to Peru,
carrying ten thousand passengers. This seems a great number, but we are a
travelling people, and with the emigrants going west, it may be true. I am
chary of repeating things heard upon the road as I know my country people
delight in quizzing travellers. I have had some awful examples of this lately,
sufficient to make me cautious, in regard to certain tourists from abroad to
this country; and when told any thing dubious, remember the three miles of
roast pig; the drunken ladies of Boston; the piano with pantalets upon its
legs; the canvass bags to hold specie in times of bank troubles, etc. etc.
Pretty Maria’s travelling bonnet, which I described to you, also reminds me
of the misconceptions to which travellers are liable, who take a hasty glance
and go not to the best sources for information. As proof of the poverty of
the country, low style of dress and manners, an European traveller tells his
readers the richest ladies wear hats of their own manufacture, made of
pasteboard covered with calico or gingham. And so they do; but only to run
in the garden, or to a neighbor in the county, for you know we all, when in
the county, use these as garden hats, as they shelter the face so well from
the sun. I wish you could transport yourself here at this moment, and seat
yourself by me upon the hurricane deck, and see how perfectly the forest
shore is reflected upon the quiet polished Illinois. This stream cannot be
called a flowing one for it has scarcely any current, but reposes in its bed
with the tranquility of a lake. Now it lies in evening’s deep shadow, while,
as we look above, the topmost plumage is tipt with gold—this gradually
disappears,—darkness succeeds, except where one struggling moon-beam,
from the Indians Tibic geezis, night sun, streams down the long forest vista,
and lies like a silver ribbon across the river. I always go to bed with the
chickens while on board a steamboat, as a light attracts mosquetoes, and
here river fog forbids us to sit out of doors—so good night.

July 10.—Off Meredosia. This is a thriving town, built upon one of those
elevated terraces which occur frequently along the river as if on purpose to
raise the settlements above the damp alluvion, and to give them a pretty
effect. It is in a good situation to rise, as it is a sort of business port to
Jacksonville, to which a railroad of twenty-three miles is in operation; and
Morgan county, upon which it is situated, is a thickly peopled district,
having good timbered lands, mill streams, quarries of lime and free stone;
and is watered by many streams. Jacksonville is a large town where there
are several churches, a court house, mills and shops. The Quincy and
Danville railroad passes through Meredosia, to the Wabash river, two
hundred and twenty miles. Through this river, communication is held with
the lakes. Their exports are between two and three hundred thousand
dollars, and imports five hundred thousand dollars. Here we took in several
passengers. Six miles below Meredosia is Naples, a small collection of
shops and dwellings, situated upon a high bank. Upon one house, larger
than the rest, I read the name ‘Napoleon Coffee House.’ I looked around for
Vesuvious, but saw it not, nor any other Neopolitan traces. The names upon
this river are very ludicrous, and striking monuments of the want of taste in
those who bestowed them. One would imagine, from reading my last letter,
I had been travelling in seven league boats, or in a balloon, as I have
touched at Peru, Pekin, Havanna, Liverpool, Naples, Brussels, Rome, (part
in the night,) &c. While the Indian names are so pretty, why are they
neglected for such worn out European designations. Peoria, and Illinois, and
Ottowa are very pretty; Hennipen is very well, as given in honor of one of
the early discoverers of this county from France, and it might be thought a
debt of gratitude, but every pioneer has not so good a name, and if this
custom is followed, it saddles us with such names as already abound, viz: Jo
Davies’ County, Pike, Cook, Higgonbottom, Hancock, Buggsville,
Toddtown, Dodgeville. Moreover, the Indians were the first explorers, and
if any, they are entitled to this honor. To obviate this it has been proposed to
take something local, but unless persons of taste are consulted, we shall
hear of more Bigbonelicks, Bloodyruns, Mud Lakes or Crab Orchard’s. I
wish Congress would take the matter in hand, and form a committee of
nomanclature to name every new settlement.
We are constantly passing steamboats. In 1836, at Beardstown, there
were four hundred and fifty arrivals and departures, and at Naples their
account was the first year, 1828, nine; from March to June, 1832, one
hundred and eight, and now, of course all these figures must be doubled.
Among our passengers we have an old Kentucky woman, who has been
living several years upon this river. She was so rejoiced to see a slave again,
that soon she and Violette, our chambermaid, became quite intimate friends.
She frequently borrowed her pipe to have a comfortable smoke out upon the
guards, where, with Violette beside her, she would smoke and chat for
hours. A lady on board, who had lately become a convert to temperance
cause, was extremely offended at the sight of spirits upon the dining table.
Her husband argued for their use upon the ground of frequent impure water,
and fever and ague, from which the stomach is fortified. The wife, however,
was not convinced; when, in the midst of a high argument, our old woman
put her head in at the door, and taking out her pipe, after slowly puffing off
her smoke, uttered this oracular sentence: ‘For my part, I think there are lots
of gnats strained at, and lots of camels swallowed,’—and disappeared. The
husband left the argument for the card table, whence he arose sometime
after, grumbling at his losses, and galled by the discovery that the winner
was a well known black legg, whose practice was to live in steamboats
during summer, to fleece such silly sheep as himself. In the winter he
returned upon his laurels, to New Orleans or St. Louis, to revel upon his
winnings.
This morning we passed one of those machines employed by
government, during low water for the purpose of clearing away the
sandbars. It is a large wooden ark, worked by steam. A great shovel takes
up the mud, brings it up, and throws it into the scow at the other side which
is emptied upon the shores. The State has appropriated $100,000 to
improvements upon this river. There are several sandbars, and below
Ottowa ledges of sandstone which, if removed, would render the navigation
unimpeded at all seasons of the year quite to Ottowa, two hundred and ten
miles above the mouth of the river. We stopped so often to take in freight
and passengers, that we began to be fearful we should not reach the mouth
of the river and behold its junction with the stately Mississippi before dark
—however, ‘we came a good jog’ this morning, to use our old Kentucky
lady’s phrase, and now after tea we are sitting upon the guards watching for
it. We are continually passing streams which run into this river—Crooked
creek, comes down about one hundred miles through a very fertile region of
country with a soil of argillaceous mould from one to four feet deep.[20] Its
banks are lined with oak, maple, hickory, black walnut and much other
valuable timber. Bituminous coal, and free stone quarries are also found
there. Apple creek, at whose mouth is a small settlement; Macoupin creek,
its name taken from the Indian Maquapin, a water plant, whose smooth leaf
floats upon the bayous and lakes in this region; its esculent root, after being
baked under heated stones is a favorite food with the native tribes. There is
a settlement upon this last named stream commenced in eighteen hundred
and sixteen, which then was the most northern white settlement of Illinois.
The population of the State four years after, in eighteen hundred and twenty,
was fifty-five thousand two hundred and eleven, and now, eighteen hundred
and forty, it is four hundred and twenty three thousand nine hundred and
thirty four, a great increase in twenty years. We have now upon each hand,
the two last counties which border the Illinois. Green, on the east, contains
excellent land, well settled by eastern families, many from Vermont. It is
one of the richest portions of land in the State, traversed by fine water
courses and bounded by two large rivers,—containing beautiful prairies,
and excellent timber. In the cliffs which border the Mississippi on this
county, bituminous coal is found among the sandstone and limestone strata,
and crystal springs flow from their sides. Calhoun county on our right is the
southern point of the triangle containing the military bounty lands. The
point where the Mississippi and Illinois meet is low prairie subjected to
inundation and consequently unhealthy; coal has been found here, and the
large trees are famous for their honey. As we were near the mouth of the
river, and my little fellow voyager, Maria, had not yet landed, I asked her
how far we were from her brother’s residence. She said she had been
looking out for it, but every place had a different name from that of her
brother. I recommended her to ask the captain; he sent her word we had
passed it twenty miles back. Poor Maria seemed overwhelmed with
consternation. The town, we found upon enquiry, was in the interior, the
passengers landing at an old tree upon the shore and we all now
remembered a plain country-man, upon the bank who made numerous signs
to the steamboat, flourishing his arms frantically. Maria with the rest
supposed he was in jest, or a madman, but now remembered he was like her
brother, who must have seen her and motioned her to stop. Maria had
expected a town, and did not imagine that her stopping place. As our boat
was so uncertain in its movements the poor man must have spent the day
upon the shore, and was now doubtless very anxious about his young sister.
There was nothing for her to do now but stop in the steamboat at St. Louis
until its return trip. I felt sorry for the poor girl, only fifteen, and thus left to
the tender mercy of the world. We spoke to the captain and chambermaid,
who both promised to take charge of her and land her at her brothers when
he returned next week. The afternoon is beautiful; we are peeping up the
forest glades, as the channel runs near the shore, or inhaling the rich
perfume which the summer breeze shakes out from the trees. Suddenly the
forest is passed and we gaze over the low prairie which lies between the
two rivers, bounded by a line of round green hills which range across the
country. ‘The bluffs of the Mississippi!’ exclaimed my companion, ‘and we
soon shall see its famous waters.’ We hastened up to the hurricane deck,
and placed ourselves in a good situation for beholding the scenery; a little
excited at the thought of looking upon the grand and celebrated stream. The
Illinois flowed as straight and still as a canal, about four hundred yards
wide, we glided over its waters and soon found ourselves in a broad
majestic stream which came rolling down between a range of bluffs; here, a
mile broad, upon whose bosom some lonely islands stretched across from
the mouth of the Illinois. The view was delightful upon each side; the fair
plains of Missouri at our right, and upon the Illinois side, bold beautiful
cliffs, or green cone like hills, covered with a soft carpet of verdure, sinking
down upon the east side into lovely green dells. This style of hill is called
by the French, Mamelle. In one of these pretty nooks, nestled at the foot of
a bluff, is the town of Grafton, from whose balconies the inhabitants obtain
a fine view up the Mississippi. This town is only a few years old, but
expects soon to rival Alton, as most of the travelling from the interior to the
Missouri towns opposite, is through it. It has already laid out upon paper a
railroad to Springfield, the capitol. The rapid tide of the ‘father of waters,’
presented a great contrast to the languid Illinois. The color is brown, but of
a different tint from the Illinois, being a dark coffee brown, but clear and
sparkling. We looked a last farewell to the fair Illinois, upon whose banks,
or on whose water we had travelled for four days and four nights, a distance
of nearly four hundred and fifty miles, if we include the Des Plaines. The
loveliness of the scenery all this distance merits the encomiums made upon
it by the early French writers. This was a favorite river with the French, and
La Salle, Charlevoix, and Marquette, describe the beauty of its shores in
glowing terms.
The bluffs upon the Illinois shore, as we descend the Mississippi,
become more bare and precipitous, and have a waterworn appearance as if
the water had once flowed along their summits. The regular stratification of
the sandstone and limestone of these cliffs, present the appearance of mason
work, crowning the heights with castellated resemblances, so that we might
imagine we were passing beneath some mountain fastness, with its
frowning walls, dungeon keep, and warder’s tower. Occasionally masses of
white limestone are strewed along the shore, or grouped upon the green
sloping bank, as if some large city had there arisen upon the river’s side.
Turning a sharp angle of one of those bluffs we found ourselves before a
large imposing looking town, built upon the bank of the river, which came
sloping down from the bluffs behind. This we learned was Alton. While our
crew were mooring our boat upon the steep bank, we gazed with great
curiosity and interest upon this place, larger than any we had seen since
leaving Detroit fourteen hundred miles behind. To the left the rocks were
crowned by a large solid looking building which we were told was the
penitentiary. In front was a row of high ware-houses made of limestone,
filled with goods and men; while a mass of houses and steeples at our right
were brightly reflecting the rays of the sinking sun. The shore presented a
busy scene; men and carts and horses were transporting goods or luggage,
or busily employed Macadamizing the bank—a great improvement upon
the wharves we had passed. A large brick building at our right hand, with a
white porch and steps, bearing the sign of ‘Alton House,’ being our place of
destination, we directed our course towards it. The keeper of the house
being absent, and it being no one’s business to take care of us, we spent
some time wandering about the well furnished parlors, and staring at the
waiters who were washing up the tea things in the dining-room, ere we
could find any one to listen to our wants. We had left behind us the land
where a living is only to be obtained by effort, and where the landlord and
porters are on the alert in order to catch the stranger and take him in. Here,
the cool American manner obtains; and although to the hungry, tired
traveller rather annoying, yet, when we reflect upon the peace, and
independence, and plenty, which produces this indifference, he will do as
we did, throw himself upon a sofa, keep cool, and quietly await the arrival
of somebody.
While amusing ourselves looking around at the furniture, we observed a
portrait of, as we afterwards learned, the master of the house. As much as
we had heard of the wild independence, the devil-me-care manners of our
western brethren, we were here taken by surprise. He was without his coat
—actually painted in his shirt sleeves—having upon his head an old straw
hat! It was probably a warm day, or he was in too much of a hurry to put on
his coat when he went to sit; and besides, it was nobody’s business but his
own how he was dressed, or if he were dressed at all, and I suppose we may
be thankful he retained his white robe ‘any way.’ Luxury, refinement, and
conventual forms may be carried to excess; but I am not prepared to say the
other extreme is better. A boarder in the house happening to stray in, we
told our wants, and he kindly sent a waiter for the master of the house. He
came instantly and with the greatest alacrity and wish to oblige, took us up
stairs. All the rooms proving full or engaged, except one too small, we were
directed to another house, which, after a short moonlight walk, we reached.
The Eagle tavern, a favorite name for hotels, I think, in our country, was a
comfortable house, although not pretending to the style and fashion of the
Alton House. And now having finished these last few lines, while our
supper was preparing, I hasten to bid you good-night.
 LETTER VIII.
Alton, July 11th.
My dear E.—Harassed by no compunctious visitings for the enormous
package which I dismissed to you this morning through the Alton post-
office, I have seated myself deliberately before my little desk to prepare you
another. We have spent a delightful day among our friends here, and are
very much pleased with the towns of Alton, for there are two of them. We
are now, four o’clock, waiting for the steamboat to take us to St. Louis, and
I employ the time in making a few sketches of the place for you. Alton is
built as I told you, upon a sloping bank. This ground is very uneven, and
upon some of the elevated portions are the public buildings. The churches
here are well built and numerous, I think seven or eight; the streets wide
and airy; places reserved for public squares, and several handsome private
dwellings. The town has arisen rapidly, and from a small town in 1832, it
has now fine streets, and houses, two hundred being built last year;
merchants who transact business to the amount of several hundred thousand
dollars, and even half a million in some instances. Eight or ten steamboats
are owned here, and two railroads in contemplation, and the great national
road it is thought will be conducted through this place. There are several
religious societies here, each having houses of worship; among them the
baptist church is spoken of as being nicely fitted up in the interior; it is built
of stone. Every convenience and comfort of life is at hand; coal in profusion
in the vicinity of the town, which is sold very cheap; limestone, freestone,
and water lime, besides other mineral productions abound. The markets are
stored with wild game—deer, partridges, prairie hen, and water-fowl; fruits
both wild and cultivated; various sorts of fish; corn, beef, pork, and
vegetables of the finest order. Madison county, in which it stands, is one of
the richest in the State, being most of it upon the American bottom. It
contains seven hundred and ninety square miles, and the value of its
productions, exclusive of capital invested, and cost of buildings, amounts to
two millions three hundred and sixty-nine thousand one hundred and fifty-
one dollars and eighty cents. Of bushels of wheat, they have raised one
hundred and sixty-five thousand five hundred and twenty. Corn one million
three hundred and four thousand three hundred and thirty-five bushels.
Tobacco, eleven thousand two hundred and eighty pounds. Capital invested
in manufactures, two hundred and ten thousand four hundred and thirty-five
dollars. But I suppose you do not care for these details. If I should come
here again in a few years, I expect to see Alton three times its size, for
although it may not rival St. Louis, as the inhabitants imagine, it must be
the most considerable place after it, west of Cincinnati. The Illinois brings
to it the produce of the northern lakes and States—the Mississippi waft to
its doors the exports of the west, and takes it over to the Ohio, and to the
gulf of Mexico, from which last it is only four or five days distant. The
interests of religion and education employ the benevolent inhabitants to a
remarkable degree and many thousands are expended every year for the
furtherance of these objects. Among these are Shurtliff College, Alton
Theological Seminary, Alton Female Seminary. But enough of statistics,
you will say, and I hasten to our own personal adventures. We ordered a
carriage to-day to take us to Upper Alton, to visit our friends there, and
were quite pleased to see as nice a coach and pair of horses as we could see
in our own Broadway. After leaving the town we drove through some rich
prairie land, interspersed with trees, through which we obtained fine views
of the swift rolling Mississippi, and across it the verdant plains of Missouri,
with green swelling hills beyond. A drive of two miles brought us to Upper
Alton, a pretty small looking village, with spires and neat dwellings peeping
through the trees. This place is very pleasantly situated upon an elevated
plateau of ground about two miles from the lower town. Families here enjoy
great advantages, in regard to the education of their children, as colleges
and schools abound in its neighborhood. The society of this place is very
superior, and its situation healthy.
We found our friends in a large picturesque house in the cottage style,
surrounded by piazzas, whose pillars were wreathed with the clustering
Michigan rose, and shaded by the graceful cotton wood, and pretty red bud
and locust. Here indeed was a western paradise! upon the Mississippi banks
we found realized, those visions so many have sighed after, a lodge in the
vast wilderness, a secluded retreat from the haunts of men, where the
confusions and follies of the world are only remembered as a troubled
dream. A charming young family, and a well selected library, render this
retirement most delightful. A seminary upon a new plan had been lately
erected near their abode, and with a view of showing us every thing of
interest around them, our friends drove us in their carriage through a
pleasant road in an oak forest, to the Monticello Female Seminary. The
building is of limestone of that region, four stories in height. It stands
within a lawn ornamented with groups of trees, and a fine garden is laid out
in the rear. This extensive establishment was founded by Benjamin
Godfrey, Esq., a gentleman of Alton, who, to this benevolent purpose
devoted a large share of his property. While a resident of the west, many
examples had come before his eyes, of the miseries arising from the
imperfect education of the young women who settle here. The dearth of
servants rendered it necessary for the young wives around him to
superintend, if not assist in household labor, and he saw how much better it
was they should come prepared for these duties, and quite able to perform
them, instead of wearing themselves out, and pining away over tasks,
which, by being new, appear much more arduous than they are in reality. As
the evil lay in a defective system of education, this generous individual at
once saw how great a desideratum an institution would be, uniting useful
with ornamental accomplishments. With a public spirit to be much
applauded, Mr. Godfrey erected this spacious building, for educating ‘wives
for the west.’ Eighty young ladies is the limited number, all to be over
fourteen years of age. With the course of scientific study usual in female
seminaries, the pupils are taught music, instructed in religion, and in
various household duties. Among other lessons, they are taught to set a
table, arrange their rooms, even sweep and scrub them; wash, starch and
iron all their clothes. Some young ladies, who had been bred in idleness, or
who had come from the indulgent homes of Alton, or luxurious mansions of
St. Louis, where slaves await their nod, were very reluctant at first to
undertake these menial employments; but the advantage which so good a
school presented in its other departments, rendered their mothers deaf to
their complaints. They were soon, however, broken in, and sing as merrily
over their wash tubs, as the other pupils. As gain is not the object of its
generous founder, the price of admission is placed low, still there are some,
whose means are too straightened for even this, and these are allowed to
pay for their instruction, by labor in the house. The eagerness to get
admittance for young persons, is very great, and many thus receive
instruction who are of high respectability, and are enabled to attend to the
younger branches of the family, or even, if required, teach others. Some of
these young persons are beneficiaries of a benevolent society, called the
‘Ladies’ Association for Educating Females.’ The object of this society is to
‘encourage and assist young females to qualify themselves for teaching, and
to aid in supporting teachers in those places where they cannot otherwise be
sustained.’ Young females of all ages are selected from poor families and
placed in schools, where they are watched over by these benevolent ladies,
their tuition paid, and to each, every year, is addressed a circular letter of
advice, with the donation of an appropriate, instructive book. When
prepared, they are placed in situations where they can support themselves.
Several have become missionaries, and at this school are two of the
Cherokee tribe who are preparing to be teachers among their people. The
great amount of good performed by these ladies entitle them to the hearty
wishes of the benevolent and patriotic. The Rev. J. Spalding, in his address
before the seventh annual meeting at Jacksonville, says: ‘Since its
commencement it has aided one hundred and forty-seven young ladies in
their preparation for usefulness and heaven, thirty-one of whom are
professed followers of the Lamb.’ Now that I have thoroughly described the
institution, we will leave the carriage and enter the house. We were shown
into a neatly furnished parlor, where we were soon joined by the principal
of Monticello, the Rev. Theron Baldwin, a gentleman of great information
and piety. He kindly explained to us the principle upon which the seminary
was conducted, and then offered to show us the house. Every thing was
arranged with the greatest order and neatness. The dining, school, and
recitation rooms, were large, clean and airy, and the bed rooms
commodious. Upon the ground floor was a chapel fitted up with the
beautiful black walnut of their woods; here divine service is performed, by
the Rev. Mr. Baldwin, to the school and people of the neighborhood, who
assemble there every Sunday. You see the Illinois people are determined
their people shall enjoy the blessings of education; and when we reflect
how much the destiny of our nation depends upon the next generation, we
cannot devote our time or our money to a better purpose, than furthering
such institutions. We left the seminary, pleased with its arrangements, and
wishing all success to the generous individual who originated the
establishment. It is delightful to see wealth so well employed, to behold the
‘just steward’ thus ably disposing of his master’s property. Such
disinterestedness shone out in bold relief from the selfish and reckless waste
of fortune which we had beheld in our pilgrimage, like one of his own ‘oak
islands,’ upon a sunny and treeless prairie.
 Once more we experienced the pains of parting, and were forced to leave
our friends that afternoon. We returned to our hotel where we are awaiting
the arrival of our steamboat which is to take us to St. Louis. When I look
around in this interesting country, and upon such towns as Alton, I wonder
why our Atlantic cities are so full of people. How many young men do I
know there, and indeed, whole families, who are struggling for a living, and
denying themselves every comfort that their spare income may suffice, to
give them a showy appearance in public; crammed into crowded boarding
houses, narrow, hot, dusty streets, when there is here in this wide beautiful
land, room, fresh air, fine scenery, employment, everything to be enjoyed, at
half the expense they are forced to lay out among so many discomforts. The
steamboat bell warns me to put up my note book, and I will resume when
aboard.
We found ourselves in a small steam-boat, which makes regular trips
between this town and St. Louis, twenty-five miles. Alton looked very
pretty when we turned to bid a sorrowful adieu, and we regretted our time
would not allow us to remain in this interesting place. We are now all
eagerly looking out, for the giant Missouri, whose junction with the
Mississippi is but two miles below Alton. At length the point is in view, all
gather upon the guards, and bend our eyes towards the right shore,—we are
now before the mouth and behold an extraordinary scene. The Missouri
does not, as travellers tell us, come rushing, and bounding, and dashing
along, striking the Mississippi with such a concussion that volumes of mist
arise in the air,—we beheld nothing so wonderful—a broad stream rolled
down between its verdant banks, rapidly, and very like a torrent, but in quite
a decent and proper manner. Its color—alas, for our pellucid lakes—is a tint
not often recognized by artists, but generally called gruel or soap-suds hue.
It holds in solution such an extraordinary quantity of clay, that one wonders
how the steamboat can force its way through it. Its rapid current is
distinguished by the curls and little whirlpools among the mud. Where it
meets the Mississippi is a small ridge of clay, and thick masses push
themselves under the clear brown water, coloring it more and more with its
impurity, until at last, the unhappy Mississippi, after struggling for some
time, is completely lost in the clayey stream, as some pure young heart,
striving against temptation, but lost at last. The streams continue separate
for some miles below St. Louis, and there the river takes the Missouri
character. I looked up the vista of this grand stream, as we passed its mouth,
with sentiments of awe. A mighty mass of water—it came rolling down
nearly four thousand miles from its source in the wild recesses of the Rocky
Mountains, bearing upon its bosom, not a fleet of Argosies, but materials
for their construction in whole forests of gigantic trees.
Such an admirer of water as you know I am, you may be sure I regretted
the soiling of my bright brunette Mississippi. To watch the foam of our
vessel had been a favorite pastime, but alas, what a change from the
diamond and emerald of our lakes, the topaz of the Illinois, the Zircon of
the Mississippi to the soapsuds of the Missouri. I have called the
Mississippi coffee color; it is now coffee-au-lait, and indignant must the
father of waters be under so great an oppression. Several green islands
adorn the stream, and the shores are spotted with a few houses, and now
chimney, and roof, and tower, piled up against each other, proclaim a city,
and we are soon in sight of the city of St. Louis. An old castellated Spanish
mansion is the first relic we have seen of that brave Castilian race which
once reigned over these broad lands. It is, I think, their ultima thula, their
most northern point. The appearance of St. Louis, from the water, is very
much like Albany, as it is built upon rising ground, consisting of two
plateaus of land, the last elevated several feet above the other, but its water
craft gave it quite a different character. We are used in our cities to behold
the water front, bristling with masts, but here we saw steamboats alone,
there being about seventy moored at the wharves, which gave a novel and
western appearance, to the scene. The flat boat, is fast disappearing, and
steamboats, are the only style of boat, with few exceptions, which we see;
of these, five hundred and eighty-eight have been built upon the western
waters.[21] The city of St. Louis stretches a mile along the elevated shore,
and nearly the same distance back. We almost fancied ourselves in New
York again, so great was the stir upon the wharf. The ware-houses, of brick
or limestone, made of the rock upon which they stand, appeared filled with
goods and customers, boxes and bales, carts and barrows were floating
about, and every one seemed active except the negro slaves who were
plodding about their work with the usual nonchalant gait of this merry but
indolent nation. We missed our good wharves at home, and even the paved
bank of Alton, for a shower had rendered the shore muddy. Surely some
Yankee might contrive a more commodious landing; something that might
rise and fall with the river, or a long pier. We drove to the Missouri House,
where we arrived in time for tea, and at night were lulled to sleep by a
Spanish guitar, and chattering of French voices from the shops and cafes in
our neighborhood.
 LETTER IX.
St. Louis, July 12.
My dear E.—The days we have spent here, we have been very busy,
except Sunday, in examining every thing in and about this place. It is a very
nice city, and one of much importance, has increased much lately, and will
continue to increase. Its population is twenty-four thousand five hundred
and fifty-five. In 1825 it was only six thousand. There are several good
churches here, some of which, we attended to-day, it being Sunday. There is
a pretty episcopal of the Gothic form, a baptist church, of brick, having a
neat white porch in front—an unitarian, of plaster—a methodist, and a large
cathedral belonging to the catholics. This is an odd picturesque building,
and is one hundred and thirty-six feet by eighty-four broad, built of grey
stone. You enter by a porch supported by four Doric columns. The body of
the church is divided by columns, lighted by elegant chandaliers; the
sacristy and altar are very handsome; the windows of painted glass; and
there is in the church a fine painting of St. Louis, presented by Louis XVIII.
The bells are from Normandy. We had penetrated two thousand miles in the
wilderness of the west, and were glad to find we had not yet ‘travelled
beyond the Sabbath.’
What nice resting spells these Sabbaths are! When whirled upon the
stream of life, our attention occupied in avoiding the snags and sawyers and
cross currents in our channel, how refreshing, how necessary is it for us to
anchor for a little while, and look about, and consider our future course.
The Sabbath is a precious anchor to the soul, giving it time to meditate upon
its future career, and consult those charts which a kind heaven has sent to
direct its route. The Sabbath is necessary to man, and was given in mercy.
Physicians tell us rest is required for the machinery of man; that the brain
and nerves, while forever upon the stretch will decay much sooner than if
sometimes relaxed. It was the opinion of the great Wilberforce, that the
suicide of Lord Londonderry and that of Sir Samuel Romilly was owing to
their neglect of this day of rest. Speaking of the death of the former he says,
‘he was certainly deranged—the effect probably of continued wear and tear
of the mind. But the strong impression of my mind is, that it is the effect of
the non-observance of the Sabbath, both as abstracting from politics, from
the continual recurrence of the same reflections, and as correcting the false
views of worldly things, and bringing them down to their own
indistinctness. He really was the last man in the world who appeared likely
to be carried away into the commission of such an act, so cool, so self
possessed! It is very curious to hear the newspapers speaking of incessant
application to business, forgetting that by a weekly admission of a day of
rest, which our Maker has graciously enjoined, our faculties would be
preserved from the effects of this constant strain. I am strongly impressed
with the recollection of your endeavors to prevail upon the lawyers to give
up Sunday consultations in which poor Romilly would not concur. If he had
suffered his mind to enjoy such occasional relaxations it is highly probable
the strings would never have snapped, as they did, from over extension.’

July 13th.—This morning we took a coach and drove about to every

thing worth seeing in the city. In the French part of the town, the streets are
narrow and present quite a foreign and antique appearance. Here are several
neat, white-washed steep roofed dwellings surrounded by piazzas, and
occupied by the French part of the community. Main street, which
corresponds with our Pearl street, runs parallel with the river, about a mile.
It appears a very busy street and here one may obtain goods from all
quarters of the world brought up from New Orleans,—and domestic wares
from the country around. As you ascend from the river the streets are wider
and better built, and the upper end of the city is laid out in wide streets fast
filling up with handsome buildings, public and private, some of these last,
surrounded by courts and adorned by trees. Here many eastern people
dwell. A gentleman of the place, told us there had been nine hundred houses
put up in the city this year, and from appearances I should think this a true
estimate. There is a medical college in progress, and a large hotel nearly
finished, which is said to be the largest hotel in the States. It is of red brick
ornamented with white marble, and is altogether a handsome building. It is
to be called the ‘St. Louis House.’ Several institutions are conducted by
catholics, as the Convent of the Sacred Heart, and the University of St.
Louis. In the library of the latter are nearly seven thousand volumes. The
court house is of brick, with a circular portico supported by white columns.