The Brain Hypothesis The Brain Hypothesis

• Phrenology (Gall & Spurzheim)

• The Mind and the Brain • Naming of Cortical Lobes
• Aristotle (Galen) • Psychometrics and Loss of Function
• Descartes • Language and Lateralization (Broca & Wernicke)
Blindsight (Patient DF)
• Darwin •

• Neurosurgery
• Executive and Basic Function (Flourens)
• Binding Problem (Patient HM)
• Disconnection (Split Brains)

• Brain Imaging (PET and fMRI)

The Brain Hypothesis The Neuron Hypothesis

• Raw Material
• Size of large grapefruit or cantaloupe Golgi & Cajon
• Convolutions (part of cerebral cortex)
• About as thick as an orange peel.
• Mostly water (78 %), fat (10 %), and protein (8 %)
• General texture: like soft butter, but some parts are as
gooey as raw eggs or yogurt.

What is it made of?

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 The Neuron Hypothesis The Neuron Hypothesis
• The Basics
Golgi- Continuous Network
Cajal- Separate Neuron
• Cell Body (Soma)

• Dendrites & Axon

The Neuron Hypothesis The Nervous System

Neural Central
Connections NS
Underlie
Learning Spinal
Brain
Cord

Peripheral
NS

Somatic Autonomic

Cranial Spinal Para

Nerves Nerves Sympa Sympa

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 Neuroanatomical Directions Orienting Terminology
Dorsal (superior)
Lateral Medial Lateral
• Cluster of Cell Bodies
Rostral Caudal
(anterior) (posterior) • Brain: Nucleus

Ventral (inferior) • Rest: Ganglion

Neuroaxis

Orienting Terminology Orienting Terminology

• Types of Info
• Cluster of Cell Bodies
• Sensory
• Brain: Nucleus
• Afferent (going in)
• Rest: Ganglion
• Motor
• Bundle of Axons
• Efferent (going out)
• Brain: Tract
• Rest: Nerve
• SAME

• Interneuron

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 The Spinal Cord Dermatomes
• Protected by: • Precise
Organization
• Bone

• Meninges
• Spinal Segments
• CSF
• Cervical
• Thoracic

• Lumbar

• Sacral

The Spinal Cord Bell Magendie Law

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Hierarchical Control The Arc Reflex

The Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System

• Connects brain to
Autonomic NS
muscles and Somatic NS
organs via PNS

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 The Autonomic Nervous System The Brain
Take Action Prepare for the Future
Fight or Flight Rest and Digest

• Brainstem
• Hindbrain

• Midbrain

• Forebrain

The Cerebral Ventricles Blood Brain Barrier

BODY

BRAIN
CSF made by choroid plexus

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 Brain Myth Divisions of the Brain
• You only use 10% of your brain

Forebrain: Telencephalon
The Cerebral Cortex Four Cortical Lobes

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Basic Cortical Functions Cortical Damage

Cortical Layers Forebrain: Telencephalon

Limbic System
･Emotions
Basal Ganglia
･Move & Bal
Hippocampus
･Learn & Mem

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Forebrain: Diencephalon Brainstem & Cerebellum

Thalamus
･Sensory Relay
Hypothalamus
･4 Fs and More
Pituitary Gland
･”Master Gland”

Midbrain: Mesencephalon Hindbrain: Metencephalon

Superior Colliculus
･Vision

Inferior Colliculus
･Audition
Cerebellum
･Move & Bal
･Posture

Pons
･Sleep & Dreams

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Hindbrain: Myencephalon Planes of Section

Medulla
･Autonomic f(x)

･Respiration
･Heart Beat
･Vomiting
･Coughing
･Sneezing

Neural Connections Divisions of the Brain

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