ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3

(PRELIM) - only x is given - grouped with frequency are given

Given: 6, 9, 14, 10, 5, 8, 11 Grouped Data
 MEASURES OF VARIABILITY x x-x
Measures of variability are summary 6 -3 9 Grade frequency Midpoint (x)
measures that describe the spread of the data, 9 0 0 40 - 49 3 44.5
14 5 25 50 – 59 5 54.5
how varied the observation are with respect to
10 1 1 60 – 69 6 64.5
each other. Measures of central tendecies are
5 -4 16 70 – 79 9 74.5
not enough to completely characterize a 8 -1 1 80 – 89 8 84.5
particular data set 11 2 4 90 – 100 7 94.5

RANGE ANSWER FOR PROBLEM 1 Midpoint is basically the middle ground of the
It is the difference between the largest Mean = 9 grade and it will act as x
and the smallest observation of a data set. This Pop SD = 2.83
is the smallest measure of variability Pop Var = 8 To find midpoint:
Sample SD = 3.05
VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION Sample Var = 9.33
Variance – is the average squared difference of
each observation from the mean. PRELIM EXAM QUESTION 1
- ungrouped data (x) and frequency are given ANSWER FOR PROBLEM 3
Standard Deviation – is the principal square Ungrouped Data Mean = 73.71
root of the variance x frequency (x)(f) Pop SD = 15.28
12 18 216 Pop Var = 233.59
23 20 460 Sample SD = 15.49
USING CALTECH (CANON) 34 17 578 Sample Var = 236.90
To find mean ( ): 45 25 1125
MODE – STAT – SD – INPUT DATA – CA – 87 13 1121
91 11 1001
APPS – SVAR – 2  MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
121 10 1210
Mean – average
To find population standard deviation: Median – middle of the set of the given numbers
TO ADD FREQUENCY:
MODE – STAT – SD – INPUT DATA – CA – Mode – value which occurs more frequent in the
SHIFT - MODE – ARROW DOWN ( ) - STAT -
APPS – SVAR – 3 data set
ON

To find the population variance: SAMPLE PROBLEM 0

ANSWER FOR PRELIM QUESTION 1
SQUARE THE ANSWER TO THE Given the data set (4, 3, 3, 4, 4)
Mean = 50.18
POP STAND DEV.
Pop SD = 34.0591
ANSWER FOR PROBLEM 0
Pop Var = 1160.0274
To find sample standard deviation: Mean = 3.6
Sample SD = 34.2095
MODE – STAT – SD – INPUT DATA – CA – Median = 4
Sample Var = 1107.2932
APPS – SVAR – 4 Mode = 4
Pop SD = 0.49
IF THE FREQUENCY OF THE PROBLEM
To find the sample variance: Pop Var = 0.24
ABOVE IS 1
SQUARE THE ANSWER TO THE Sample SD = 0.55
SAMPLE STAND DEV. Sample Var = 0.3
ANSWER FOR PRELIM Q.1 (FREQ=1)
Mean = 59
To find the mode: SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
Pop SD = 37.7548
MODE – STAT – SD – INPUT DATA – CA – Class Count midpoint (f)(x)
Pop Var = 1425.4286
APPS – SPTS – 4 schedule
Sample SD = 40.7799
41-50 6 45.5 273
Sample Var = 1663 51-60 8 55.5 444
To find the median:
MODE – STAT – SD – INPUT DATA – CA – 61-70 10 65.5 655
71-80 16 75.5 1208
APPS – SPTS – 3
81-90 11 85.5 940.5
91-100 9 95.5 859.5
60 4380
 PRELIM EXAM QUESTION 3 PRELIM EXAM QUESTION 2
Median Formula: Determine which are is performed consistently X Y
LCB – Lower Class Boundary of the meadian Game No. of Assits No. of Points 80 4
class 1 8 18 84 8
C – Class size 2 10 20 88 10
n – total freq 3 9 22 92 8
4 12 16 98 12
<CFD – cummulative freq of the preceeding
5 5 35 104 14
median class
6 1 12
Fmd – freq of the median class
7 4 23 r = 0.92
8 7 25 VERY HIGH
9 9 30
10 3 15  MEASURES OF POSITION
- Are summarly measure that describe the
ANSWER FOR PRELIME EXAM Q3
location of a certain observation value with
ANSWER FOR PROBLEM 4 No. of assits:
respect to the other in a data set.
Median S – 3.46
3 COMMON MEASURE OF POSITION
LCB – 70.5 X – 6.8
a. Quartile
C – 10 CV =3.46/6.8 = 0.5088 = 50.88%
b. Decile
n – 60 No. of points:
c. Percentile
<CFD – 24 S – 7.04
Fmd – 16 X – 21.6
FORMULA:
CV = 7.04/21.6 = 0.3259 = 32.59%

NOTE: lower means more consistent

No. of points is performed more consitently with a
32.59% coefficient of variation For PERCENTILE:
Mode Change to
 PEARSON CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
Scale of correlation For DECILE
Coefficient Value Change to
F – freq of modal class - (16) 0 < r ≤ 0.19 VERY LOW
F1 – freq of preceeding modal class - (10) 0.2 ≤ r ≤ 0.39 LOW
F2 – freq of the succeeding class - (11) 0.4 ≤ r ≤ 0.59 MODERATE For PERCENTILE:
0.6 ≤ r ≤ 0.79 HIGH Change to
0.8 ≤ r ≤ 1 VERY HIGH

SAMPLE PROBLEM 6 SAMPLE PROBLEM 8

The relationship between expenditure on Given the data, find Q1, D3, P40
welfare services and absentees for similar Class frequency Cumm. Freq
 COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION periods of time is shown 5–8 4 4
- The ratio of the standard deviation to the Expenditure(x) Lost Days(y) 9 – 12 3 7
mean 3.5 241 13 – 16 6 13
5 318 17 – 20 8 21
- Used to compare the variability of two or
7 174 21 – 24 10 31
more sets of data when they are exposed in
10 110 25 – 28 9 40
different unit of measurement. 12 147 29 – 32 12 52
15 122 N = 52
18 86
CV – Coefficient of variation ANSWER FOR PROBLEM 8
S –Standard dev of sample ANSWER FOR PROBLEM 5
X - mean MODE – STAT – LIN – INPUT DATA – CA –
REG – 3
r = -0.83
For Quartile 1 (Q1): PRELIM QUIZ PROBLEM 2 CALTECH:
Suppose the attendance of a movie MODE – STAT – SD – CA – APPS – 7 – 3
theater averages 780 with a standard deviation of
Look for 13 in CF 40. What is the z-score that corresponds to the
attendance of 835?

ANSWER TO PRELIM QUIZ P2

d. Equal to 756 mL
For D3:

Look for 15.6 in CF

PRELIM QUIZ PROBLEM 5
A batch of 1500 lemonade bottles have an
average content of 753 mL and the standard
deviation of contents is 1.8mL. If the volumes of
For P40: the content are normally distributed, find the
number of bottles likely to contain:

Look for 20.8 in CF a. Less than 750

b. Between 751 and 754 mL
c. More than 757 mL
d. Equal to 756 mL

ANSWER TO PRELIM QUIZ P5

PRELIM EXAM QUESTION 4
a. Less than 750
Given the data set (50, 5, 12, 13, 15, 18, 22, 6),
determine 1st decile, 25th percentile, and 2nd
quartile
(5, 6, 12, 13, 15, 18, 22, 50)
a. 1st decile CALTECH:
MODE – STAT – SD – CA – APPS – 7 – 1

D1 = 5
b. 25th Percentile

P25 = 6 b. Between 751 and 754 mL

c. 2ND Quartile

Q2 = 13

 Z- SCORE AND P, Q, R CALTECH:

MODE – STAT – SD – CA – APPS – 7 – 2

c. More than 757 mL

 ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS For 4, 5, 6  COMBINATION
(MIDTERM)  3 x 6 x 5 = 90 ways
Sample problems
 PERMUTATION 15 + 90 = 105 ways 1. How many combinations can be made
- An arrangement of objects in a definite b. Greater than 430? from a lotto game 6/42?
order For 4 only
 1 x 2 x 5 = 10 ways  42C6 = 5,245,786
THEOREM 1 For 4, 5, 6
The number of permutations on n different  2 x 6 x 5 = 60 ways 2. From a group of professionals
objects taken r at a time is: consisting of 5 Engr, 4 Archi, find the
10 + 60 = 70 ways number of committees that can be
formed consisting of 5 professionals, 3
4. From the letters of the word of which must be Engr, and 2 Archi.
THEOREM 2 MATHEMATICS
The number of permutations on n different a. How many arrangements can be  (5C3) (4C2)= 60
objects taken at a time In which n1 of the objects made?
are alike, n2 are alike, n3 are alike, and so on, is: 3. In how many ways can 5 cards be dealt
from a deck of 52 cards if the selection
consists of 3 aces and kings?

Sample problems 5. If a pair of dice is thrown, how many  (4C3) (4C2)= 24

1. In how many ways can 5 different trees be outcomes are possible?
planted.  6 x 6 = 36 ways 4. There are 12 person attending a
a. In a row? meeting. In how many ways can 7
 5! = 120 ways 6. How many committees consisting of one among them be seated on a row of 7
 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 120 ways boy and one girl can be selected from a seats?
 5P5 = 120 ways group of 3 boys and 2 girls?
b. In a circle  3 x 2 = 6 ways  12P7 = 3,991,680
 (n-1)!
(5-1)! 7. A leading developer of a new subdivision 5. There are 12 person attending a
4! = 24 ways offers a perspective buyer a choice of 5 meeting. In how many ways can 7
designs, 3 diff color, 4 diff lot area, 2 diff among them be seated on a cicular
2. How many ways can 6 people lined up to heating system arrangement of 7 seats?
get on a bus  5 x 3 x 4 x 2 = 90 diff plans
a. If a certain 3 persons insist on following  (7-1)! (12C7)= 570,240
eac other, how many ways are 8. In how many ways can 8 person be seated
possible? in a row of 8 chairs? 6. How many circular permutations of 4
 8P8 = 40320 ways objects can be made out of 6 objects, 4
1 2 3 4 of which are different and 2 are
A B C D E F 9. In how many ways can 5 person be seated identical?
in a row of 9 chairs?
 (4!)(3!) = 144 ways  9P5 = 15120 ways 1 2 3 4 5
b. If a certain 2 person refuse to follow A B C D E F
each other, how many ways are 10. How many diff ways can 3 blue, 2 red, and 4
possible? yellow bulbs be arranged in a string xmas  (5-1)! (2!)= 48
tree lights with 9 sockets?
1 2 3 4 5 7. From a group of professionals
A B C D E F consisting of 5 Engr, 4 Archi, find the
number of committees that can be
11. How many distinct permutations can be formed consisting of 5 professionals.
 6! – (5!)(2!) = 480 ways made from the letter ENGINEERING
 9C5 = 126
3. How many three digit number c an be
formed from the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and
if each digit can only be used once?
12. How many circular arrangements can be
 6 x 6 x 5 = 180 ways made from 10 objects all taken at a time?
 (10-1)!
9! = 362880 ways
a. How many are greater than 330?
For 3 only
 1 x 3 x 5 = 15 ways
 PROBABILITY MUTUALLY INCLUSIVE EVENT MIDTERM QUIZ PROBLEMS
1. In a deck of 52 cards, Find the probability of 1. A school chess team has 6 members,
Sample Space getting and ace or a heart if one card is one of which is the team captain. If
S = {H,T} picked at random. they are to compete in simultaneous
games, board 1 to board 6, how many
arrangements can they make if the
Sample Space Dice
team captain should always be on
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} board 1?
DEPENDENT EVENT
1st Item 2nd Item 3rd Item  5! = 120
D D DDD 1. There is 6 white balls and 4 black balls.
N DDN What is the probability of getting 2 black 2. In certain city in the PH, all 7 digit
D D DND balls simultaneously without putting the balls telephone numbers begin with 350.
N N DNN back once picked? How many telephone numbers may be
D NDD assigned to that city if the last four digit
D N NDN should not begin or end in zero?
N D NND
N N NNN  9 x 10 x 10 x 9 = 8100

2. A poker hand consisting of 5 cards, find the 3. A contestant is asked to pick an integer
Sample Problems probability of holding 2 aces and 3 jacks at a random from the first 100
1. A jar of candies contains 4 mints, 6 toffees, consecutive positive integers, that is,
and 3 chocolates. Find the probability of 4C2 = 6 integers from 1-100. If the number
getting a MINT, if one candy is picked at a 4C3 = 4 picked is divisible by 9 or 12 the
random. contestant will win a free trip to
Boracay. What is the probability that
the contestant will win the trip?

SEATWORK PROBLEMS 9 – (9, 18, 27,36, 45, 54 ,63, 72, 81,

2. Find the probability of getting a face card if 90, 99)
a card is picked at a random from a deck of 1. There are 15 books, of these, there
52 cards 12 – (12, 24, 36, 48,60,72, 84, 96)
are 5 mathematics, 7 physics, and 3
If there are like terms just count it
books on chemistry. How many ways as one
can they be arranged in a shelf, if the
three subjects are to be grouped
together
MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENT [(5!)(7!)(3!)]3! MIDTERM EXAM PROBLEMS
3. In a deck of 52 cards, Find the probability of = 21, 772,800 ways 1. A box contains 3 greens, 4 red, and 5
getting an ace or a king if one card is picked white balls, if 2 balls are picked
at random. randomly without replacement, what is
2. From the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. the probabilty that both are different
How many 3-digit odd numbers can be colors?
formed if each digit can only be used Green + Red 3+4
once? Green + White 3+5
4. A pair of dice is tossed, What is the Red + Green 4+3
probabilty of getting a total of 6 or 12?  5 x 5 x 3 = 75 ways Red + White 4+5
White + Green 5+3
Pair of dices that can get 6 and 12: 3. From the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. White + Red 5+4
3 3 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
How many 3-digit even numbers can
1 5
5 1 be formed if each digit can only be ) ) ) )
2 4 used once?
4 2 For 0 only
6 6  6 x 5 x 1 = 30 ways
For 2, 4, 6
 5 x 5 x 3 = 75ways

30 + 75 = 105 ways
 ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS b. At least one girl c. Calculate the mean and standard
(FINALS) deviation of this binomial distribution

TOPICS:
1. Binomial Distribution √
2. Geometric Distribution
3. Hypergeometric Distribution √
4. Poisson’s Distribution  Binomial Distribution
(sampling with replacement) 3. Probability that a patient recovers from a
rare blood disease is 0.4. If 15 people are
1. In a poker hand consisting of 5 cards what is
known to have contracted this disease.
the probability that:
What is the probability that:
n = no. of trials
a. All 5 are diamond
x = no. of success a. At least 10 survives
p = probability of success n = 15
q = probability of failure x ≥ 10
p = 0.4
1. A six-sided die is rolled 12 times. What is
q = 0.6
the probability of getting a 4 five times?
n = 12
x=5 ∑
p = 1/6
q = 5/6
= P(10) + P(11) + P(12) + P(13)...+P(15)

Use calc and store function

REMEMBER:
2. 25% of all students are enrolled in high
school XYZ are taking Algebra. 30 students
are chosen at random. b. 3 to 8 survives
a. Find the probability that exactly 7
students out of 30 chosen are taking
b. 2 are clubs and 3 are hearts? algebra ∑
n = 30
x=7
= P(3) + P(4) + P(5) + P(6)...+P(8)
p = 25%
q = 75%

Use calc and store function

2. If 6 cards are selected at random from a
standard deck, what is the probability that
there will be no pairs? c. Exactly 5 survive
b. What is the probability that fewer than 5
students out of the 30 who are selected
are taking algebra?
n = 30
x = 1, 2, 3, 4 or x < 5
p = 25%
3. Given class of 12 girls and 10 boys. What is q = 75% 4. A large chain retailer purchases a certain
the probability that a committee of five kind of electronic device from a
chosen at random from the class, consists ∑ manufacturer. The manufacturer indicates
of: that the defective rate of the device is 3%

a. Only girls
= P(1) + P(2) + P(3) + P(4) a. The inspector of the retailer randomly
picks 20 items from a shipment. What
is the probability that there will be at
Use calc and store function least one defect item among these 20?
 n = 20
x 1 ∑ 1. Suppose a large high school has
p = 3% 1100 female students and 900 male
q = 97% students. A random sample of 10
TOO BIG! MATH ERROR
students is drawn. What is the
= 1 - [ P(0) + P(1) + P(2)] probability that exactly 7 of the
∑ selected students are female?
SINCE WE ALREADY GOT P(0) AND
P(2) LET’S FIND P(1) N = 2000
= P(1) + P(2) + P(3) + P(4)...+P(20) n = 10
k = 1100
x=7
Use calc and store function

= 1- [ 0.0487+ 0.1482 + 0.246]

b. Suppose that the retailer receives 10
shipments in a month and the inspector TOO BIG! MATH ERROR
randomly tests 20 devices per  Geometric Distribution
1. Assume the probability that you will
shipment. What is the probability that
make a sale on any given telephone
there will be 3 shipments containing at
call is 0.19. Find the probability that
least one defective device?
you:
n = 10
a. Make your first sale on the fifth
x=3
call
p = 0.4562
p = 0.19
q = 0.5438
q = 0.81
1 2 3 4 5
= 0.81 x 0.81 x 0.81 x 0.81 x 0.19

5. A manufacturer estimates that 1.5% of his

output of a small item is defective. Find the
probabilities that in a pack of 200 items:
DO THE SAME THING FOR THE
a. None is defective b. Make your first sale on the first, DENOMINATOR AND STORE AS C
n = 200 second, or third call
x=0 1 2 3
= 0.19 x [(0.81)(0.19)] x [(0.81)(0.81)(0.19)]
p = 1.5%
q = 98.5%
In some cases you can use BINOMIAL
DISTRIBUTION BUT NOT ALL THE TIME
c. Do not make sale on the first three
calls
1 2 3
b. 2 are defective = 0.81 x 0.81 x 0.81
n = 200
x=2
p = 1.5% 2. There are 6 white balls and 34 blue
 Hypergeometric Distribution
q = 98.5% balls in the basket. If you draw 8 balls
(sampling without replacement)
from the basket without replacement.
What is the probability that exactly of
the 8 balls are white?
N = 40
c. 3 or more are defective n=8
n = 200 N = Population size k=6
x=0 n = Sample size
x=3
p = 1.5% k = No. of success in population
q = 98.5% x = No. of success in sample
 b. 5 calls at most in 1 hour 6. On average a certain intersection
8 results in 3 traffic accidents per month.
x 5 or x = 0,1,2,3,4,5 What is the probability that for any
= P(0) + P(1) + P(2) + given month at this intersection:
P(3)...+P(5)
a. Exactly 5 accidents will happen
3
 Poisson’s Distribution x=5

NOTICE THAT ALL EQUATIONS b. Less than 3 accidents

Average HAS SO FACTOR THAT OUT 3
x = no. success x = 0, 1, 2
= P(0) + P(1) + P(2)
c. More than 6 calls in 1 hour
1. A small business receives, on average, NOTICE THAT ALL EQUATIONS
12 cx per day. HAS SO FACTOR THAT OUT

a. What is the probability that the

business will receive exactly 8 cx
in one day? 4. During a laboratory experiment, the c. At least 2 accidents
12 average number of radioactive particle 8
x=8 passing through a counter in x 2 or x = 0,1
1millisecond is 4. What is the
probability that 6 particles enter the
counter in a given millisecond?
7. A restaurant chef prepares a tossed
2. A students receive, on average, 7 text 4
salad containing, on average, 5
message in 2-hour period. x=6
vegetables. Find the probability that the
salad contains more than 5 vegetables:
a. What is the probability that the
student will receive exactly 9 text a. On a given day
messages in 2-hour period 5. Ten is the average number of oil tanker
5
7 arriving each day at a certain port city.
x>5
x=9 The facilities at the port canhandle at
most 15 tankers per day. What is the
probability that on a given day tankers
have to be turned away?
b. What is the probability that the 10 b. On 3 of the next 4 days
student will receive exactly 24 text x > 15 n=4
messages in 8-hour period x=3
= 1- [ P(0) + P(1) + P(2) + P(3)...+P(15)]
28 p = 38.40%
x = 24 q = 61.60%

3. A small business receives, on average

8 calls per hour c. For the first time in april on april 5
NOTICE THAT ALL EQUATIONS
1 2 3 4 5
a. 7 calls in 1 hour HAS SO FACTOR THAT OUT = 0.616 x 0.616 x 0.616 x 0.616 x 0.384
8
x=7
 Exponential Distribution

 this probability distribution is closely relate to

poisson probability distribution SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
 In exponential we deal with the lapse of time Assume that the length of a phone call
between any two successice occurences. in minutes is an exponential random variable X
For instanc, we can find the porbabilty that
the next customer in the bank will not arrive with prarameter
for the next 10 mins
If someone arrives at a phne booth just before
RATE PARAMETER
you arrive, find the probability that you will have
to wait:
a. Less than 5 minutes

DENSITY FUNCTION
Or
b. Greater than 5 mins ∫
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Laptops produced by a company last, on
average, for 5 yrs. The lifespan of each laptop
follows an exponential distribution. ∫
c. Greater than 10 mins
1. Calculate the rate parameter

d. Between 5 and 10 mins b. Determine the percentage of bulbs

with life in between 2200 to 2500 hrs
2. What is the density function and graph it
 Normal Probability Distribution
3. Write the probability that a laptop will last
less than 3 years.  Is the most important and widely used of all
Given formula: the probability distributions. When plotted, it
gives aa bell-shaped curve

4. What is the probability that the laptop will

last over 10yrs?

c. Determine the probability that any

bulb will have a life of 2500hrs

5. What is the probability that the laptop will SAMPLE PROBLEMS

last over between 4yrs and 7yrs?
1. Light bulbs having a mean life of 2400 hrs
and a standard dev of 62 hrs are used for a
consignment of 4200bulbs
a. Determine the number of bulbs likely
to have a life in excess of 2500hrs