MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105

A SEMINAR ON

MAGNETIC BEARINGS

SUBMITTED BY:MUSTAFA TAJKHAN T.E (MECHANICAL) ROLL NO.:-380

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF

Prof Ms. M. M. Charde DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING, ALANDI, PUNE-412105 ACADEMIC YEAR:-2011-2012 MAEERS

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105

MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING, ALANDI, PUNE-412105

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that, MUSTAFA TAJKHAN (ROLL No. 380) of T.E. MECHANICAL has delivered a seminar on MAGNETIC BEARINGS for partial fulfillment of T.E. Mechanical course of University of Pune for the academic year: 2011-2011

SEMINAR GUIDE Prof Ms. M. M. CHARDE

H.O.D (MECHANICAL) PROF.N. B. MURALI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105

It gives me great pleasure to present a seminar report on MAGNETIC BEARING. In preparing this paper number of hands helped me directly or indirectly. Therefore it becomes my duty to express my gratitude towards them. I am very much obliged to subject guide Prof Ms M. M. Charde of Mechanical Engineering Department, for helping and giving proper guidance. His timely suggestions made it possible to complete this paper for me. I will fail in my duty if I wont acknowledge a great sense of gratitude to our seminar coordinator PROF.N.B.TOTLA and H.O.D PROF.N.MURLI.

MUSTAFA TAJKHAN T.E(MECHANICAL)

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105

CONTENTSChapter
* * * 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

TITLE
List of Figures List of Tables Abstract Introduction History Construction of Magnetic Bearing Working of Magnetic Bearing Types of Magnetic Bearing Load Speed Losses Advantages Disadvantages Applications Conclusion Reference

PAGE NO.
5 5 6 7 8 10 12 13 15 19 23 24 24 24 25 26

LIST OF FIGURES

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105 FIGURE Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 DESCRIPTION A Magnetic Bearing Construction of Magnetic Bearings Magnetic bearing working Passive Magnetic Bearing Active Magnetic Bearing Basic set-up of an active magnetic bearing carrying a rotor load B-H Diagram, Hysteresis loop and Saturation Force on Magnet and Geometry of Radial bearing Centrifugal loads acting on the volume element of a rotor Tangential stress distribution for a disc with and without hole in the centre Figure 11 Example of a broken rotor 22 PAGE 7 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 20 21

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE Table 1 Table 2 DESCRIPTION Early U.S. Patents in AMB Achievable circumferential speed for a full disc PAGE 10 21

ABSTRACT
A bearing is a machine element, which supports another moving machine element. It permits relative motion between the contact surfaces of the members, while carrying load.

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105 Due to relative motion, friction occurs and rubbing surface wears rapidly. To prevent this a lubricant may be used.

A question comes in mind whether it is possible to support a journal without any physical contact so that there is no wear. Is there a force, which can exerted even if there is no contact between two-surfaces. Magnetic force allows such property and thus the idea of magnetic bearing was visualized.

Already in 1842 Earnshaw had demonstrated that passive (permanent) could made but it cannot stable in all spatial direction. For successful operation the unstable direction have to be electrically served. Hence the name ACTIVE MAGNETIC BEARING.

1. INTRODUCTION

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105 A magnetic bearing is a bearing which supports a load using magnetic levitation. Magnetic bearings support moving machinery without physical contact, for example, they can levitate a rotating shaft and permit relative motion with very low friction and no mechanical wear. They
Figure 1: A Magnetic Bearing

are in service in such industrial

applications as electric power generation, petroleum refining, machine tool operation and natural gas pipelines. They are also used in the Zippe-type centrifuge used for uranium enrichment. Magnetic bearings are used in turbomolecular pumps where oil-lubricated bearings are a source of contamination. Magnetic bearings support the highest speeds of any kind of bearing; they have no known maximum relative speed. It is difficult to build a magnetic bearing using permanent magnets due to the limitations described by Earnshaw's theorem, and techniques using diamagnetic materials are relatively undeveloped. As a result, most magnetic bearings require continuous power input and an active control system to hold the load stable. Many bearings can use permanent magnets to carry the static load, and then only use power when the levitated object deviates from its optimum position. Magnetic bearings also typically require some kind of back-up bearing in case of power or control system failure and during initial start-up conditions. Two sorts of instabilities are very typically present with magnetic bearings. Firstly, attractive magnets give an unstable static force that decreases with greater distance and increases at close distances. Secondly since magnetism is a conservative force, in and of itself it gives little if any damping and oscillations may cause loss of successful suspension if any driving forces are present, which they very typically are. With the use of an induction-based levitation system present in maglev technologies such as the Inductrack system, magnetic bearings could do away with complex control systems by

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105 using Halbach Arrays and simple closed loop coils. These systems gain in simplicity, but are less advantageous when it comes to eddy current losses. For rotating systems it is possible to use homopolar magnet designs instead of multipole halbach structures, which reduces losses considerably

2. HISTORY
The evolution of active magnetic bearings may be traced through the patents issued in this field. The table below lists several early patents for active magnetic bearings. Earlier patents for magnetic suspensions can be found but are excluded here because they consist of assemblies of permanent magnets of problematic stability per Earnshaw's Theorem. Early active magnetic bearing patents were assigned to Jesse Beams at the University of Virginia during World War II and are concerned with ultracentrifuges for purification of the isotopes of various elements for the manufacture of the first nuclear bombs, but the technology did not mature until the advances of solid-state electronics and modern computer-based control technology with the work of Habermann and Schweitzer. Extensive modern work in magnetic bearings has continued at the University of Virginia in the Rotating Machinery and Controls Industrial Research Program. The first international symposium for active magnetic bearing technology was held in 1988 with the founding of the International Society of Magnetic Bearings by Prof. Schweitzer (ETHZ), Prof. Allaire (University of Virginia), and Prof. Okada (Ibaraki University). In 1987 further improved AMB designs were created in Australia by E.Croot (see reference below as well) but these designs were not manufactured due to expensive costs of production. However, some of those designs have since been used by Japanese electronics companies, they remain a specialty item: where extremely high RPM is required. Since then there have been nine succeeding symposia. Kasarda reviews the history of AMB in depth. She notes that the first commercial application of AMBs was with turbo machinery. The AMB allowed the elimination of oil reservoirs on compressors for the NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd. (NGTL) gas pipelines in Alberta, Canada. This reduced the fire hazard allowing a substantial reduction in insurance costs. The success of these magnetic bearing installations led NGTL to pioneer the research and development of a digital magnetic bearing control system as a replacement for the analog control systems supplied by the American company Magnetic Bearings Inc. (MBI). In 1992, NGTL's

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105 magnetic bearing research group formed the company Revolve Technologies Inc. to commercialize the digital magnetic bearing technology. This firm was later purchased by SKF of Sweden. The French company S2M, founded in 1976, was the first to commercially market AMBs. Extensive research on magnetic bearings continues at the University of Virginia in the Rotating Machinery and Controls Industrial Research Program. Starting from 1996 the Dutch oil and gas company NAM installed over a period of 10 years 20 large E-motor driven (with variable speed drive) gas compressors of 23 MW fully equipped with AMB's on both the E-motor and the compressor. These compressors are used in the Groningen gas field to deplete the remaining gas from this large gas field and to increase the field capacity. The motor - compressor design is done by Siemens and the AMB are delivered by Waukesha (owned by Dover). (Originally these bearings were designed by Glacier, this company is later on taken over by Federal Mogul and now part of Waukesha) By using AMB's and a direct drive between motor and compressor (so no the gearbox in between) and applying dry gas seals a full so called dry-dry system (=fully oil free) has been installed. A few of the main advantages by applying AMB's in the driver as well as in the compressor (compared to the traditional configuration with a gearbox, plain bearings and a gasturbine-driver) is a relative simple system with a very wide operating envelope, high efficiencies (particularly at partial load) and also, as done in the Groningen field, to install the full installation outdoors (no large compressor building needed).

Inventor(s) Beams, Holmes

Table 1 : Early U.S. Patents in AMB Year Patent No. Invention Title 1941 2,256,937 Suspension of Rotatable Bodies

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105 Beams Beams Beams Wolf Lyman Habermann 1954 1962 1965 1967 1971 1973 2,691,306 3,041,482 3,196,694 3,316,032 3,565,495 3,731,984 Magnetically Supported Rotating Bodies Apparatus for Rotating Freely Suspended Bodies Magnetic Suspension System Poly-Phase Magnetic Suspension Transformer Magnetic Suspension Apparatus Magnetic Bearing Block Device for Supporting a Vertical Shaft Adapted for Rotating at High Speed Devices Including Rotating Members Supported by Magnetic Bearings Magnetic Bearings Radial Displacement Detector Device for a Magnetic Bearings

Habermann, Loyen, Joli, Aubert Habermann, Brunet Habermann, Brunet, LeClre

1974

3,787,100

1977 1978

4,012,083 4,114,960

3. CONSTRUCTION OF MAGNETIC BEARING

The active magnetic bearing comprises two parts the mechanical and electronic. The mechanical parts are similar to electrical motor with a rotor and stator. A core on the stator is wound with the coil through which the electric current that induces the magnetic field. This generates the force that supports the shaft. The electronic part of the active magnetic Even slightest deviation from the desire position will trigger in electronic system to adjust the current flowing through the electromagnets that determines the strength of the magnetic field.

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105

Figure 2: Construction of magnetic bearing

The current are adjust so that desired rotor position is maintained even under varying load conditions. The magnetic field is dependent on the current flowing through the coils. The larger the current, the stronger the magnetic field and the load it is able to support. The load an active magnetic bearing is able to support is very high.

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105

4. WORKING OF MAGANETIC BEARING

Figure 3: Magnetic bearing working Magnetic bearings are basically a system of bearings which provide non-contact operation, virtually eliminating friction from rotating mechanical systems. Magnetic bearing systems have several components. The mechanical components consist of the electromagnets, position sensors and the rotor. The electronics consist of a set of power amplifiers that supply current to electromagnets. A controller works with the position sensors which provide feedback to control the position of the rotor within the gap.

The position sensor registers a change in position of the shaft (rotor). This change in position is communicated back to the processor where the signal is processed and the controller decides what the necessary response should be, then initiates a response to the amplifier. This response should then increase the magnetic force in the corresponding

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105 electromagnet in order to bring the shaft back to center. In a typical system, the radial clearance can range from 0.5 to 1 mm. This process repeats itself over and over again. For most applications, the sample rate is 10,000 times per second, or 10 kHz. The sample rate is high because the loop is inherently unstable. As the rotor gets closer to the magnet, the force increases. The system needs to continuously adjust the magnetic strength coming from the electromagnets in order to hold the rotor in the desired position.

5. TYPES OF MAGNETIC BEARINGS

Two basic types of magnetic bearing technologies are present and in use today: Active and Passive. 1. PASSIVE MAGNETIC BEARINGS

Passive bearings are similar to mechanical bearings in that no active control is necessary for operation.

(A five axis passive system is inherently unstable, and thus a passive system has at least one active or mechanical axis of control.)
o

Figure 4: PASSIVE MAGNETIC BEARING

One passive bearing approach utilizes repulsive effects of permanent magnets, which is essentially magnets repelling each other.

Another is reluctance centering, which is essentially two magnets or magnetic pole faces attracting to align poles.

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105 These forces act to cause the rotor to remain in the desired position. This type of bearing system is suited for very lightly loaded systems, or ones with any significant load in only one axis and very limited response necessary from the remaining axes. 2. ACTIVE MAGNETIC BEARINGS AMBs are a very promising technology and are now being employed for a variety of industrial rotating machinery applications. These non-contacting bearings use magnetic forces to firmly hold the rotor and maintain separation between it and the machines stationary components (Schweitzer, Bleuler, & Traxler, 1994). A typical magnetic bearing system consists of two radial AMBs and an axial AMB that together constrain 5 degrees of freedom of the rotor. As illustrated in Fig. 5, an AMB consists of an electromagnetic actuator, position sensor, power amplifiers, and a feedback controller. Each actuator is composed of ferromagnetic component attached to the rotor (called the journal for a radial bearing, the thrust disk for an axial bearing) and opposing pairs of stationary electromagnets (known as the stator). Radial magnetic bearing components are typically laminated to increase actuator bandwidth and reduce losses, while axial bearings are usually not due to the difficulty of ensuring mechanical integrity in the face of centrifugal loads and the cost of manufacture. Figure 5: ACTIVE MAGNETIC BEARING

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105 6. LOAD The term load already, as simple as it seems, touches upon basic properties of magnetic bearings. The load capacity depends on the arrangement and geometry of the electromagnets, the magnetic properties of the material, of the power electronics, and of the control laws - a set-up with main elements is shown in Figure 6. Furthermore, carrying a load is not just a static behaviour usually it has strong dynamic requirements. Subsequently, first the static properties of an AMB and the generation of magnetic forces will be briefly outlined.

Figure 6: Basic set-up of an active magnetic bearing carrying a rotor Magnetic forces are generated in magnetic fields. Magnetic fields themselves can be generated by a current, or a permanent magnet. For example, a rotation-symmetrical magnetic field H is generated around a straight conductor with a constant current i (Figure 7a). The contour integral around the conductor says that

(1) This means that the magnitude of the magnetic field in Figure 7a is H = i/2 r. The magnetic field is independent of the material around the conductor. If the integration path encompasses several current loops, as is the case with the air coil in Figure 7b, then the integral yields

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105

Figure 7 In magnetic bearing technology electromagnets or permanent magnets cause the magnetic flux to circulate in a magnetic loop. The magnetic flux can be visualized by magnetic field lines. Each field line is always closed. The density of these lines represents the flux density B. The magnetic field H is linked to the flux density B , ie. magnetic induction, by (2) Here, 0 = 4 x 10 -7 Vs/Am stands for the magnetic field constant of the vacuum, and r is the relative permeability depending on the medium the magnetic field acts upon. r equals 1 in a vacuum, and Here, 0 = 4 10-7 Vs/Am stands for the magnetic field constant of the vacuum, and r is the relative Permeability depending on the medium the magnetic field acts upon. r equals 1 in a vacuum, also approximately in air. By using ferromagnetic material, where r is generally >>1, the magnetic loop can be concentrated in that core material. The behavior of ferromagnetic material, is usually visualized in a B-H diagram (Figure 7.3), showing the well-known phenomena of hysteresis and saturation. Saturation means, as a consequence, that the flux density B does not increase much more beyond Bsat even when the magnetic field H and the generating current i is further increased. The current, corresponding to that saturation limit, be isat. For deriving the force in an AMB let us consider Figure 8. It shows a single two-pole magnetic bearing element, aspart of a complete bearing ring of Figure 6, indicating the path of the magnetic flux . B = 0 r(H)H

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105 .

Figure 8 The usual assumptions hold, i.e. that the iron part lfe in the magnetic loop is neglected, that the relations for static fields hold as the frequencies for the alternating current are not too high, that the flux is homogeneous in the iron core and the air gap, and that the cross-sectional areas are the same Afe = Aa. Then, the induction B = Ba is the same along the magnetic loop. It is proportional to the current i until the saturation induction Bsat is reached. A further increase of the current beyond isat does not increase the induction much further beyond Bsat. The force f exerted can be derived by considering the energy Wa stored in the air gap between rotor and magnet

(3) The force acting on the ferromagnetic body is generated by a charge of the field energy in the air gap, as function of the body position. For small displacements ds the magnetic flux BaAa remains constant. When the air gap increases by ds the Volume Va = 2sAa increases, and the energy Wa i n the field increases by dW . This energy has to be provided mechanically, i.e. an attractive force has to be overcome. Thus

(4)

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105 In the range, where the induction Ba is proportional to the magnetic field Ha and the currrent i, i.e. below saturation, the force as a function of coil current i and air gap s for the arrangement of Figure 8a is

(5)

Equation (1) shows the quadratic dependence of the force on the current and the inversely quadratic dependence on the air gap. In the case of a real radial bearing magnet, the force of both magnetic poles affect the rotor with an angle (figure 4b), as opposed to the model of the U-shaped magnet of Figure 4a. In the case of a radial bearing with four pole pairs equals for instance 22.5 , with cos = 0.92.

Considering we obtain (6) The force increases with the maximum admissible magnetomotive force nimax , i.e. the product of the maximum current imax and winding number n. This value is subject to design limitations. As a consequence, the maximum value for the force depends on the winding cross section, the mean winding length and the possible heat dissipation, or the available amount of cooling, respectively. Therefore, one limitation for a high static load is the adequate dissipation of the heat generated by the coil current due to the Ohm resistance of the windings. This soft limitation can be overcome by a suitable design. Assuming that this problem has been adequately considered, then the current imax will eventually reach a value where the flux generated will cause saturation, and then imax =isat, and the carrying force has reached its maximal value fmax. Any

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105 overload beyond that physically motivated hard limitation of the carrying force fmax will cause the rotor to break away from its centre position and touch down on its retainer bearings. In order to compare the carrying performance of different bearing sizes, the carrying force is related to the size of the bearing, or more precisely, to the projection of the bearing area db (Figure 5), leading to the specific carrying force. Let us assume that the pole shoe width p equals the leg width c. On the bearing diameter d we have one eighth of the circumference per pole at our disposal. Using half of that for the pole shoe widthp, the pole shoe surface is given by Aa = d 0.5 b

(7)

With actually available Si-alloyed transformer sheets, which are used for bearing magnets, a maximum flux density Bmax 1.5 Tesla < Bsat is recommended.

(8) Inserting this value for Ba in equation (3), and considering that the forces of both poles do not act perpendicularly, but at an angle of /8, we obtain with Aa from equations (7) and (3) the specific carrying force Based on this result, an estimation of the carrying force fmax can be determined from Figure 6. The specific load of 32 N/cm2 (or 0.32 MPa) is considerably lower than that for oil lubricated bearings, which is about four times as high.

7. SPEED
The features characterizing a high-speed rotor can be looked at under various aspects. The term high-speed can refer to the rotational speed, the circumferential speed of the

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105 rotor in a bearing, the circumferential speed of the rotor at its largest diameter, or the fact that a rotor is running well above its first critical bending frequency. The requirements on the AMB and the design limitations can be very different.

7.1 Rotational speed A record from about 50 years ago are the 300 kHz (!) rotation speed that have been realized in physical experiments for testing the material strength of small steel balls (about 1 to 2 mm in diameter) under centrifugal load [3]. In todays industrial applications rotational speeds that have been realized are in the range of about 3kHz for a grinding spindle, or about 5kHz for small turbo-machinery. Problems arise from eddy current and hysteresis losses in the magnetic material, air losses, and the related requirements for power generation and adequate heat dissipation if the rotor runs in vacuum.

7.2 Circumferential speed The circumferential speed is a measure for the centrifugal load and leads to specific requirements on design and material. The centrifugal load, Figure 9, leads to tangential and radial stresses in the rotor, given by

Figure 9: Centrifugal loads acting on the volume element of a rotor

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105

Figure 10: Tangential stress distribution for a disc with and without hole in the centre

The tangential stress, as the most critical one, is shown in Figure 10. Highest stress values occur at the inner boundaries of a rotor disc. As the rotor partially consists of laminated soft iron sheets, which have to be shrink-fit to the rotor shaft, the tangential stress at the inner rim is still further increased. Numerous lab experiments have been performed. Rotor speeds of up to 340 m/s in the bearing area can be reached with iron sheets from amorphous metal (metallic glass), having good magnetic and mechanical properties [4]. The theoretical value for the achievable speed vmax lies much higher. It can be derived from Equation 13 ( is the yield strength, is the S density of the material), and the according values for some materials are given in Table 2.

Table 2: Achievable circumferential speed for a full disc

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105

In industrial applications the speed usually is limited not by the bearings themselves, but by the mechanical design of the motor drive. Figure 12 shows the example of a broken rotor. Figure 13 gives a survey on various AMB applications that have been realized conventionally. For high speeds permanent magnet synchronous drives are used where the rotor is wound with carbon fibers, allowing speeds of about 280 m/s. Figure 11: Example of a rotor

7.3 SUPERCRITICAL SPEED A rotor may well have to pass one or more critical bending speeds in order to reach its operational rotation speed. In classical rotor dynamics this task is difficult to achieve. In AMB technology it is the controller that has to be designed carefully to enable stable and well-damped rotor behaviour. Passing just the first critical elastic speed is state of the art and can be very well done with AMB. This has been shown even with an automated controller design, based on self- identification and subsequent self-tuning with the H-method. In many lab experiments two critical speeds have been passed, too, using various design methods, for example. Three elastic modes have been dealt with in, using additional notch filters and a zero-pole cancelling filter. It is felt that further research in developing methods for the design of robust control for highly elastic systems is necessary.

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105

8. LOSSES
With contact-free rotors there is no friction in the magnetic bearings. The operation of active magnetic bearings causes much less losses than operating conventional ball or journal bearings, but, nevertheless, the losses have to be taken into account, and sometimes they lead to limitations. Losses can be grouped into losses arising in the stationary parts, in the rotor itself, and losses related to the design of the control. Losses in the stationary parts of the bearing come mainly from copper losses in the windings of the stator and from losses in the amplifiers. The copper losses are a heat source, and, if no sufficient cooling is provided, can limit the control current and hence the maximal achievable carrying force, as described in section 2. Losses in the rotor part are more complex and lead to more severe limitations. These losses comprise iron losses caused by hysteresis and eddy currents, and air drag losses. The losses heat up the rotor, cause a breaking torque on the rotor, and have to be compensated by the drive power of the motor. The iron losses depend on the rotor speed, the material used for the bearing bushes, and the distribution of flux density B over the circumference of the bushes. The breaking torque caused by the iron losses consists of a constant component of hysteresis loss and a component of eddy-current loss, which grow proportionally to the rotational speed. The iron losses in the rotor can limit operations, as, in particular in vacuum applications; it can be difficult to dissipate the generated heat. The hysteresis losses Ph arise if at re-magnetization the B-H-curve in the diagram of Figure 3 travels along a hysteresis loop. At each loop the energy diminishes by Wh = Vfe ABH. Here, ABH stands for the area of the hysteresis loop, and Vfe for the volume of the iron. Consequently, the hysteresis losses are proportional to the frequency of remagnetization fr. The area of the hysteresis loop depends on the material of the magnet and on the amplitude of the flux density variation. For iron and flux densities between 0.2 and 1.5 Tesla the classical relation

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105

9. ADVANTAGES
1. Contact-free 2. No lubricant 3. No maintenance 4. Tolerable against heat, cold, vacuum, chemicals 5. Low losses 6. Capacity to operate within a wide temperature range 7. Environmentally friendly workplace 8. Very high rotational speeds

10. DISADVANTAGES
1. Larger Bearings. 2. Higher complexity and cost. 3. Requires electrical power.

11. APPLICATIONS
Magnetic bearing advantages include very low and predictable friction, ability to run without lubrication and in a vacuum. Magnetic bearings are increasingly used in industrial machines such as compressors, turbines, pumps, motors and generators. Magnetic bearings are commonly used in watt-hour meters by electric utilities to measure home power consumption. Magnetic bearings are also used in high-precision instruments and to support equipment in a vacuum, for example in flywheel energy storage systems. A flywheel in a vacuum has very low windage losses, but conventional bearings usually fail quickly in a vacuum due to poor lubrication. Magnetic bearings are also used to support maglev trains in order to get low noise and smooth ride by eliminating physical contact surfaces. Disadvantages include high cost, and relatively large size. A new application of magnetic bearings is their use in artificial hearts. The use of magnetic suspension in ventricular assist devices was pioneered by Prof. Paul Allaire and Prof.

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105 Houston Wood at the University of Virginia culminating in the first magnetically suspended ventricular assist centrifugal pump (VAD) in 1999.

12. CONCLUSION
Limitations in Active Magnetic Bearings arise from two reasons: the state of the actual technology in design and material, and from basic physical relations. The paper has given a survey on such limitations, giving a brief theoretical background, showing examples and pointing to actual data. Further research appears to be indicated in developing insight and outlook at the boundaries of the field of magnetic bearings. A systematic comparison of AMB performance with that of classical bearings needs consistent data. The joint operation of a magnetic bearing with a roller bearing under emergency situations, in load sharing or in touch down contacts, needs further experiments and design efforts. The operation at supercritical speeds, passing many elastic rotor and structure frequencies needs more research on the control design. The advanced information processing within the bearing system, extending the smartness of the rotating machinery will be a promising research area. The potential and limitations of high temperature super-conductors, as an extension or an alternative to AMBs, is not yet suffiently known.

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13. REFRENCES
1. Active magnetic bearings for machining applications Carl R. Knospe Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA Received 22 February 2005; accepted 8 December 2005 Available online 14 February 2006 2. Design and control of active magnetic bearing system with Lorentz force-type axial actuator Ha-Yong Kim a, Chong-Won Lee b,* a Materials and Devices Research Center, HDD Program Team, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Mt. 14-1, Nongseo-Ri, Giheung-Eup, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 449-712, Republic of Korea b Center for Noise and Vibration Control (NOVIC), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Science Town, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea Received 3 May 2004; accepted 14 September 2005 3. Linear Magnetic Bearing and Levitation System for Machine Tools Prof. Dr.-lng. Dr.-lng. E. h. Manfred Weck, Dipl.-lng. Ulrich Wahner Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering, Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany Received on January 8,1998 4. Optimal control of the magnetic bearings for a flywheel energy storage system K.Y. Zhu a,*, Y. Xiao b, Acharya U. Rajendra a a Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic,Singapore 599489, Singapore b Servo Dynamics, Seagate Technology International, 63 The Fleming, Science Park Drive, Singapore 118249, Singapore

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MAEERS MAHARASHTRA ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING,ALANDI, PUNE-412105 5. Magnetic bearings a new world opens for design engineers World Pumps, 0262 1762/03 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved 6. Calnetix 7. Wikipedia 8. Scribd

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