PROCEDURES. PART A : BASIC OP-AMP PARAMETERS 1.

LM 741 was balanced by connected to a 100 K variable resistor between pin 1 and pin 5 of the IC as depicted in figure 4.1.The output voltage was measured using the DC voltmeter while adjusting the variable resistor until the output voltage is close to 0V.

Figure 4.1 2. The cicuit as shown in figure 4.2 was construct and applied to DC supply of +-15 V . The function generator was set 1 Vp-p sine wave at 100 Hz as the input signal Vin (since the 741 can operate at DC, take 0 Hz as the lower corner frequency, fL).

3. Measured the output , Vout of the op-amp by connected the oscilloscope. The input have been ensure that is exactly 1 Vp-p.The result of amplifier peak-to-peak output voltage and gain of the amplifier was recorded in table 4.2.The fH, value was recorded in the table 4.2 . 4. The circuit has contruct as shown in figure 4.3. The oscilloscope has controls to the following positions: Time base :500 s/div Channel 1 : 2 V/div Channel 2 : 2 V/div 5. DC supply was applied and a 1 KHz , 5 Vp-p square wave to the non-inverting input as the input signal, Vin. 6. The time and amplitude unit was label in figure 4.6 (Graph 1).Output waveform has been sketch and label in figure 4.6 (Graph 1 ).

7. Measured the peak-to-peak voltage of the output waveform and recorded as V. Also measured the amount of time taken for the output waveform to change from one peak to the other ( this can be either the positive-going or negative-going edge). 8. The output of function generator was set to a sine wave signal.The output maintain at 5Vp-p .Starting at the frequency of 1 KHz, observe the op-amp output while increasing the frequency. Recorded the Fm by adjusted the generator frequency to a value where can just begin to detect distortion.Using the equation 4.7 to calculate the slew rate. PART B : INVERTING AND NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIERS

1. The circuit in figure 4.4 was constructed to investigate the used of an omp-amp as an inverting amplifier.The input of the amplifier, Vin was applied by 500 mVp-p, 1 khz sine wave signal. 2. An oscilloscope has used to measured input and output peak-to-peak voltages. The actual closed loop gain AcL was calculated. The ecpected gain Acl has calculated. 3. The input and output waveforms has sketched in figure 4.7 (Graph 2). 4. The power supply has removed from amplifier. The new Rf in the range of 2.2 k to 39 k has been selected to provide a large gain. 5. The circuit has been contruct as shown in figure 4.5 to investigate the use of op-amp as non-inverting amplifier.The input of the amplifier has applied by 500 mVp-p , 1 kHz sine wave signal.By using an oscilloscope the output is in phase with the input has verify by sketching both waveform in figure 4.8 (Graph 3) with all details. The peak-to-peak input and output voltages measured. The acual closed loop gain AcL has calculated.All the readings and calculations has recorded in table 4.5 6. Turn off the AC and DC source. Change Rf to 10K .Measured the input and output voltages and calculate the actual and expected AcL.

DISCUSSIONS 1. An op-amp is a three-port device having two inputs and one output. It was invented to simplify the design of inverting and non-inverting DC amplifiers by the simple control of external negative feedback. This deceptively simple building block is to analog electronics what nand or nor gates are to digital electronic circuits: it reduces analog circuit design to a simple problem of determining suitable external feedback and interconnecting networks without the complication of having to know what's going on inside the op-amp itself. Treating the op-amp as ideal is often all that is necessary to use it in practice, provided we skillfully appreciate the limitations imposed by basic device parameters that would typically include: non-infinite open-loop gain, frequency response expressed by slew rate, singlepole roll-off frequency and its related gain-bandwidth product GBP, non-infinite input port resistances and non-zero output resistance; power-supply limiting or railing due to finite power supply voltages. Although the op-amp is employed in a truly impressive array of many different circuits, all are based in part on one or both of the following two fundamental circuit configurations, the inverting and non-inverting DC amplifiers. You will gain an appreciation of the power of the op-amp as a basic building block along with some of its inherent limitations by investigation of these two basic circuits.

CONCLUSION

The measured results obtained are within error of the theoretical values for a given configuration. This suggests that the op amps used can be considered ideal in the configurations we used. To further check this conclusion, the experiment could be redone using a more accurate oscilloscope,more accurate resistors, and a more consistent voltage source. However, in the scope of experiment 4 it is unnecessary.

Theory: The LM741 Op amps have eight terminals, but we will only examine five of them: the VS+ , VS-, inverting input (V- ), non-inverting input (V+), and output (Vout ). The VS+ and VS- are the positive and negative power supplies. The output voltage cannot be greater than the positive power supply nor can it be less than the negative power supply. In an ideal op amp, no current flows into the inverting and non-inverting inputs, although current can flow out of the inputcontrolled output. There is also no voltage difference between the inputs. One of these inputs cannot have its voltage change without the other input either increasing or decreasing in voltage to match. This ensures linear operation and keeps the output at the same voltage. This equilibrium is maintained by negative feedback through a feedback loop