U nit

15 I have done (present perfect 1)

j cle aned my sh o e e ^

His sho es are dirty. H e has cleane d his sho es.

(= his sh o es are clean n ow )

T h e y are at h o m e. Th e y are going o ut. T h e y have gone o ut.

(= th e y are n o t at h o m e now )

has cleane d / have gone etc. is th e presen t perfect (have + p a st p articiple ):

I cleane d I cleaned?
we have ('ve) finishe d have we
we finishe
finished?
d? [ regular verbs
have
yo u have n ot (haven't) starte d yo u starte d?
th e y lost th ey lost?
he done he
he done? I irregular
has ('s) been hac been? verbs
she has she \
has not (h asn't) gone gone?
it it

p a st p articiple

R egular verbs T h e past p articip le is -ed (t h e sa m e as th e p ast sim p le):

clean —> I have cle a n e d finish —» w e have fin ish e d start —> she has start e d

Irregular verbs T h e past p articip le is n o t -ed.

So m e tim es th e p ast sim p le an d past p articip le are th e sa m e:

b uy —> I bought / 1 have b ought have —> he had / he has had

So m e tim es the p ast sim p le an d past p articip le are different:

bre ak —> I broke / 1 have broken see - » yo u saw / yo u have seen

fall —> it fell / it has fallen go —> th e y w e nt / th e y have gone

W e use th e prese nt p erfect for an action in the p a st w ith a result now:

O I've lost m y p assp ort. (= I can't fin d m y p assp ort now )
O 'W here's Rebecca?' 'She's gone to bed.' (= she is in be d n ow )
O We've b ought a n e w car. (= w e have a n e w car now )
O It's Rachel's b irth d ay t o m o rro w an d I haven't bou ght her a present. (= I d o n't have a present
for her n ow )
O 'Bo b is aw ay on holiday.' 'O h, w h ere has he gone?' (= w h ere is he now?)
O C a n I take this n ewsp a p er? Have yo u finishe d w ith it? (= d o yo u ne e d it now?)

present perfect U nits 16-1 9 present perfect and past simple U nit 20
irregular verbs U nit 24, A p p e n dix 2 - 3______________________________________
Exercises
f O Lo o k a t t h e pict ures. W h a t has h a p p e n e d? C h o ose fro m t h e box.

go t o b e d c le an h is sh o es st o p r a i n i n g
cl o se t h e d o o r fall d o w n h a v e a sh o w e r

—> M Th ey.

Hi 1 M M H e.

—> Th e.

H g | C o m p le t e t h e se n t e n ces w it h a verb fro m t h e box.

break buy d e ci d e f in ish forget go go

in vite lose se e n o t / se e take t e ll n o t / t e ll

1 I y e jo s t m y keys. I d o n't k n o w w h ere th e y are.

2 I ........................................................................so m e n e w sho es. D o yo u w a n t to see th e m?
3 'W h ere is H elen?' 'She's n o t here. S h e ...................................................................... out.'
4 I'm lo o kin g for Paula................................... y o u ................................................. her?
5 Lo ok! S o m e b o d y ........................................................................ th a t w in d o w.
6 'D o es Lisa k n o w th a t yo u're going away?' 'Yes, I ........................................................................ her.'
7 I can't fin d m y u m brella. S o m e b o d y ........................................................................ it.
8 'W h ere are m y glasses?' 'I d o n't know. I ...................................................................... the m.'
9 I'm lo o kin g for Sarah. W h e r e ...............................s h e ..................................................?
10 I k n o w th a t w o m a n, b ut I ........................................................................ her nam e.
11 Sue is havin g a p arty to nig ht. S h e a lot o f pe o ple.
12 W h a t are yo u going to do? ............................... y o u ..................................................?
13 a : D o es Ben k n o w a b o u t th e m e etin g to m orro w?
B: I d o n't t h in k so. I ........................................................................ him .
14 I w ith this m ag azine. D o yo u w a n t it?
 I've j u s t ... I’ve a lr e a d y ...
16 I h a v e n't... yet (present perfect 2)
I've j u s t ...

ju st = a sh ort tim e ago

O a : A re Laura and Paul here?
b: Yes, t h e y'v e j u s t a rriv e d .

O a : A re yo u hun gry?
b: N o, I've j u s t h a d d i n n e r .

O a : Is To m here?
b: N o, I'm a f r a i d h e 's j u s t g o n e. % mk
(= he h a s just g o n e)
Th e y h a v e j u s t a rriv e d .

I've a l r e a d y ...

a lr e a d y = b efore yo u exp e ct e d / before I exp e ct e d Yes, I know. We’ve

already met.
O a : W h a t tim e are Laura an d Paul c o m in g?
b: T h e y'v e a lr e a d y a rriv e d .
(= b efore yo u exp e c t e d )

O It's o nly 9 o'clo ck an d A n n a h as a lr e a d y

g o n e to bed. (= before I exp e ct e d )

O a : Jon, this is Em m a.
b: Yes, I know. W e'v e a lr e a d y m e t.

I h a v e n ' t ... y e t / H a v e y o u ... y e t?

y e t = until n o w
W e use y e t in ne gative se nte nces an d q u estio ns. Y e t is usually at th e end.

y e t in ne gative se nte nces (I h a v e n ' t ... y e t)

O a : A re Laura an d Paul here?
b. N o, th e y h a v e n 't a r r i v e d yet.
(b u t B exp e cts Laura an d Paul to arrive so o n)

O a : D o es Jam es k n o w th a t yo u're going away?

b: N o, I h a v e n 't t o l d him yet.
(b u t B is g oing to tell him so o n)
Th e film h asn't st a r t e d ye t.
O Silvia has b o u g ht a n e w dress, b u t she h asn't w o r n it ye t.

y e t in q u estio ns ( H a v e yo u ... ye t?)

O a : H a v e Laura an d Paul a r r i v e d ye t?
b: N o, n o t yet. W e're still w aitin g for th e m.

O a : H as N ic ola s t a r t e d her n e w jo b ye t?
b: N o , she starts n ext w e ek.

O a : This is m y n e w dress.
b: O h, it's nice. H a v e yo u w o r n it ye t?

42 ( present perfect U n i ts 1 5 , 1 7 - 2 0 w ord ord er 4 U n i t 94 still, y e t an d alr e a d y 4 U n i t 95 )

Exercises
W ri t e a se n t e n ce w it h j u s t f or each pict ure.

1 Theyye j u s t a rrived 3 T h e y ......

2 H e ............................................ 4 Th e race

C o m p le t e t h e se n t e n ces. Use a lr e a d y + p r ese n t p er f ect.

| g g } W ri t e a se n t e n ce w it h j u s t (T h e y 'v e j u s t ... / She's j u s t ... e tc.) o r a n e g a tive se n t e n ce w it h y e t

(T h e y h a v e n ' t ... y e t / Sh e h a s n ' t ... y e t e tc.).

CD a fe w m inutes now {2} a fe w m inutes now o/ew m inutes

go uM< ago
(OUT
« . r

• * H lV -
(sh e / go / o u t) (t h e bus / go) (t h e train / leave)
Sha hasn’t.gpne out yet... Th e b u s............

© o/ew m inutes now | GD o/ew m inutes now © o / e w m inutes

ago ago ago

(t h e y / finish / th eir d in n e r) (it / sto p / rainin g) u

W ri t e q u esti o ns w it h ye t .
1 Yo ur frie n d has a n e w jo b. Perhaps she has starte d it. Yo u ask her:
Have you s.ta.rta d.your naw .......... .....................................................................
2 Yo ur frie n d has so m e n e w neig h b o urs. Perhaps he has m e t th e m . Yo u ask him:
....................... y o u ..................................................................................................................................................
3 Yo ur frie n d has to pay her e le c tricity bill. Perhaps she has paid it. Yo u ask her:

4 To m w as tryin g to sell his car. Perhaps he has sold it. Yo u ask a frie n d a b o u t To m: