affecting

Mole Fraction 1×1 Factors xp

Solutions solute Solvent in water
:

g. sugar
-

-_ -1 e.

(B) (A) T T ✗ substance n substance

Nature of
liquid 1
__

1) UP ✗
Less amount Move amount solute solvent ntotal
Force of attraction
11%11/11 =
Volume of solute ✗ 100 30%11/11 Solution

↳
2) Temperature XP ✗
Temp .

Volume of solution 30Mt solute present solute (B) solvent / A)

in 100Mt solution .
MB na
-

Note :
XP does not
depend on -

" NB " " NA

liquid
= =

Amount of
2)
[Link]/W=Weightofso1utexloo--13O/.W/w 1)
☐
.

NA + NB MA + NB
↳
Weight of solution 30
gm
solute is
✗ A -1×13=1
2) Volume of vessel

present in solution Surface

loogm .

3) area .

3) 1. W/ ✗ =

Weight of solute ✗ 100 30% W/ 11

Types of solution :

volume of solution ↳ solute

30
gm present
1) Ideal solution Solution which Follows Routt 's law at all and
Temp conc
-

in 100Mt solution
.

PA =
RAKA Force of attraction :

Molarity :

PB =
P°BXB A- A = B B
- =
A -

B
per litre of solution
No of moles
-

present .

P=P•AXA+P°BXB All mix -0 AS mix > 0

M= n solute M= N solute ✗ 1000
Hexane and Heptane AHmi×=0 AGmix< 0
Volume of solnin litre .
Volume of solution in Mt .
e.
g.

2) Non -
Ideal solution -

Solution which does not Follow Routt 's Law

Molality Molal -1m
PA =/ PAKA PB =/ PIAOCB
n solute semi molal Colligative properties :

-21m
m= -

of Force of attraction

[Link]
weight of solvent in
kg .
which depend on no .

al -

ve deviation
Dec ; molal
↳ m
-
-

solute particles and not PAS FAIA ( A- B) > ( A- A) and / B- B)

M= N solute ✗ 1000
PB<P•BXB AVmi×< 0
on nature of particles .
,gm , , ,

of solvent
weight ing pin [Link]/3AHmixLOAGmixLO

e. Chloroform and acetone Acid H2O

g. -1

vapour pressure
,
:

Mole Fraction in
vapour phase
equilibrium
:
At
,
H2O / 1) H2O /
Vapour ) a) Relative
Lowering of c) Depression in fp

"
910 " Nessun / RHP / d) Osmotic
Rate of evaporation Rate of condensation pressure =p±=
[Link] PI PÉxB
.

ya YB
= =
.

b) Elevation in BP Piaxatpepgc , PT PAKA + FBXB

Pressure exerted by vapours of
liquid on its
v. Pof solution volatile solute and Volatile solvent
case -1
containing
:

known
surface is as
Vapour pressure .

Substances P=P•AXA+P•BxB XA -1113=1 poop

p=p•AxA+P°B×B
-ggÉ;ÉYtÉ¥y
-

u -
P =P .at/P.B-P.n-lxB Piz
Volatile Nonvolatile
p= pig -1 ( Pia -
P ;) XA
can be converted to vapour cannot be converted into vapours xa=0 xa=1
✗
B.
=L XB=O
H2O .CH } OH C2H5 OH
e.
g. e.
g.
Uvea NHZCONHZ
glucose
- -

, .
.

,
of the solution
Vapour pressure
:

some
important terms :

d- -

density case -1 : v. Pof solution

containing nonvolatile solute and volatile solvent

at 1. W/ 11 =
[Link]/WXd M=
Molarity P•A P•A= V. Pof PA V. Pof solution
PA
pure solvent
>
-

b) M =
10 ✗ 1. W/ W Xd MM solute =
Molar mass solute

MM solute m=
molality .
Routt 's Law : HP of
any volatile component is
directly proportional to

c) m =
1000M MM solvent =
Molar mass solvent mole fraction in solution .

Pia
Mole Fraction Of Solute PA
Isolate PA
=

1000dL -

M ✗ MM solute
-

✗ ✗ A p•A= v. Pof
pure solvent
✗ solvent =
Mole Fraction Of solvent PA -_p•AXA Mole Fraction of solvent in solution
d) m= ✗ solute ✗ 1000 xa= .

o ,
xp
✗ solvent ✗ MM solvent .
PA -_
V. Pof solution
b) + ve Deviation Force of attraction solubility

jrl€hmnm
Defined as Max -
amount of solute which can be dissolved
PA > PARA IA B) -
< ( A- A) and / B- B)
in fixed amount of solvent
PB > P•BXB All mix > 0 AS mix > O
.

P > PAKA -1 P•BXB Hmix > 0 AGmi✗{ 0 Solubility of solid in

liquid
02115014 cH3 CH } 02115011 H2O Cszt CH , Depends on two factors
§
e. + CH ,
g- -1

Cy
- -
- -

, ,

a) Temperature Endothermic Tt
solubility T
-

Boiling point Exothermic Tt

solubility t,

at which VP is
Temperature equal to atmospheric pressure b) Pressure -
No effect .

VP ✗ 1-
BP 41 Osmotic pressure ( T1 )

Azeotrope Solution which boils at constant -1

Spontaneous movement of solvent
through semi
permeable
-
-

we cannot
separate azeotrope membrane From low conch to
High conc ?
-

Van 't hoff Factor Ii ) : IT -_

ICRT i= Van 't Hoff Factor

Molarity )
"

Factor that takes into account number of 5- conc /

particles after

R= Universal constant
dissociation / association . gas
i= No of -

particles after diss / asso

1- =

Temperature .lk )
solution 11-11,1 Isotonic =
11-1=11-2
No of.

particles before diss/ asso

Hypotonic solution
solution 217121 having less OP
=

i=
Abnormal
colligative property i=
Normal Molar mass
Hypertonic __
solution
having more OP

Normal
Colligative property Abnormal molar mass

solubility of Gas in
liquid :
-

substances
. Depends on two factors

Non -

electrolyte Eleitoolyte a) Temperature -

Dissolution of
gas in
liquid is
always
Does not dissociate exothermic
or associate .

v v
.
TT
solubility I

i=1 Dissociation Association b) Pressure

Solubility ✗ Pressure
-

e.
g.
Urea .
glucose .
Sucrose .
i> 1 i< I

i=1+( n 1) -

✗
i=s+(g- g) ✗ Henry 's Law : Partial
pressure of
gas is
directly
✗ =

Degree of dissociation
of association
proportional to the mole Fraction .

✗
Degree
=

Pxx

Relative ( RNP )
1)
lowering of
Vapour pressure P•A > PA p=KHx KH=
Henry 's constant .

Pof solution non-volatile solute

v.
Solubility containing At const P KHT=xI=
[Link]/P--P.A-PA--xB
.

1
KH ✗

Pia solubility .

of
Lowering [Link] PA
-

Elevation in P•A= V. Pofpuie solvent

2)
Boiling point : P•A > PA

HP✗ -1 Pa V. Pof solution

Freezing point
-

3) Depression in
-

BP
. .

Tf >
Tf Tf FP Of solvent
pure
__

Nonvolatile solute add [Link] . [Link]

.

Tf =
Tf Tf
-

Tf
=
FP Of Solution
Elevation in
.

Boiling point =
To =
Tb To
-

Experimentally ATF ✗ m
kg =
Molal depression constant 00
Experimentally ATb=imkb
molality
.

m=
,

ATf= imkf coyoscopic constant

i= Han 't Hoff factor
.

kf= RITT / 214M solvent RIT;)

-
Kb= Rl -10.12
Kf
=

kb= molal elevation constant or

000×11-111
AH 1000×1 fusion
1000 ✗
fusion
ibulioscopic constant .