Cooker => cook + -er
Happily => happy + -ly Morphemes
Unhappily => un- + happy + -ly
Morphemes: a minimal unit of meaning, or grammatical function. (has meaning)
Phoneme: the smallest contrastive linguistic unit which may bring about a change of meaning. (no meaning)
o 1 phoneme: eye
o 2 phonemes: an, the, re-, -ing
o 3 phonemes: sit, take, dis-
o 4 phonemes: blame, inter-
o 5 phonemes: seven, straight
o 6 phonemes: basket.
1 syllable: strange
2 syllable: lion
3 syllables: crocodile
4 syllables: connecticut
- 2 MORPHEME WORDS THAT INCLUDE 1 SYLLABLES:
Warmth, eighth, goes, worse, hands, depth
- 3 MORPHEME WORDS THAT INCLUDE 1 SYLLABLES:
Tenths
1 morpheme: boy, girl, cat, dog
2 morphemes: girlish, dogs
3 morphemes: boyishness, desirability
4 morphemes: gentlemanlisness
>4 morphemes: ungentlemanlisness.
FREE MORPHEMES: can stand alone as single words. (hình vị không ràng buộc, tự do).
Ex: sleep, teach, run, fast, the, an, I, you, at, on, this, that.
BOUND MORPHEMES: cannot attached to another form. (Hình vị ràng buộc).
Ex: Asleep, sleepy, teaching
Replays: re-: prefix (bound); play: stem (free); -s: suffix (bound)
STEM: hình vị tự do. => stem gồm free and bound. (bound stem có nguồn gốc La tinh)
Reduce: re-: prefix (bound); -dure: stem (bound)
CRANBERRY MORPHEMES:
- Cranberry: đẹp đẽ. - huckleberry: nhỏ nhắn.
- Strawberry: xinh đẹp. - blueberry: khỏe khắn.
CLASSIFICATION:
*FREE AND BOUND (hình vị tự do và hình vị hạn chế)
*LEXICAL AND FUNCTIONAL (hình vị thực thực và hình vị hư)
- Ex: book, sleep, teach, run, fast => (n), (v), (adj), (adv) => content words, open
- Ex: the, an, this, that, I, you, on, at => art, dem, pro, prep => function words, closed.
*DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL (phái sinh và biến tố)
- prefixes: un-; in-; super-; trans-; re-; en-; de-
=> class maintaining: re-: redo, un-: unhappy, super-: superman derivational
- suffixes: -ness; -ion; -ly; -fy; -ive; -ful; -ist
=> class changing: -ion: reception, -fy: beautify
NOUN: -s: books, ‘s: Tom’s
VERB: -s: cooks, -ing: cooking, -ed, -en có 8 cách
ADJ AND ADV: -er: faster, -est: fastest
Hầu hết chỉ có 1 tiền tố và nhiều hậu tố.
*FREE ROOT:
Label the free roots: noun, verb, adj, adv
Pref – suff: label the derivational morphemes
Ex: pref: de- ; verb: act; suff: -ive; suff: -ate; infl: -s
Bound root: when there is the bound root.
-ing and -ed: exciting, interested
Inflectional morphemes:
Inflectional morphemes + then or suff: when they change the word class into adective
Word formation processes: 10 processes:
Coinage: the invention of totally new terms (việc phát minh ra thuật ngữ hoàn toàn mới)
Ex: Do you have any aspirin? => aspirin: commercial names: tên thương mại.
Eponyms: new words based on the name of a person or a place. (từ mới dựa trên tên của một người hoặc một địa
điểm).
An eponym is a person from whom something is said to take its name.
Technical terms: temperatures in Celsius and Fahrenheit.
Borrowing: the taking over of words from other languages (việc tiếp quản các từ từ các ngôn ngữ khác).
Ex: courgette, spinach, chestnut: vay mượn Pháp
Direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language.
Compounding: the joining of 2 seperate words to produce a single form.
Arbitrary spelling:
+ with space: full moon, living room, bus stop
+ without space: supermarket, bookstore, notebook
+ with hyphen: feel – good, ice – cream, full – time
Blending: are similar to compounds in that they are produced by combining two words, but in blend parts of the
words that are combined or deleted.
- The combination of 2 separate forms to produce a single new term.
- Ex: the beginning of one word + the end of the other words:
+ gasohol: gasoline + alcohol
+ smog: smoke + fog
+ brunch: breakfast + lunch
Clipping: a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form. (dùng trong tình huống không trang
trọng)
- Ex: facs(imile): fax
- Gas(online): gas
- Ad(vertisement): ad
- Fan(atic): fan
- (omni)bus: bus
Backformation:
- Verb + er = noun. Ex: teach + er = teacher
- Noun - er/or = verb. Ex: swindler – er = swindle.
- Existed earlier => formed later. Ex: editor – or = edit
Conversion (category change/functional shift): chuyển đổi chức năng từ trong 1 câu.
Acronyms: acronyms are new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words. 2 types: sequences
of letters (initialism): USB and single words (acronyms): radar.
Derivation
Multiple processes
OPEN AND CLOSED WORD CLASSES:
- Lexical categories: verb, noun, adj, adv => open
- Functional categories: prepositions, determiners (a, an, the, this, that), complementizers (if, whether…),
conjunctions. => close.
