JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY

The Premiere University in Zamboanga del Norte

Main Campus, Dapitan City
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THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND COMPLIANCE AMONG CRIMINOLOGY

STUDENT MOTORISTS OF JRMSU-MAIN ON ROAD MARKINGS AND TRAFFIC
SIGNS

A Thesis Proposal
Presented to
the Faculty of the College of Criminal Justice Education
JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in Zamboanga del Norte
Main Campus, Dapitan City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

JOVINA C. DIMACALE
LYKA TRACE B. TEJANO
CAMILO OSIAS V. BEBIRO

May 2023
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Republic of the Philippines

JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in Zamboanga del Norte
Main Campus, Dapitan City

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that Jovina Dimacale, Lyka Trace Tejano, and Camilo Osias

Bebiro successfully passed the Research Proposal Defend entitled THE LEVEL OF

KNOWLEDGE AND COMPLIANCE AMONG CRIMINOLOGY STUDENT

MOTORISTS OF JRMSU-MAIN ON ROAD MARKINGS AND TRAFFIC SIGNS.

NANCY E. ARANJUEZ, Ph. D.

Instructor

In PARTIAL FULLFILMENT of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in

Criminal Justice Education, this Proposal entitled THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND

COMPLIANCE AMONG CRIMINOLOGY STUDENT MOTORISTS OF JRMSU-

MAIN ON ROAD MARKINGS AND TRAFFIC SIGNS has been prepared and submitted

by Jovina Dimacale, Lyka Trace Tejano, and Camilo Osias Bebiro is hereby recommended

for PROPOSAL DEFENSE.

ROWELL B. PALLEGA, Ph.D.

Associate Dean, CCJE
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Republic of the Philippines

JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
The Premier University in Zamboanga del Norte
Main Campus, Dapitan City

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

APPROVAL SHEET

This Research Proposal titled THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND COMPLIANCE

AMONG CRIMINOLOGY STUDENT MOTORISTS OF JRMSU-MAIN ON ROAD

MARKINGS AND TRAFFIC SIGNS prepared and submitted by: RESEARCHERS in

partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice

Education has been examined and recommended for Proposal Defense.

AIZEL L. ELUMBARING, MSCJ

Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

APPROVED by the Panel of Examiners on Proposal Defense conducted on July 7,

2023 with the rating of PASSED.

DR. ROWELL B. PALLEGA, Ph. D.

Chairperson

DR. NANCY E. ARANJUEZ, Ph. D. DR. ZOILO J. MACARANAS, Ph. D.

Vice Chairperson Panel Member

Accepted and approved by the Associate Dean of the College of Criminal Justice Education
in partial fulfilment for the degree Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice Education.

DR. ROWELL B. PALLEGA Ph. D.

Associate Dean, CCJE
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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction

Road markings and traffic signs are silent speakers to the road users. They inform

motorists on what to do, what to watch out for and where to drive (Colin & Partners, 2009

as cited by Ajakpovi & Happy, 2019). Road markings and traffic signs are needed to

implement road safety. This is essential to make sure that drivers have the information they

require to obey traffic regulations and effectively on the roads. This serves as a guide that

all users of the road have to comply with. These marks and signs on the road warn motorists

of dangers that are not always noticeable (Tinio et al., 2022). Ajakpovi and Happy (2019)

stated that road markings and traffic signs are used to instruct road users and protect their

safety on the roads, just like any other cities across the world. Road markings also indicate

lane divides and lane discipline, as well as stop lines and pedestrian crossings. The majority

of road signs warn cars and other road users about dangerous road conditions such as a

sharp bend ahead, a failed or narrow bridge, and so on. Abd Rahman et al. (2021) stated

that road accidents can occur at any moment or unintended, so it is crucial to be

knowledgeable and to comprehend on the roads in order to prevent accidents from

becoming more common in our daily lives.

According to WHO (2018), Road safety remains a significant global concern, with

approximately 1.3 million individuals dying and an additional 20 to 50 million people

sustaining injuries from road accidents annually. The Metro Manila Accident Reporting

and Analysis System (MMARAS) found that there were 63,072 incidents in 2007, which

nearly doubled to 110,025 in 2017. Sy (2017) emphasized that based on the data from the
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Philippine Statistics Authority, motorcycle-related injuries comprise 69% of the total

identified transport incidents nationwide. The number of vehicular accidents has been

increasing to 116,906 in 2018. According to the most recent data on WHO (2018), road

traffic accidents killed 10,624 people in the Philippines in 2018, accounting for 1.74% of

all deaths in the country.

Moreover, in the region IX, traffic and road accidents are the main issues besetting

the region. According to the City Mayor Maria Isabelle Salazaduring, that road and traffic

accidents topped the list of problems in the Western Mindanao region (Alipala, 2019).

Based on the report provided by Chief Supt. Emmanuel Licup, the regional director of the

Police Regional Office 9 (PRO9), from January to September 2018, 3,852 traffic accidents

have been recorded. In 2017, Licup said the figures were higher at 4,573 cases, but this is

still high considering the number of traffic incidents recorded every day (Alipala, 2019).

Every year, there have been many road accident reports in the Police station of

Dapitan City. Mostly and among those in the reports are young drivers. According to the

report from year 2018-2019 road accidents are very common during this year with 827

report cases and the most common reason is that mostly young drivers know the road

markings and traffic signs, they tends to not comply and would just ignore the road

markings and traffic signs which resulted to road accidents (Zanortepolicereport, 2019).

From year 2018- 2023, road accidents have never been prevented and still the numbers are

still high with 3,586 report cases. Recently, this year 2023, a road accident transcribed at

front of Gloria Dapitan Fantasyland and Leisure Park which apparently is a College student

in Jose Rizal Memorial State University. Road accidents in Dapitan City is still a problem
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and if no solutions made there would still be more reports in the future, which the

researchers will hopefully try to prevent by conducting this study.

Based on the above mentioned data, the researchers will conduct this study in order

to determine whether the student motorists in Dapitan City are knowledgeable and if they

would comply with road markings and traffic signs. The knowledge and the level of

compliance among student motorists on Road markings and traffic signs are the factors

that the researchers will be focusing on in relation to road safety. The researchers will give

recommendations and take into consideration the possible addresses that will help in the

prevention of road accidents, ensure the safety on the road, and instill in the minds of not

just the criminology students in Jose Rizal Memorial State University, but to all drivers on

the roads as well at the end of this study. This study will serve as an eye-opener for student

motorists and other road users on the importance of being knowledgeable and being

compliant to road markings and traffic signs.

Theoretical Background

This study will be anchored on the Cognitive Dissonance Theory (CDT) of

Festinger (1957) as cited by Fathizadeh et al. (2022) and supported by the Theory of

Planned Behavior (TPB) of Ajzen, (1991) as cited by Bosnjak et al. (2020) and The Social

Cognitive Theory of Bandura (1986) as cited by Ucheobi et al. (2020).

Cognitive dissonance (Festinger, 1957) as cited by McCartan (2020) is an

unpleasant state of arousal (e.g., feeling discomfort/uneasiness) that is experienced when

people hold conflicting attitudes or beliefs or when they realize they have behaved in a

manner that is inconsistent with their attitudes. Festinger argues that individuals strive for

cognitive consistency (e.g., consistency between their attitudes and behaviours) and, as a
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result, they are motivated to reduce any feelings of cognitive dissonance in order to

maintain a state of internal consistency. To reduce feelings of cognitive dissonance, the

theory proposes that people must change either their attitudes or behaviour, thereby

achieving a consistency between their cognitions and actions. Interventions that engender

cognitive dissonance can therefore, in theory, be used to alter either attitudes or behavior

(Harmon-Jones, & Mills, 2019).

Another study of Cognitive Dissonance Theory of Festinger (1957) as cited by

Fathizadeh et al. (2022) is also applied in this study, and suggests that when people

experience conflicting thoughts or beliefs, it creates a state of discomfort that motivates

them to reduce the dissonance. In relation to this, CDT can explain why students may have

knowledge about road markings and traffic signs but still fail to comply with them. For

example, if a student knows that they should stop at a stop sign but they are in a hurry, they

may experience cognitive dissonance and decide to violate the law to reduce their

discomfort. The Cognitive Dissonance Theory also holds that behaviors which are

incongruent with individuals’ cognitions cause them tension and unpleasant feelings and

hence, they attempt to avoid such behaviors in order to prevent such feelings and modify

their behaviors to have pleasant feelings (Cooper, 2011 & McCartan, Elliott, 2018).

In relation to this study, cognitive dissonance theory can be used to explain why

some students may not comply with road markings and traffic signs even if they have

knowledge of them. For example, a student who has learned about the importance of

following traffic signs and markings may still choose to overtake on solid yellow line

markings the road at an unsafe location if it is more convenient. This creates a conflict

between their knowledge and their behavior.

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This study also employed the Theory of Planned Behavior of Ajzen (1991) as cited

by Bosnjak et al. (2020), explains that human behavior is influenced by three types of

beliefs: beliefs about the consequences of the behavior (behavioral beliefs), beliefs about

what others expect (normative beliefs), and beliefs about factors that may affect the

behavior (control beliefs). When combined, these beliefs result in an attitude toward the

behavior, a perceived social norm, and a sense of control or self-efficacy. The strength of

a person's intention to perform the behavior is influenced by their attitude, perceived norm,

and perceived control. Assuming a person has actual control over the behavior, their

intention is expected to lead to the behavior. Perceived control can also be used as an

indicator of actual control and help predict behavior.

Moreover, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is a psychological theory

developed in 1980 as the Theory of Reasoned Action. LaMorte (2022) further discussed

that the TPB is designed to help predict and explain an individual's intentions to engage in

a specific behavior at a specific time and place. The TPB distinguishes between three types

of beliefs: behavioral, normative, and control. The theory is comprised of six constructs

that collectively represent an individual's actual control over the behavior. These constructs

are Attitudes, Behavioral Intention, Subjective Norms, Social Norms, Perceived Power,

and Perceived Behavioral Control.

Additionally, attitudes refer to the degree to which an individual has a favorable or

unfavorable evaluation of the behavior in question. For example, students who believe that

following road markings and traffic signs is important for their safety are more likely to

comply with them. Behavioral intention refers to the motivational factors that influence a

given behavior, where the stronger the intention to perform the behavior, the more likely
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the behavior will be performed. Subjective norms relate to an individual's beliefs about

whether peers and people of importance to them think they should engage in the behavior.

For example, students who believe that their friends and family support following road

markings and traffic signs are more likely to comply with them (LaMorte, 2022).

On top of that, Social norms refer to the customary codes of behavior in a group or

larger cultural context. Perceived power refers to the perceived presence of factors that

may facilitate or impede performance of a behavior, and it contributes to a person's

perceived behavioral control over each of those factors. Lastly, perceived behavioral

control refers to an individual's perception of the ease or difficulty of performing the

behavior of interest. This construct was added later and created the shift from the Theory

of Reasoned Action to the Theory of Planned Behavior. For example, students who believe

that they have the skills and knowledge to follow road markings and traffic signs are more

likely to comply with them (LaMorte, 2022).

In line with the study, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) of Ajzen (1991) as

cited by Bosnjak et al. (2020) is one of the most widely used psychological models when

it comes to explaining road safety behaviors. TPB suggests that attitudes, subjective norms,

and perceived behavioral control all play a role in shaping an individual's intentions and

behavior towards compliance with road markings and traffic signs, regardless of their level

of knowledge. In the case of compliance with road markings and traffic signs, knowledge

refers to an individual's understanding of the meaning and importance of these markings

and signs. An individual who knows that a solid white line indicates a lane boundary and

that they should not cross it while driving has a higher level of knowledge regarding road

markings.
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However, TPB suggests that an individual's intentions and behavior towards

compliance with road markings and traffic signs are influenced by their attitudes,

subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Even though individuals may have a

high level of knowledge regarding the meaning of a stop sign, but if they feel that stopping

at the sign is inconvenient or unnecessary, they may not comply with it (Ledesma et al.

2018).

The TPB is a useful tool for predicting and explaining an individual's intentions to

engage in specific behaviors. It is composed of six constructs that provide a comprehensive

understanding of an individual's control over their behavior. By understanding these

constructs, researchers can help student motorists to make better choices and ultimately

lead healthier lives and prevent road accidents and increase road safety. Therefore, to

promote compliance with road markings and traffic signs, interventions should focus on

addressing attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, as well as

increasing knowledge. This can be achieved through education and awareness campaigns

that emphasize the importance of compliance with road markings and traffic signs, as well

as interventions that promote positive attitudes towards the safety of the roads and provide

support to improve perceived behavioral control.

This study will also be employing the Social Cognitive Theory of Bandura (1986)

as cited by Ucheobi et al. (2020). Albert Bandura, a Stanford psychologist, developed the

Social Cognitive Theory, which had its roots in the 1960s with the Bobo doll studies. Later,

in 1977, it was called the Social Learning Theory, before it was renamed to its present

name in 1986 (Bandura, 2001; 2004, as cited by Ucheobi et al., 2020). The theory proposes

that there are three key factors that determine whether someone will adopt a behavioral
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change: self-efficacy, goals, and outcome expectancies. In order to successfully adopt a

given behavior change, individuals must have a sense of self-efficacy that they can perform

the desired behavior change, even in the face of various circumstances or barriers that may

make the change difficult to adopt and implement. People need to believe that they can

exercise some control over their behavior, or they will lack the motivation to act or

persevere in the face of challenges (Bandura, 1986, 1997, 2002, as cited by Ucheobi, et al.,

2020).

In other words, a sense of self-efficacy is crucial for behavior change. The Social

Cognitive Theory emphasizes the role of observational learning, which allows individuals

to learn from others by observing and imitating their behavior. The theory also recognizes

the impact of external factors, such as social norms, on individual behavior. Overall, the

Social Cognitive Theory provides a useful framework for understanding how individuals

learn, adopt, and modify their behaviors, and how these behaviors are influenced by both

internal and external factors (Ucheobi et al., 2020).

Furthermore, previous research has led to the development of operant (traditional)

learning theory, which posits that people acquire new behaviors by responding to stimuli

in their surroundings that either provide a reward or a punishment. The outcome of the

behavior determines whether it will be repeated or discontinued, and this leads to the

process of learning (Baran & Davis, 2010). Each experience results in learning that is

stored in a person's behavioral repertoire, which contains their responses to occurrences in

the environment. For example, if the outcome of a behavior was punishment, such as hitting

another car while using a phone on the steering wheel, the individual is likely to avoid

repeating the same action or become more cautious when the phone rings again. According
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to Bandura (1994 as cited by Ucheobi et al., 2020), social cognitive theory explains

psychosocial functioning in terms of triadic reciprocal causation. Behavior change is

affected by the outcomes that people expect their actions to produce. These expected

outcomes include physical effects, social costs and benefits, and positive and negative self-

evaluative reactions to one’s behavior. Personal goals, rooted in a value system, provide

further self-incentives and guides for habits. Personal behavior change would be easy if

there were no impediments to surmount. The facilitators and obstacles that people perceive

in changing their behavior is another determinant of behavior change.

Bandura's social cognitive theory (1986) as cited by Ucheobi et al. (2020) is a useful

tool for promoting behavior change to improve their knowledge and compliance on the

roads. Coordinated messages or other promotional efforts can be designed to sensitize

drivers on road safety and influence their behavior. Communication, in whatever form,

helps to promote change by informing, modeling, motivating, and guiding people.

Repeated contact with drivers can enhance their self-efficacy, making them more confident

in their ability to perform the desired behavior change.

Overall, these three theories can help explain the factors that influence student

motorists' knowledge and compliance with road markings and traffic signs. The Theory of

Planned Behavior can help understand the role of attitudes, subjective norms, and

perceived behavioral control, while Social Learning Theory can help explain the influence

of other road users in shaping their behavior in following and complying with road

markings and traffic signs. Finally, Cognitive Dissonance Theory can help explain why

knowledge alone may not always translate into compliance with traffic laws.

Conceptual Framework
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In this study, the researchers will take into consideration the respondents’ level of

knowledge and compliance on road markings and traffic in Dapitan City, Zamboanga Del

Norte. The study "The Level of Knowledge and Compliance among Criminology Student

Motorists of Jrmsu-Main on Road Markings and Traffic Signs" outlines the underlying

concept, and the variables that will guide this research.

Knowledge is a concept that refers to the understanding and awareness of facts,

information, and skills that are acquired through education, experience, or research. It

involves the ability to comprehend and use information to make informed decisions, solve

problems, and develop new ideas or concepts. The Librarianship studies Information

Technology, (2017) stated that Knowledge is the comprehension, awareness, or

recognition of a person, object, or concept, including facts, details, explanations, or abilities

that are attained by encountering, discovering, or studying. It can relate to a theoretical or

practical familiarity with a subject matter and may be implicit (e.g., practical expertise) or

explicit (e.g., theoretical knowledge). It can be structured or unstructured, and it can range

from casual to formal. In this study, knowledge refers to the understanding and awareness

of road markings and traffic signs, including their meanings, functions, and significance in

ensuring safe driving practices.

On the other hand, Compliance refers to the act of conforming to a rule, standard,

law, or requirement. It involves following the established guidelines, procedures, or

regulations to ensure that one's actions are in accordance with the expectations of the

relevant authority. Compliance is a state of being in accordance with established guidelines

or specifications, or the process of becoming so (Hagan et al., 2021). It is the degree to

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which drivers adhere to traffic rules and regulations, including road markings and traffic

signs.

Ten Commandments refers to the rules and guidelines on the roads which are basic

knowledge for drivers which should be followed. These are; Keeping right while driving,

Yielding to emergency vehicles, pedestrians, vehicles with right of way, traffic with

momentum and traffic signs, Parking near the intersection, pedestrian lanes, fire stations,

fire hydrant, and private driveways, Overtaking even when there is upcoming traffic,

Parking or passing on a bus stop, Giving way to intersections during traffic and avoiding

overtaking/counter flowing, Driving on the shoulder in the main highway and even when

it is your vehicles coding, Giving way to vehicles that come first on rotundas or

intersections in the absence of traffic signal lights, Giving way to pedestrians and yield on

a bus stop and jitney stop, Giving way to pedestrians and yield on a bus stop and jitney

stop (Snow, 2020).

Road markings provide information, guidance, and regulations to road users,

including drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians. Road markings organize and control traffic,

establish lane discipline, enhance safety. By contributing to the overall organization, safety,

and efficiency of road networks, road markings work in tandem with traffic signs and

signals to create a comprehensive system of guidance for road users. Road markings

include; Solid white shoulder line, Diagonal white lines, Broken white center line or lane

divider, Solid white center line, Solid white double center line, Solid yellow double center

line, Mixed center line/solid yellow with broken yellow or white line, Solid white lane

divider, Directional arrows, Broken blue lane divider, Solid yellow lane divider, Broken

yellow lane divider, Mixed double lane divider/solid yellow with broken yellow or white
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line, Rumble strips, Solid white horizontal line, Zebra crossing, and Yellow box (Tamayo,

2016).

Traffic signs serve a variety of purposes with the aim of ensuring safe and efficient

traffic flow while communicating essential information to road users. These purposes

include traffic regulation and control, safety and accident prevention, guidance and

wayfinding, pedestrian safety, regulatory compliance, and consistency and uniformity.

Traffic signs play a vital role in regulating movement, warning of hazards, providing

directions, promoting pedestrian safety, conveying legal requirements, and maintaining

consistency in design and symbols. By fulfilling these purposes, traffic signs contribute to

a safer, more organized, and efficient transportation system in the Philippines, ensuring the

well-being of both drivers and pedestrians while promoting compliance with traffic laws

and regulations. These traffic signs include; regulatory, warning, priority, direction,

prohibitive/restrictive, speed limit, parking and stopping, miscellaneous, horizontal,

intersection, road width, road obstacle, pedestrian, road work, and guide signs (Fernandez,

2020).

This study will also measure and assess the level of knowledge and compliance

among student motorists on road markings and traffic. Students are a significant population

of drivers who uses motorcycles as means of transportation to go to school, or uses motor

vehicles to travel on the roads or on busy highways. By measuring and assessing the level

of knowledge and compliance among student motorists, the study will aim to identify

strategies, interventions and possible solutions and addresses to help prevent road accidents

and in order to improve their knowledge and compliance to road markings and traffic signs
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and reduce and even prevent the incidence of road accidents among the student motorists

and could also insure road safety

Level of  Ten
Commandments
Knowledge and of Traffic
Compliance among
 Road Markings
Criminology
Student Motorists
 Traffic signs

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study

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Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study is to measure and assess the level of knowledge and

compliance among criminology student motorists on road markings and traffic signs in

Dapitan City.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following research questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Sex

1.3 Year level

1.4 Driving eligibility

1.5 Driving experience

2. What is the perceived level of knowledge on the criminology student motorists in terms

of;

2.1 Ten Commandments of Traffic

2.2 Road Markings

2.3 Traffic Sign

3. What is the level of compliance among criminology student motorists in terms of:

3.1 Ten Commandments of Traffic

3.2 Road Markings

3.3 Traffic Signs

4. Is there a significant difference on the perceived level of knowledge on the

criminology student motorists when data is group according to profile?

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5. Is there a significant difference on the level of compliance among student motorists

when data is group according to profile?

Significance of the Study

The significance of this study can benefit various groups, including:

Student Motorists. The study will help student motorists to become more aware

of the importance of road markings and traffic signs and their role in preventing road

accidents and promote the increase of road safety. It will also help them understand the

consequences of non-compliance with these road markings and traffic signs.

Philippine National Police. This study will help the PNP in implementing policies

and addresses in order to help in the prevention of road accidents and ensure road safety

among student motorists and other road users. The PNP can use the recommendations of

the study to develop and implement policies that promote road safety. The policies will be

aimed at increasing compliance with road markings and traffic signs and reducing the

number of accidents and violations on the roads, carry out targeted enforcement, and

collaborate with other agencies, the PNP can work towards creating safer roads for

everyone.

Traffic Enforcer. This study will provide valuable insights for Traffic Enforcers

in improving their enforcement strategies, education and training programs, road safety

campaigns, and ultimately, contribute to improving overall road safety.

Highway Patrol Group. The highway patrol group will be recommended by the

result of the study on road safety and ensuring compliance with traffic laws and regulations

on major highways and expressways across the Philippines. This will also help in
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conducting traffic management and control, conducting road safety campaigns and

education programs, and responding to road accidents and emergencies

Future Researchers. The future researchers will be able to use this study as

reference to gather relevant information that will guide them for the future contribution and

development of more effective road safety training and programs and improving road

safety education, reducing the number of accidents on the road and promote road safety

among road users.

Scope and Delimitations

The study will seek to determine the level of knowledge and compliance among

criminology student motorists of JRMSU-MAIN on road markings and traffic signs in

Dapitan City, Zamboanga Del Norte. The study will be conducted on academic year 2023-

2024. The study will focus on criminology student motorists who are college students from

first year to fourth year, who uses and rides a motorcycle for transportation and are

currently enrolled in Jose Rizal Memorial State University, Dapitan City. This study will

make use of the standardized questionnaire from the study of Aydinan (2020), through

Survey.

Operational Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined for better clarity and proper understanding of the

study.

Level of knowledge. Refers to the extent to which student motorists are

knowledgeable about road markings and traffic signs, and their ability to recognize and

interpret them while driving.

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Level of Compliance. Refers to the extent to which student motorists follow the

rules and regulations of the road, particularly those related to road markings and traffic

signs.

Road Markings. Refers to the lines, symbols, and patterns painted on the road

surface to indicate traffic lanes, pedestrian crossings, and other information relevant to

drivers such as solid yellow line, broken yellow line, center line and other road markings

that are used as a guide to road users and give advance warning to ensure the safety of the

drivers. It can be interchange with pavement markings.

Road Safety. Refers to the measures and practices that are put in place to reduce

the risk of accidents, injuries, and fatalities on roads. This includes adherence to traffic

rules and regulations, and the knowledge and compliance with road markings and traffic

signs, as an indicator of their awareness and adherence to road safety practices.

Traffic Signs. Refers to the regulatory, warning, priority, direction,

prohibitive/restrictive, speed limit, parking and stopping, miscellaneous, horizontal,

intersection, road width, road obstacle, pedestrian, road work, and guide signs placed on

the side of the road to provide information to drivers about road safety.
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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Level of Knowledge of Student Motorists about Road Markings and Traffic Signs

Traffic road signs fall into these three common categories: regulatory, warning, and

directional signs (Horberry et al., 2004 as cited by Akple et al., 2020). Regulatory signs

provide directives or requirements that road users are obligated to obey. Regulatory signs

are very common and are used to tell drivers what they can and cannot do (Zutobi, 2022).

A warning sign is a sign that serves to warn drivers of potential hazards, obstacles, or

dangerous conditions that require special attention. These signs are used to notify drivers

of unexpected situations that may not be immediately apparent, such as curves, detours, or

side roads, and call for a reduction of speed or other actions to ensure safe and efficient

traffic operations. In particular, they help to alert drivers to potential dangers on the road

that may not be readily apparent, thereby reducing the risk of accidents and improving

overall road safety (Ubongeh, 2022). While directional signs provide useful information to

road users. This classification of traffic road signs is crucial in promoting road safety and

ensuring that road users are well-informed about their surroundings (Akple et al., 2020).

According to study of Laughery and Wogalter (2014), effective use of traffic signs

and road markings is reliant on information processing that occurs sequentially, such as

attention, comprehension, attitudes and beliefs, and motivation. The ability to understand

and interpret road signs and markings is particularly crucial in ensuring road safety.

Professionals and engineers in the traffic signage industry have identified comprehension

of road signs and markings as a vital factor in determining the effectiveness of traffic sign

designs. Without proper comprehension, the purpose of traffic signs and markings may not
 19

be realized, leading to confusion and potentially hazardous situations on the road. The

comprehensibility of traffic signs and road markings is crucial in ensuring road safety.

Professionals and engineers in the traffic signage industry have emphasized the importance

of comprehension in the design of traffic signs and markings. To be effective, traffic signs

and markings must be clear, concise, and easily understood by all road users. Without

proper comprehension of traffic signs and markings, road safety may be compromised,

leading to accidents and fatalities. Therefore, it is essential to design traffic signs and

markings that are easily comprehensible, ensuring that they fulfill their intended purpose

of promoting safety on the road (Ng and Chan, 2008 as cited by Akple et al., 2020).

Thus, comprehension refers to the degree to which a driver can readily understand

a sign’s intended message and relay it through actions and applying the comprehension on

the roads. Extensive studies have been carried out on comprehension of traffic road signs

and markings over the past decades (Kirmizioglu and Tuydes-Yaman, 2012, Ou and Liu,

2012, Shinar and Vogelzang, 2013, Yuan et al., 2015). In addition, road markings play a

crucial role in enabling drivers to navigate road systems and be aware of potential hazards.

They provide essential information that allows drivers to adjust their driving behavior

accordingly. Without clear road markings, confusion on the road can arise. During

nighttime driving, road markings become even more critical as drivers depend on them for

guidance in low-light conditions. (TCL, 2017). In addition to aiding navigation and hazard

awareness, road markings establish designated zones for overtaking and changing lanes.

These markings often complement the information presented on road signs. Well-defined

center and edge lines can improve lane-keeping accuracy. It is crucial for drivers and road
 20

users to have a clear understanding of these markings and comply with them for efficient

traffic management and safety.

Further study conducted in Nigeria by Sunday et al. (2011), it was reported that

73.5% of student drivers demonstrated a low level of knowledge of traffic signs and

markings. The study further revealed that only 13.1% of student drivers had a good

understanding of traffic signs and markings. The findings from this study were similar to

another study conducted by Sharma et al. (2014) in India that found that only 14.4% of

student drivers could identify the meaning of road markings and signs.

Level of Compliance of Student Motorists about Road Markings and Traffic Signs

The findings of the study of Akple et al. (2020), found that while the percentage of

drivers who were able to recognize traffic signs was relatively high, a smaller percentage

of drivers were actually able to comprehend the meaning behind these signs and due to that

reason drivers cannot comply with the road markings and traffic signs. Furthermore, the

study showed that there were significant differences in drivers' familiarity and

comprehension of different types of road signs and markings. The findings of the study

suggest that greater efforts need to be made to ensure that drivers not only recognize traffic

signs but also understand their intended meaning. The results of the study also indicated

that there was a positive correlation between the comprehensibility of traffic signs and

compliance with traffic rules. On the other hand, drivers who were more familiar with

certain signs tended to be less compliant with traffic rules. These findings suggest that there

is a need for greater emphasis on educating drivers about the meanings of different traffic

signs and markings, rather than simply increasing their familiarity with them. By doing so,
 21

it may be possible to improve drivers' understanding of traffic rules and ultimately reduce

the number of accidents on the road.

Recognizing, comprehending, and observing traffic signages and road markings are

crucial for reducing traffic accidents. However, past studies have primarily focused on

comprehension of road signage and given little attention to familiarity and traffic rules

compliance as unique topics in traffic safety research. This narrow focus is inadequate

because road users may recognize a particular road sign without fully comprehending and

complying with traffic rules. Similarly, road users may understand traffic rules and signage

but fail to comply with them. Therefore, in important studies like these, testing only

comprehension is insufficient, and it is necessary to thoroughly test both familiarity and

traffic rules compliance (Akple et al., 2020).

The importance of familiarity and traffic rules compliance has been emphasized in

road safety research. Comprehension of road signage requires not only knowledge of the

sign's meaning but also familiarity with it. However, familiarity alone is not enough to

guarantee compliance with traffic rules. Road users must be educated on both the meaning

of road signage and their compliance with traffic rules. Road safety interventions must

prioritize efforts that emphasize both comprehension and familiarity with road signage, as

well as compliance with traffic rules, to effectively reduce the incidence of road accidents.

In conclusion, it is vital to recognize and address the interdependence of familiarity,

comprehension, and compliance with traffic rules in ensuring road safety (Akple et al.,

2020).

A study from Jothula, & Sreeharshika (2021) stated that while majority of the

respondents were aware of road safety regulations and in spite of having positive attitude
 22

toward road safety measures by the respondents, they could not translate attitude into

practice. Since road signs are intended to provide information to drivers. Such a system is

usually assumed to be an effective communication tool for the road users. The results from

this study indicated that such communication is not promising at all. There are substantial

problems with the level of comprehension among the drivers about the road markings and

traffic signs. The percentage of the drivers who gave correct responses to the markings and

signs are often low (Akple et al., 2020).

The level of compliance with road markings and traffic signs among student

motorists is another critical aspect of road safety. According to a study conducted by

Stavrinos et al. (2013) in the US, compliance with traffic signs among young drivers is

low. The study found that young drivers were less likely to comply with stop signs, speed

limit signs, and caution signs compared to experienced drivers. The study suggested that

young drivers need more training and education on the importance of complying with

traffic signs. In addition, a study conducted in the United Arab Emirates by Al-Khateeb et

al. (2020) revealed that compliance with road markings and traffic signs is a challenge

among student drivers. The study found that student drivers tend to ignore or misinterpret

road markings and traffic signs, leading to a high risk of accidents on the road. The study

recommended that student drivers should receive regular training on road safety, including

the importance of complying with road markings and traffic signs.

Statistics and Data on Road Accidents

According to the WHO (2018), globally 1.3 million people are killed due to road

traffic accidents (RTA) every year and it constitutes the cardinal cause of mortality and

injuries among young adults who represent physically and economically most active and
 23

productive members of the society. Mukhopadhyay (2017) also stated that, in India 4.96

lac of road accidents were reported in 2015 of which 35.7% were fatal. Determinants like

refusal to follow traffic rules, road safety guidelines, drunken driving, over speeding and

use of defective vehicles mostly stand contributory. There has been a rising tide of

motorization in India with annual vehicular growth of 10% in last decade concomitantly

increasing the risk. Unless immediate and effective action is initiated to stabilize the

present status, fatalities due to RTA is expected to amass up to 2.4 million annually.

College going students are extremely vulnerable because of their young age, adventurous

nature, availability of two wheelers and risky behavior (Reang, Tripura, 2014).

In the findings of National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (2020) in the

US, there were 1,885 young drivers who died in traffic crashes, a 17-percent increase from

1,616 in 2019. The number of licensed young drivers decreased by 4.7 percent from 2019

to 2020. In 2020 there were an estimated 189,950 young drivers injured in traffic crashes,

a decrease of 7 percent from 204,862 in 2019. Young drivers accounted for 8.5 percent of

all drivers involved in fatal crashes in 2020. However, young drivers were only 5.1 percent

of all licensed drivers in 2020. Young drivers involved in police reported crashes decreased

by 20 percent from 1,378,604 in 2019 to 1,105,471 in 2020. However, young drivers

involved in fatal crashes increased by 14 percent from 3,999 in 2019 to 4,561 in 2020. The

rate of drivers involved in fatal crashes per 100,000 licensed drivers for young female

drivers was 21.54 in 2020. For young male drivers in 2020 the involvement rate was 56.59,

more than twice that of young female drivers. During 2020 there were 219 motorcycle

riders 15 to 20 years old killed in crashes, and an additional estimated 6,472 in that age
 24

group were injured. In short, the number of road accidents among young drivers seemed to

decrease but would drastically increase in a short span of time (NHTSA, 2020).

In another study from India by Kulkarni et al. (2013), road traffic accidents are a

significant cause of death, currently ranked as the ninth leading cause, and predicted to

become the fifth leading cause of death by 2020. The problem is particularly severe in

developing countries such as India, where road accidents are the leading cause of death

among young adults aged 15-40, a demographic that comprises the most productive age

group. In fact, India alone accounts for 73% of the road traffic accident burden in the South

East Asian region of the World Health Organization.

Preventing road traffic accidents is thus essential to improve both the quality and

longevity of life for affected individuals. Although some studies have been conducted in

the region to investigate road traffic fatalities, few have assessed the awareness levels and

practice of road safety measures among young adults. The study of Kulkarni et al. (2013),

aims to fill this gap by examining the awareness and practice of road safety measures

among medical students in a coastal city in South India.

On top of that, the prevalence of road traffic accidents, especially in developing

countries, presents a major challenge to public health. Improving awareness and adherence

to road safety measures can reduce the impact of road traffic accidents on people's lives.

The study of road safety measures among young adults is particularly important as this

group represents a significant proportion of road traffic accident victims (Kulkarni et al.

2013).

Nzuchi et al. (2022) stated that motorcyclists are the group most impacted by road

accidents due to their limited use of personal protective equipment when compared to other
 25

road users (Boniface et al., 2016 & Nguyen et al., 2018). This issue is particularly prevalent

in low and middle-income countries where more than 85% of deaths and 90% of injuries

resulting from road traffic accidents occur (Abegaz et al., 2019). Despite being the least

motorized region, Africa has the highest road traffic fatality rates in the world with 26.6

deaths per 100,000 population. Surprisingly, Africa, which has only 3% of the world's

registered vehicles, contributes to 20% of all road traffic accidents globally, while

developed countries, which have 40% of the world's registered vehicles, contribute only

7% of all road traffic accidents globally (WHO, 2018).

The WHO Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018 shows an increasing trend in

road traffic deaths in the Philippines. Philippine data show that approximately half of these

deaths are among vulnerable road users – motorcyclists, pedestrians and cyclists. In

addition to deaths, there are thousands of road users who get injured and disabled from

road crashes. Road traffic injuries also cost about 2.6% of the country’s gross domestic

product. A report by the World Health Organization (WHO) indicates road traffic deaths

continue to rise in the Philippines, with estimated 12,690 deaths in 2016. The WHO Global

Status Report on Road Safety 2018 also highlights that road traffic injuries are now the

leading killer of children and young people aged 5-29 years around the world.

In the region IX, ZAMBOANGA CITY, the primary concern of the peace and order

council used to be violent extremism but in the current years, traffic and road accidents are

the main issues besetting the region. According to the City Mayor Maria Isabelle

Salazaduring, during the 4th RPOC9 meeting, that road and traffic accidents topped the list

of problems in the Western Mindanao region ( Alipala, 2019). Based on the report provided

by Chief Supt. Emmanuel Licup, the regional director of the Police Regional Office 9
 26

(PRO9), of the 10,343 crime volume from January to September 2018, some 3,852 are

traffic accidents. In 2017, Licup said the figures were higher at 4,573 cases. There were

actually a drop of 22.39 percent compared to 2017 statistics to this year, but this is still

high considering the number of traffic incidents recorded every day (Alipala, 2019).

Synthesis and Gap

Base on the prevailing studies, the researchers found out that road safety remains a

significant global concern due to the fact that the findings of other studies have found that

young drivers, including students, are still likely to be involved in accidents due to lack of

knowledge or comprehension and non-compliance with road markings and traffic signs.

The gap in the study would be the lack of comprehensive and interventions or strategies to

be tested and be proven effective in improving the knowledge and compliance among

student motorists. While there may be some studies that suggest certain educational or

training programs, more research is needed to identify the specific addresses or components

that will make these interventions successful, and to ensure that they can be replicated in

different contexts.

Furthermore, the lack of knowledge and Compliance among student motorists

along Dapitan City on road markings and traffic signs in relation to road safety would

definitely worsen the problem. Therefore, to fulfill the main problem of the study, the

researchers will provide the gap regarding on the Knowledge and the Level of Compliance

among Student Motorists in Relation to Road Safety. Thus, it is very interesting to note

this gap among other literatures presented and to be able to look into the result of it.
 27

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the research procedure which will be used in this study.

These are presented in the following sections, Research Design, Research Environment,

Respondents of the Study, Research Instruments, Validation of Instrument, Scoring

Procedure, Data Gathering Procedure and Statistical Treatment of Data.

Research Design

This study will be utilizing a quantitative survey method. It is a technique that

combines quantitative and descriptive data to give relevant and reliable information.

Descriptive Survey Design, a time-efficient research strategy, engages the individuals who

are key to the study purpose. The data will be taken from the randomly selected

Criminology Students from first year to fourth year in Jose Rizal State University, Dapitan

City, Zamboanga del Norte.

Research Environment

The study will be conducted in the College of Criminal Justice Education of Jose

Rizal Memorial State University-Main Campus, the premiere University in Zamboanga

Del Norte Located at Governor Guading Adasa Street, Sta. Cruz Dapitan City. The said

campus has thousands of students enrolled, mostly students owning and using motorcycles

as means of transportation. This research study includes to find out whether the

criminology student motorists in the College of Criminal Justice Education are

knowledgeable and would comply with the road markings and traffic signs.

Respondents of the Study

 28

The respondents of the study will be the criminology students who are officially

enrolled in the college for the first semester of Academic Year 2023-2024 of Jose Rizal

Memorial State University – Main Campus, Dapitan City. It will utilize a random sampling

technique in qualifying the target respondents of the study. The respondents will be the

First Year to Fourth Year criminology student by doing a random sampling technique.

The random sampling is a part of the sampling technique in which each sample has

an equal probability of being chosen. A sample chosen randomly is meant to be an unbiased

representation of the total population. If for some reasons, the sample does not represent

the population, the variation is called a sampling error.

Research Instrument

The researcher adapts a standardized survey questionnaire checklist from the study

of Aydinan (2020). The instrument will be modified in order to sufficiently provide the

information needed by the researcher in the study. The first part of the questionnaire was

made by the researcher to answer the demographic profile of the target respondents which

the first part of the questioner is the profile start with the Name, Age, Sex, Year level,

Driving eligibility, and Driving experience. In the second part is the Knowledge among

Student Motorists on the Ten Commandments of Traffic, the knowledge on Road

Markings, and the Knowledge on Traffic Signs/Signals and Islands. And the Third part or

the last part is the Level of Compliance among Student Motorists on the Ten

Commandments of Traffic, the Level of Compliance on Road Markings, and the Level of

Compliance on Traffic Signs/Signals.

Validation of Instrument
 29

The validation of research instrument will be done through the help of the

proponents’ adviser and the experts who will then evaluate the sensitivity, reliability,

criticality and credibility of the prepared instrument. The experts will examine its content

to ensure validity before the conduct of the study.

Scoring Procedure

To draw out the respondents’ responses on the perceived responses of the

respondents as to The Level of Knowledge and Compliance among Student Motorists on

Road Markings and Traffic Signs, the Four-point Likert scale is employed. Part I will be

the profile of the respondents. Knowledge will be Part II and Level of Compliance will be

Part III, as follows:

Part II:

Weight Range of Values Description Interpretation

4 3.26 - 4.00 Highly Refers to students who possess a deep

Knowledgeable and comprehensive understanding of
the meanings and importance of road
markings and traffic signs.
3 2.51 - 3.25 Knowledgeable Refers to students who possess a
satisfactory level of knowledge and
understanding of the meanings and
importance of road markings and
traffic signs.
2 1.76 - 2.50 Fairly Refer to students who possess a
Knowledgeable moderate level of understanding and
awareness of the meanings and
importance of road markings and
traffic signs.
 30

1 1.00 - 1.75 Not Refer to students who lack a sufficient

Knowledgeable level of knowledge and understanding
of the meanings and importance of
road markings and traffic signs.

Part III:

Weight Range of Values Description Interpretation

4 3.26 - 4.00 Always Refers to students who consistently

follow road markings and traffic signs
without any exception or violation.
3 2.51 - 3.25 Often Refers to students who follow road
markings and traffic signs most of the
time but may sometimes fail to do so.
2 1.76 - 2.50 Seldom Refer to students who rarely follow
road markings and traffic signs, and
they often violate or ignore them.
1 1.00 - 1.75 Never Refer to students who never follow
road markings and traffic signs, and
they always violate or ignore them.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher will follow the proper protocol in research. Before data gathering,

the researcher will submit their manuscript for review and approval to their research

adviser/instructor. After a thorough assessment, finally, if the manuscript passed the

criteria set by the adviser/instructor, the adviser/instructor then, will endorse the researcher

for oral defense. After the evaluation of the panel members and revision of the comments

and suggestions, the researchers then will proceed to data gathering. The researchers will
 31

ask permission from the Dean of the College of Criminal Justice Education to gather

information on criminology student about their knowledge and the level of compliance on

road markings and traffic signs in relation to road safety, after the permission is sought, the

researcher will ask permission from the concerned respondent and ensure their anonymity.

After that the researcher will give the questionnaires and will be distributed for their

responses. After the retrievals of the questionnaires, data will be tallied, organized and will

be ready for statistical treatment.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The responses of the respondents will be treated as a raw data in this study. The

data gathered that will be tabulated and categorized will be treated according to appropriate

tools.

Frequency Count and Percentage. This will be used to find out the profile of the

respondents. The following formula will be used:

𝐟
𝐏 (%) = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐍

Where:

P (%) = Percentage

f = frequency

N= number of respondents

Frequency Distribution. This will be used to display the number of occurrences

of each category or profile. This will determine the difference on the level of knowledge

and compliance of the respondents. This provides a basic overview of the distribution of

data.
 32

Weighted Mean. This was used to compute the average response of the

respondents to each item of the questionnaire, and determine the verbal interpretation. It

will be computed using the following formula:

Ʃfw
= -------
--
N
Where:

= mean

f = frequency

w = weight

N = number of cases

Ʃ = summation of
 33

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 38

APPENDIX A

Republic of the Philippine

JOSE RIZAL MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY

The Premier University in the Province of Zamboanga del Norte

Main Campus, Dapitan City

QUESTIONNAIRE ON

KNOWLEDGE AND LEVEL OF COMPLIANCE AMONG STUDENT

MOTORISTS ON ROAD MARKINGS AND TRAFFIC SIGNS IN RELATION TO

ROAD SAFETY

Part I. Profile of Respondents

Direction: Kindly fill-in the blanks provided per item and check the box of items which

have options/choices.

Name (Optional): _________________________________________________________

Age: ______________

Sex: Male Female

Year Level:

First Year Level

Second Year Level

Third Year Level

Fourth Year Level

Driving Eligibility:
 39

Professional License

Non-Professional License

Driving Experience (years):

1-5

5-10

10-15

15-20

Part II: The knowledge on the Ten Commandments, Road Markings, and Traffic

Signs/Signals and Islands.

Direction: The next section will assess your knowledge and level of compliance on road

markings and traffic signs. Please check in the box that best describes you.

Weight Description Interpretation/Description

4 Highly Refers to students who possess a deep and comprehensive
Knowledgeable understanding of the meanings and importance of road
markings and traffic signs.
3 Knowledgeable Refers to students who possess a satisfactory level of
knowledge and understanding of the meanings and
importance of road markings and traffic signs.
2 Fairly Refer to students who possess a moderate level of
Knowledgeable understanding and awareness of the meanings and
importance of road markings and traffic signs.
1 Not Refer to students who lack a sufficient level of knowledge
Knowledgeable and understanding of the meanings and importance of road
markings and traffic signs.
 40

Table 2.1. Knowledge of Student motorists on The Ten Commandments of Traffic

No. Indicators Level of Knowledge

4 3 2 1
1 Knowledge about the “Keep right rule”
2 Knowledge on how to observe road
courtesy
3 Knowledge about places on the roadway
that vehicles should not be parked
4 Knowledge on what does it mean by “If
in doubt, do not overtake
5 Knowledge about the bus stop rule
6 Knowledge about the “Rules to prevent
or untangle traffic congestion or traffic
jam”
7 Knowledge about what is “Observe the
Traffic Management Measure”
8 Knowledge about what is “The
Philosophy of a Pinoy Driver”
9 Knowledge about the “On Pedestrians
Rule”
10 Knowledge about the “International
driving safety reminder”

Table 2.2. Knowledge of Student motorists on Road Markings

No. Indicators Level of Knowledge

4 3 2 1
1 Knowledge about what is meant by
“Single White Dotted Line”
2 Knowledge about what is meant by
“Single White Continuous line in a two-
lane traffic way”
3 Knowledge about what is meant by
“Single continuous line on a four lane
road “
4 Knowledge about what is meant by
“Double yellow/white line”
 41

5 Knowledge about what is meant by

“Single white/yellow line with
white/yellow dotted line”
6 Knowledge about what is meant by
“Yellow continuous line on the road
provided with a passing lane”
7 Knowledge about what is meant by
“Crosswalk or pedestrian lane”
8 Knowledge about what is meant by
“Directional arrows”
9 Knowledge about what is meant by “Stop
lines”
10 Knowledge about what is meant by
“Barrel lines”

Table 2.3. Knowledge of Student motorists on Traffic Signs/Signals and Islands.

No. Indicators Level of Knowledge

4 3 2 1
1 Knowledge about Danger Warning
Signs
2 Knowledge about Prohibitive and
Restrictive Signs
3 Knowledge about Mandatory Signs
4 Knowledge about Priority Signs
5 Knowledge about Informative Signs
6 Knowledge about the use of Pedestrian
Island
7 Knowledge about the use of Division
Island
8 Knowledge about the use of
Channelizing Island
9 Knowledge about the use of Rotary
Island
10 Knowledge about the meaning of each
color on the traffic signal light
 42

Part III. The Level of Compliance on the Ten Commandments, Road Markings, and
Traffic Signs/Signals and Islands.
Weight Description Interpretation
4 Always Refers to students who consistently follow road markings and
traffic signs without any exception or violation.
3 Often Refers to students who follow road markings and traffic signs
most of the time but may sometimes fail to do so.
2 Seldom Refer to students who rarely follow road markings and traffic
signs, and they often violate or ignore them.
1 Never Refer to students who never follow road markings and traffic
signs, and they always violate or ignore them.

Table [Link] Level of Compliance of Student Motorists on Ten Commandments

No. Indicators Level of Compliance

4 3 2 1
1 Keeping right while driving
2 Yielding to emergency vehicles,
pedestrians, vehicles with right of way,
traffic with momentum and traffic signs
3 Parking near the intersection, pedestrian
lanes, fire stations, fire hydrant, and
private driveways
4 Overtaking even when there is upcoming
traffic
5 Parking or passing on a bus stop
6 Giving way to intersections during traffic
and avoiding overtaking/counter flowing
7 Driving on the shoulder in the main
highway and even when it is your
vehicles coding
8 Giving way to vehicles that come first on
rotundas or intersections in the absence
of traffic signal lights
9 Giving way to pedestrians and yield on a
bus stop and jitney stop
10 Driving within the speed limit to observe
safety first
 43

Table [Link] Level of Compliance of Student Motorists on Road Markings

No. Indicators Level of Compliance

4 3 2 1
1 Overtaking only when a single white
dotted line is present and an opposing
lane is clear
2 Overtaking when there is a single white
continuous line
3 Overtaking by passing over the
solid/continuous white lines on a four
lane road
4 Overtaking when double yellow/white
line is present
5 Overtaking when there is a single
yellow/white line with a dotted line and
the solid line is in my side
6 Passing on the passing lane if it is
present on the roadway
7 Stopping and loading or unloading a
passenger on pedestrian lane
8 Following directional arrows on
intersections
9 Stopping at stop lines before
intersections or pedestrian lanes
10 Avoiding bumping on barrel lines in
case of an accident

Table [Link] Level of Compliance of Student Motorists on Traffic Signs/Signals and

Islands
No. Indicators Level of Compliance

4 3 2 1
1 Observing caution when triangular traffic
signs are present on the road like
“Intersection Ahead”
2 Following prohibitive signs and
restrictive signs like “No Entry”
3 Following mandatory signs like
“Minimum Speed”
4 Following stop/yield signs especially on
intersections
 44

5 Dropping passengers on unloading areas

designated on the road
6 Parking on a pedestrian island
7 Counter flowing when there is a division
island on the road
8 Following channelizing island especially
on intersections
9 Following rotary islands when it is
present
10 Jumping on traffic signal lights

Thank you very much for your participation.

-----The Researchers