Faculty of Coastal Engineering

BED, BANK & SHORE PROTECTION

Lecturer: PhamThu Huong

Chapter 2

Flow - Loads
(3 class hours)

Content
2.1 Introduction 2.2 Turbulence 2.3 Wall flow 2.4 Free flow 2.5 Combination of wall flow and free flow 2.6 Load reduction

2.1 Introduction

forces

Structure

regular Flow Fluctuation

Hour Seconds seconds

tides short waves turbulence

Velocity field in various situations

averaged velocity values ( = Q/A) Chezy's law for uniform flow: = C (Ri)

Reynolds dye experiment

Reynolds number

vs - mean fluid velocity, L - characteristic length (h: water depth) - (absolute) dynamic fluid viscosity - kinematic fluid viscosity: = / = 10-6 m2/s (water) - fluid density

Laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers (Re<1000) Turbulent flow occurs at high Reynolds numbers (Re>2000)

2.2 Turbulence

Turbulence motion: velocity and pressure show irregular fluctuations Turbulence variations:

u = u + u v = v + v w = w + w

p = p + p

Turbulence variations:

u = u + u v = v + v w = w + w

p = p + p

Turbulence can then be expressed in various ways, such as:

1 2 u 2 v2 k = u + v2 + w2 , ru = , rv = , rw = 2 u u

w2 u

total kinetic energy in a turbulent flow

fluctuation intensities of u, v and w, relatively

Velocity
m * a = F

u u u p 2u + 2 +u + w = x z x z t inertia press. visc.

Reynolds stresses: m* a = F

u2 u w u u u p 2u +u +w + 2 + = x t x z x z z inertia press. visc. Reynolds stresses mean values turb. fluctuations

Exchange of momentum due to turbulence

Flow resistance:

= c f u2

In laminar flow the resistance, expressed as a shear stress, is proportional with the flow velocity. In turbulent flow, the quadratic terms in equation become dominant and the relation between and u becomes quadratic

Resistance in laminar and turbulent flow

2.3 Uniform wall flow

Wall flow
' ' b = g h I = c f u (= u*2 = ub wb ) 2

u=

1 cf

ghI

u* is the shear velocity

u* = u

g /C

Chezy:

u =C RI

with: C = with: n = R

g cf
1/ 6

1 Manning: u = R 2 / 3 I n
Nikuradse-Colebrook roughness:

cf g

C=

ln

12 R 12 R 18 log kr kr

( kr is equivalent roughness )

Example
20 m3/s of water flows in a 10 m wide channel with vertical banks, a bed slope of 1/1000 and a roughness of 0.2 m. What is the depth, the velocity, the Chezy-value, the relative turbulence intensity and the relative turbulent shear stress?
Assume h R =bh/(b+2h) C=18log(12R/kr)

u= CRI

Stop

Q* = Q

Q* = bhu

non uniform flow

The growth of a boundary layer when an infinitely thin plate is placed in a flow with u = u0.

Influence of pressure gradient on velocity profile

Uniform

accelerated

Decelerated

Turbulence in windtunnel contraction

The total amount of turbulent kinetic energy, k, remains approximately constant. Due to the increased velocity in the contraction, the relative turbulence, r, using the local mean velocity decreases.

2.4 Free flow

50 100

Flow, velocities and turbulence in mixing layer

Flow and velocities in jets

Plane jets : um =

3.5 u0 x B 6.3 u0 x D

b = 0.1 x

u = um e

2 z 0.693 b

Circular jets : um =

b = 0.1 x

u = um e

2 R 0.693 b

Turbulent fluctuations in circular jet

instability of an axisymmetric jet

effect of strong pressure gradients

2.5 Combination of wall flow and Free flow

Flow separation around blunt and round body

Vertical constriction and expansion (sill)

Vertical expansion (backward-facing step)

Horizontal expansion

Horizontal constriction and expansion (groyne)

Detached bodies

2.6 Load Reduction

The end Chapter 2