TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC HÀ NỘI

Critical reading

Student name: 1. Đặng Thu Ngân

2. Lê Phương Anh
Student ID#: 1. 2204040068
2. 2204040006
Lecturer: Lê Thu Hương
Class: 2TC-22ACN

Hà Nội - 2023
 Pair Reading Project – Term 3

Title: Positive and negative outcome expectations of smoking: implications for

prevention

Reference https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
source/web link: 12701842_Positive_and_Negative_Outcome_Expectations_of_Smoking_Implica
tions_for_Prevention

A. Mind-map or outline:
Create a mind map or an outline that summarizes the article. (Length: No more than ONE A4
paper)

I. Introduction:
- Understanding the risk factors and their impact at each stage of smoking initiation is essential
for developing effective prevention programs.
- Aim of the study: to form the development of messages for tobacco prevention programs.
- Scope: focus on outcome expectations of smoking as early-stage risk factors and provide
valuable insights for targeted prevention efforts.
II. Methods :
- Students completed a questionnaire, and carbon monoxide meters were used to measure
smoking exposure.
- The sample consisted of 471 non-smoking or experimental smoking students. Susceptibility
to smoking was measured based on students’ responses to questions about future smoking
and resistance to peer influence.
- Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios, controlling for various factors.
III. Result:
- Important details: 36.1% of the sample was susceptible to smoking, and that all positive
outcome expectations were significantly associated with susceptibility.
- Half of the students (50.9%) strongly agreed with 4 to 5 of the negative outcome
expectations, but the number of negative expectations was not significantly related to a
decreased risk of susceptibility.
- A strong belief in the negative outcomes of smoking did not alter the association between
susceptibility and positive outcome expectations.

IV. Discussion:
 - Positive outcome expectations of smoking are more strongly associated with
susceptibility to smoking than negative expectations.
- It is important to take a closer look at the psychosocial risk factors influencing
smoking uptake and find a way to translate them into prevention programs for
youths.
- Positive outcome expectations are strongly associated with susceptibility, an
established predictor of later tobacco use.

B. Answer the following Critical Reading Questions about the article and explain your
answers:
1. Question Set 1:
- Where was this text published? (in a peer- reviewed academic journal or a non-academic
source?)
- When was this text published? Is the text up-to-date or outdated?

-> YOUR ANSWERS with explanation:

- This text was published in a peer- reviewed academic journal.
- This text was published in January 2000. The text is up-to-date.

2. Question Set 2:
- Who is the author of the reading text? What are his/her credentials, profession and
educational
background?
- Is the text biased or objective? (Does it present one-sided arguments or a balanced view?)

-> YOUR ANSWERS with explanation:

The authors of the reading text are Madeline Dalton
● Prof. Madeline Dalton is professor Emeriata at Geisel School of Medicine at
Dartmouth. She has skills and expertise in: health behavior, health promotion and
adolescent health…
● Prof. James D. Sargent aims to better understand how media and marketing influence
health behaviors. For 20 years, he has conducted population based studies of
adolescents and young adults, developing survey techniques to capture media and
marketing exposures and examining their association with substance use (tobacco and
alcohol), aggression and violence, and risky sexual practices. The translational aim of
the research is to influence media and marketing exposures during childhood and
adolescence by developing individual interventions and influencing policies.
● This text is objective, presenting a balanced view, suggests that emphasizing the
negative consequences of smoking may not deter adolescents from intending to
smoke. Instead, tobacco prevention programs should focus on addressing the positive
expectations associated with smoking by offering alternative means to achieve those
outcomes.

3. Question Set 3:
- Who was the text written for? (general audience or academic audience?)
- Why did the author write the text? (to contribute knowledge about the topic, to convince/
entertain/ warn the audience, to give advice, advertise a product/service, or report
information?)
-> YOUR ANSWERS with explanation:
● The text was written for academic audiences who are concerned and related to
medicine, health behavior and adolescent health.
● The reason why the author wrote the text is firstly to contribute knowledge about
teaching adolescents and teens about the negative consequences of smoking is
unlikely to change their intent to smoke. Secondly, emphasis on knowledge and belief
of negative outcomes of smoking in the prevention literature seems inconsistent with
the limited evidence supporting an association between negative attitudes and
smoking uptake in the research literature. And the last is to give advice urging
tobacco prevention researchers to carefully evaluate the messages they are using in
prevention programs. Rather than focusing on the negative outcomes of smoking, we
may have more success reducing tobacco use among adolescents by helping them
achieve the same positive outcomes they expect from smoking in other ways.

4. Question Set 4:
Does the author present or imply his/her opinion about the topic in the text? What is his or
her opinion?
Does the text present a convincing argument or reliable information about its topic? (Briefly
explain why it is convincing/ reliable, or why not).
� YOUR ANSWERS with explanation:
● Yes, he does. The author implied that these results imply that warning young people
about the harmful effects of smoking is unlikely to alter their decision to smoke.
Prevention initiatives should look for strategies to counter the favorable expectations
that teenagers have of smoking, maybe by providing them with alternate options to
achieve these goals.
● The text presents a convincing argument or reliable information about its topic. The
text brings out particular examples, statistics and evidence from precise sources with
different the study of scientists and researchers.

5. Question Set 5:
Has the author done empirical research about the topic? (YES or NO?)
a) If “YES”, answer the following questions:
What are the major research results/ findings? What is the author’s conclusion? Are charts
and graphs
used in text?
b) If “NO”, answer the following questions:
Do the author use such types of evidence as anecdotes, visual items, statistics, quotations to
support his/her points? Is the evidence convincing and effectively used?
If there is no evidence, how are the author’s points supported?
� YOUR ANSWERS with explanation:

● The author has not done empirical research about the topic. The investigation focused
on text-based survey research from others so the authors used reliable sources instead
of conducting empirical research themselves.
● The author uses such types of evidence as statistics to support they points.

● There are 3 tables which the authors used : Table 1: Student Characteristics and
Susceptibility to becoming a smoker. Table 2: Relationship between positive and
negative outcome expectations and susceptibility to smoking & Table 3: Association
between number of positive and negative outcome expectations susceptibility.
● Because these results are based on research conducted by other academics, the
evidence is credible and efficiently applied.