Chapter 5:

V(x) = t
xy
(x, y)dA
A

__ M(x) = yo
x
(x, y)dA;
A

dV
dx
= p(x) ___
dM
dx
=V(x) ___AV
A
= P
0
___AM
B
= M
0
__V
2
V
1
= p(x)dx
x
1
x
2

__ M
2
M
1
= V(x)dx
x
1
x
2

Equilibrium Method: Find equations for V(x) and M(x) and graph; Graphical Method use above equations to
graph M(x) and V(x).
Singularity Equations:

( x a)
n
={0_ for _ x a
________{(x a)
n
_ for _ x > a

Use charts for the rest!!

Chapter 6:
s
x
=
y
p(x)
, where p is the radius of convergence. The reciprocal of p is i which is the longitudinal curvature.
Generally,

o
max
= p(1cos()),

L = p |

o
x
(x, y) =
E(x)y
p(x)
|

F(x) = o
x
dA
A

__ M(x) = yo
x
dA
A

M =
EI
p
= EIi |

o
x
=
My
I
|

o
TOP
o
1
=
M(c
1
)
I
=
M
S
1


o
BOTTOM
o
2
=
M(c
2
)
I
=
M
S
2
|

S =
I
c

given

M
max
max M(x) ,

S
design
=
M
max
o
alllow

Flexural Stress in Nonhomogeneous Beams
o
x
1
= E
1
s
x
=
E
1
y
p
,

o
x
2
= E
2
s
x
=
E
2
y
p
,

F(x) = o
x
dA =
A

E
1
p
ydA
A
1

+
E
2
p
ydA
A
2

= 0
E
1
y
1
A
1
+ E
2
y
2
A
2
= 0 |

M =
EI
p
, where

EI = (E
1
I
1
+ E
2
I
2
) |

o
x
1
=
ME
1
y
EI


o
x
2
=
ME
2
y
EI

now,

n
E
1
E
2
, for the transformed cross section,

ydA
t
= 0
A
t

or

y(ndA)
A
1

+ y(dA)
A
2

= 0
M =
E
2
I
t
p
,

I
t
= y
2
dA
t
A
t

and finally,

o
x
1
=
E
1
y
p
= n(
My
I
t
) and

o
x
2
=
E
2
y
p
=
My
I
t

For the shear-flow formula:

q =
VQ
I
, where

Q(y) = A' y' and so shear stress formula:

t =
VQ
It
, where tau is the
average transverse shear stress, I is the moment of inertia of the entire cross section and t is the width of the
cross section at level y.

t
f
=
3
2
(
Vs
t
f
)(
h
2
h
w
2
bh
3
bh
w
3
+ t
w
h
w
3
) |

t
w
=
3
2
(
Vs
t
w
)(
bh
2
bh
w
2
+ t
w
h
w
2
4t
w
y
2
bh
3
bh
w
3
+ t
w
h
w
3
)

Chapter 7
EIv' ' = M |

(EIv' ' )' = V |

(EIv' ' )' ' = p

o = (
L
3
3EI
)P + (
L
2
2EI
)M ,

= (
L
2
2EI
)P + (
L
EI
)M,

P =
12EI
L
3
o
6EI
L
2
,

M =
6EI
L
2
o +
4EI
L








Beam: a structural member designed to support transverse (distributed/concentrated) load.
Couple: induces a moment | simply supported pin-roller or pin-pin, cantilever fixed- free continuous
pin-roller-roller propped cantilever fixed roller overhanging beam overhangs support
Transverse shear usually doesnt cause failure- except in very short beams, large cross-section.
Transverse shear reaches a maximum at neutral axis and is 0 at the outside
During bending, the deflection curve is along the neutral axis mass center; pure bending deflection forms
circular arc ( also F(x)=0)
Bernoulli-Euler Beam Theory for a curved beam

vs
x
=s
y
= s
z

S has two values top of beam, bottom of beam; the design S has different values for different shapes