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Bandwith requirement:

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AM MODULATION TECHNIQUE
AM wave may be generated using analog multiplier and summer as shown in figure.

AM generator

The output of the analog multiplier shown in figure is given by

Above equation gives two sidebands of AM wave. Now, by adding carrier to them with the
help of summer, we can generate complete AM wave. The output of the summer is given by-

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General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

GPRS is a packet-based wireless communication service. It promises data rate up to 114 kbps. It
is a standard technology which extends the Global system.
It is a non-voice and high-speed technology which is useful for the GSM networks. We make use
of GPRS so that we can enable connections which depend on the internet protocol.
We can send and receive the compressed data and large volume data over the mobile network by
using GPRS as the packet switching system used. So, before sending the data, it breaks the
whole data into packets and then shifts them through the network. Now the data again assembled
at the recipient side.

Key Features:
1. Short messaging service: it is the communication protocol which specially designed for
text messaging. So, it is a special-purpose communication protocol.
2. Multimedia messaging service: It has done an extension to SMS, i.e., now we can
transmit videos along with the text also.
3. Wireless application protocol: it is a special-purpose communication protocol which
used for mobile browsers.

Benefits or advantages of GPRS:

1. Higher data rates (14.4-115 kbps)
2. Circuit switching and Packet switching can be used in parallel.
3. Constant connectivity
4. Easy billing
5. Efficient use of radio bandwidth.

Disadvantages of GPRS:
1. It has limited cell capacity.
2. It does not provide store and forward service therefore if the Mobile Station (MS) is not
available the data get lost.
3. The data rate supported by GPRS is slower than the data rate of the latest wireless
standards like LTE, LTE-advanced, etc.,
4. We cannot troubleshoot the error in case any issue appears in front of us.

GSM: Global System for Mobile communication

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. It is a digital cellular technology
used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.

Composition of the GSM network:

The GSM network has four distinct sections that work together to achieve the overall
performance.
1. Mobile phone.
2. NSS – The Network switching subsystem.
3. BSS – The base station subsystem.
4. OSS – The Operation and support subsystem.

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Data applications supported by GSM:

GSM provides following functionalities when you connect your GSM phone with a computer
system.
1. Internet: GSM provides the most ubiquitous and robust wireless data connectivity to
access the internet.
2. Mobile Fax: With GSM, you can send and receive faxes to any place where GSM
service is available.
3. Secured LAN access: GSM provides secured access for corporate LAN. It encrypts the
air links and provides additional security for confidential e-mails and faxes.

Advantages of GSM:
1. Since GSM service is obtained over 200 countries, so it provides worldwide roaming for its
clients to roam throughout the world.
2. GSM is extremely secured because its devices and facilities cannot be easily duplicated.
3. It has an extensive coverage in all over the world.
4. Clear voice calls and efficient use of spectrum.
5. Compatible with wide range of handsets and accessories.
6. Compared to CDMA Technologies, allows for simultaneous use of voice calls and data.
7. Advanced features such as short messages, caller ID, Call hold, Call forwarding etc.

Disadvantages of GSM:
1. The biggest disadvantage of GSM is that multiple users share the same bandwidth. This may
cause interference and due to interference bandwidth limitation occurs.
2. GSM can also disrupt electronic devices. Because of this in hospitals and in aircraft, we are
advised to keep our cell phones in airplane mode to avoid this electronic interference.
3. GSM is a complex system.

CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access

CDMA is a channel access method used by several radio communication technologies. It is a

digital cellular technology and an example of multiple accesses. It is generally used for mobile
communication.
Multiple accesses mean that several transmitters can send information simultaneously over a
single communication channel. In this system, different CDMA codes are assigned to different
users and the user can access the whole bandwidth for the entire duration. It optimizes the use of
available bandwidth as it transmits over the entire frequency range and does not limit the user's
frequency range.
Thus, CDMA allows several users to share a band of frequencies without undue interference
between the users. It is used as a access method in many mobile phone standards.
CDMA technology was developed during World War II. It was developed by English allies to
protect their wireless transmissions from jamming. When the war ended, Qualcomm patented
this technology and made it commercially available. The first CDMA system was launched in
September 1995 in Hong Kong by Hutchison Telephone Co.

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Features of CDMA:
1. At a defined time, it enables more users to communicate and thus offers enhanced
capacity for voice and data communication.
2. Many of the channels in CDMA use a complete spectrum.
3. To reduce interference & noise and thereby increase the efficiency of the network,
CDMA systems make use of power control.
4. To protect its signals, CDMA encodes user transmissions into separate and special codes.
5. The same frequency can also be used by all cells in CDMA systems.
6. There is also no fixed limit to the number of participants in a CDMA system, but
performance degrades with an increment in the number of participants.

Applications of CDMA:
1. CDMA is used in the GPS (Global Positioning System).
2. Several cell phone firms use this technology.
3. CDMA was used in satellite system.
4. Used in military because it is highly secure.

Difference between GSM and CDMA

S. No. Parameters GSM CDMA
Global System for Mobile Code Division Multiple
1. Full form communication. Access.

FDMA (Frequency division

2. multiple access) and TDMA CDMA (Code division
Technology used (Time division multiple access). multiple access).
GSM is globally widely used CDMA is available in fewer
3. Availability and available. countries and carriers.
4. Data speed
rate 42Mbps in 3G. 3.6Mbps in CDMA.
GSM supports transmitting data CDMA does not support this
5. Features and voice both at once. feature.

6. Customer Stored in a SIM card. Stored in a headset or phone.

GSM does not provide built-in CDMA provides built-in
7. Encryption encryption is available. encryption.
GSM offers less secure CDMS offers secure
8. Secure communication. communication.
GSM enables worldwide CDMA enables limited
9. Roaming roaming roaming.

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Difference between GSM and GPRS

GSM GPRS
Its full form is Global System for Mobile
Its full form is General Packet Radio Service.
Communications.
In this, one-time slot allocated to one user. In this, multiple timeslots allocated to one user.
The user charged by the duration of a The user charged by the amount of data
connection transferred.
It is a circuit-switched technology. It is a packet-switched technology.
It cannot retransmit the error frames. It can retransmit the error frames.
In this, the maximum transmission rate is 9.6 In this, the maximum transmission rate is 172.4
kbps. kbps.
Its access time is long. Its access time is short.
Here, the location area concept used. Here, the routing area concept used.
Here, the time slot can be allocated in both Here, the time slot can be allocated only in
uplink and downlink. downlink and not in the uplink.
Also, the resource allocation is called Here, the resource allocation is called
symmetric allocation in GSM services. asymmetric allocation.

Satellite Communication
A satellite is a smaller object that revolves around a larger object in space. For example, moon is
a natural satellite of earth.
A communication satellite is an artificial satellite that transmits the signal by creating a channel
between the transmitter and the receiver located at different locations on the Earth.
In satellite communication, electromagnetic waves are used as carrier signals. These signals
carry the information such as voice, audio, video or any other data between ground and space
and vice versa.
Soviet Union had launched the world's first artificial satellite named, Sputnik 1 in 1957. Nearly
after 18 years, India also launched the artificial satellite named, Aryabhata in 1975.

How Satellite Communications Work?

The communication satellites are similar to the space mirrors that help us in bouncing the signals
such as radio, internet data, and television from one side of the earth to another. There are three
stages that are involved which explain the working of satellite communications. These are:

 Uplink
 Transponders
 Downlink

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Let’s consider an example of signals from a television. In the first stage, the signal from the
television broadcast on the other side of the earth is first beamed up to the satellite from the
ground station on the earth. This process is known as uplink.

The second stage involves transponders such as radio receivers, amplifiers, and transmitters.
These transponders are used for boosting the incoming signal and to change their frequency so
that the outgoing signals are not altered. Depending on the incoming signal sources, the
transponders vary.
The final stage involves a downlink in which the data is sent to the other end of the receiver on
the earth. It is important to understand that usually there is one uplink and multiple downlinks.

Advantages of Satellite Communication:

1. Installments of circuits are easy.
2. The elasticity of these circuits is excellent.
3. With the help of satellite communication, every corner of the earth can be covered.
4. The user fully controls the network.
5. Transmission cost is independent of coverage area
6. More bandwidth and broadcasting possibilities
7. Flexibility
8. Energy is conserved since satellites use solar power

Disadvantages of Satellite Communication:

1. Initial expenditure is expensive.
2. There are chances of blockage of frequencies.
3. Propagation and interference.
4. Difficult to provide repairing activities if any problem occurs in a satellite system.

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Applications of Satellite Communication:

1. Telephone
2. Television
3. Digital cinema
4. Radio broadcasting
5. Amateur radio
6. Internet access
7. Military
8. Disaster Management
9. Remote sensing applications
10. Weather condition monitoring & Forecasting

RADAR
The full form of RADAR is Radio Detection And Ranging. It is an electronic device that
provides microwave segment or ultra-high frequency of the radio spectrum to identify obstacles
to control the area of the spot or range of an object. It may also be used to explore or identify an
operational object’s speed as well as regulation.
RADAR is an electromagnetic based detection system that works by radiating electromagnetic
waves and then studying the echo or the reflected back waves.
It had been secretively planned and produced by several countries during the Second World War.
In 1940 U.S. navy described the word RADAR.

Basic Principle of Radar:

Radar is used for detecting the objects and finding their location. We can understand the basic
principle of Radar from the following figure-

As shown in the figure, Radar mainly consists of a transmitter and a receiver. It uses the same
Antenna for both transmitting and receiving the signals. The function of the transmitter is to
transmit the Radar signal in the direction of the target present.

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Target reflects this received signal in various directions. The signal, which is reflected back
towards the Antenna, gets received by the receiver.

Benefits of RADAR:
1. Radar can pierce mediums like fog, clouds, snow and mist.
2. Signals from radars can pass through isolators.
3. Radar can accurately locate an object.
4. The Radar will assess the target speed.
5. Radar can aid in measuring an object’s distance.
6. The disparity between stationary and moving targets can be determined by Radar.
7. Radar signals do not require a carrying medium.

Limitations of RADAR:
1. Radar requires a substantial amount of time to set a lock on an entity.
2. Radar also has a wider beam size over 50 ft diameter.
3. The Radar has a restricted 200 ft range.
4. Numerous objects and mediums may interact in the air with Radar.
5. Radar can not discern multiple targets, or come up with a solution.

Applications of RADAR:
1. Radars have a wide range of usage in military operations. They are used in Naval,
Ground as well as Air defence purposes.
2. RADARs are used to track and detect satellites and spacecraft.
3. RADARs are used for safely controlling the traffic in the air. It is used to guide aircraft
for proper landing and take-off during bad weather conditions.
4. Law enforcement, especially highway police, has extensive use of RADARs during a
pursuit to measure the speed of a vehicle.

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