MOVEMENT SYSTEM

University of Batangas – Lipa

College of Engineering and Architecture
Architecture Department

Prepared for:
Ar. / EnP. Gerelson Ray R. Bernardino,
UAP, PIEP, MSCM, CIPM

Prepared by:

Pamela Anne Ghail Sarmiento

ARCH3A
February 16, 2024

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION 3
Background 3
Purpose 3
Scope 3
CHAPTER II
PART I - VEHICULAR CIRCULATION & TYPES OF STREETS
1.1 Vehicular Circulation 4
1.2 Types of Streets 4
PART II - BP 344 ACCESSIBILITY LAW (SITE PLANNING AND PARKING
CONSIDERATIONS)
2.1 Site Planning (Outside and Around Buildings) 5
2.2 Parking Considerations 13
PART III - PD 1096 NBCP (RULE 7 & 8)
3.1 Rule 7 (Occupancies + Zones + Requirements) 15
3.2 Rule 8 (Light + Ventilation) 23
CHAPTER III
Conclusion 31
Recommendation 31
References 32

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Background
Architecture is one of the oldest professions in human history, with many
beautiful structures from the ancient world still standing today. However, the
discipline of architecture has evolved significantly over time, and in today's
technological world, designers are tasked with incorporating many factors beyond
just aesthetics.

One such critical aspect of modern architecture is site planning, or the

process of evaluating a particular site or location to determine its suitability for a
structure or building. Site planning is important because it affects the overall
efficiency, functionality, and safety of a building, as well as its impact on the
surrounding community.

In addition to site planning, vehicular circulation and parking are critical

elements of modern architecture, as they impact the accessibility and functionality of
a building. Good vehicular circulation and parking planning can improve traffic flow
and reduce congestion, as well as ensure the safety of pedestrians and drivers. Well-
planned parking facilities can also improve the overall appearance and livability of a
space.

Purpose
The purpose of this research is to help architects in their decision-making
process when it comes to building design and construction, so they can create
structures that align with the needs of occupants and end-users. By understanding
these elements of design, architects can create spaces that are not only beautiful but
also effective, safe, and sustainable for the people who use them.

Scope
This research covers the movement system in architecture, such as Vehicular
Circulation and types of streets. It also tackles the in depth details of BP 344 or The
Accessibility Law of the Philippines and PD 1096 or the National Building Code of the
Philippines (Rule 7 and 8).

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 CHAPTER II
PART I - VEHICULAR CIRCULATION & TYPES OF STREETS
1.1 Vehicular Circulation
Vehicular circulation and parking are important site planning issues combining
both function and aesthetics. The impact of automobiles, roadways and parking on
the creation of livable cities and towns has been negative. Careful planning and site
design can mitigate the damage to the physical landscape while permitting the
freedom of access. While automobile access has been emphasized for the last 50
years, pedestrian and bicycle access has been eroded.

1.2 Types of Streets

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 Table 1 : Roadway Hierarchy
PART II - BP 344 ACCESSIBILITY LAW (SITE PLANNING AND PARKING
CONSIDERATIONS)
2.1 Site Planning (Outside and Around Buildings)
2.1.1 Dropped Sidewalks
a. Dropped sidewalks should be provided at pedestrian crossings and at the
end of walkways of a private street or access road.
b. Dropped sidewalks at crossings shall have a width corresponding to the
width of the crossing.
c. For crossings and walkways less than 1.50 m. in width, the base/level
surface at the bottom of the ramp shall have a minimum depth of 1.50 m.
with a width corresponding to the width of the crossing.

For crossings and walkways less than 1.50 m. in width, the base/level surface
at the bottom of the ramp shall have a minimum width corresponding to the width of
the crossing (4.00 M minimum for national roads and as mandated by Local
ordinances for local roads).

Figure 1: Perspective of Dropped Sidewalk

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 Figure 2: Plan of Dropped Sidewalk

Figure 3: Variation of Dropped Sidewalk At Corner

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 Figure 4: Other Variation Of Dropped Sidewalk At Corners
d. Dropped sidewalks shall be sloped towards the road with a maximum
cross gradient of 1:100 (1%) to prevent water from collecting.

Figure 5: Section of Dropped Sidewalk

e. Provide the following signage:
 Pole mounted signage, 600 mm x 600 mm in size and mounted at
a minimum clear height of 2.00 m from the sidewalk floor. Pole
mounted signs (planted) should not obstruct the path of
pedestrians. {Refer to DPWH Guidelines (Road Signs and
Pavement Marking Manual) for installing pole mounted signs on
sidewalks.}
 Pavement sign painted or marked on the ramp complying with the
following: (a) a square with dimensions of at least 600 mm (for
ramps less than 1.20 m wide) but not more than 800 mm (for
ramps 1.20 m. and wider); (b) be located at the center of each
ramp; (c) the color of the International Symbol of Access shall be
white on a blue background.
2.1.2 Curb Ramps
a. Curb ramps shall only be allowed when it will not obstruct a
sidewalk/walkway or in any way lessen the width of a sidewalk/walkway
or lessen the level/turning area of 1.50 m x 1.50 m. Curb ramps shall only
be allowed if the width of sidewalks/walkways are more than 3.30 m with
a corresponding curb height of 150 mm, otherwise dropped sidewalks
shall be used.

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b. For drop off points for persons with disabilities at loading bays, the
minimum width of a curb ramp should be 900 mm.

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 Figure 6: Curb Ramp

Table 2: Required Sidewalk/Walkway Width

c. Curb ramps shall have a gradient not steeper than 1:12.
d. Provide the following signage: 2.4.1 Pole mounted signage, 600 mm x
600 mm in size and mounted at a minimum clear height of 2.00 m from
the sidewalk floor.
 Pole mounted signs (planted) should not obstruct the path of
pedestrian. (Refer to DPWH guidelines for installing pole mounted
signs on sidewalks.)
 Pavement sign painted or marked on the ramp complying with the
following: (a) a square with dimensions of at least 600 mm (for
ramps less than 1.20 m wide) but not more than 800 mm (for
ramps 1.20 m. and wider); (b) be located in the center of the
ramp; (c) the color of the International Symbol of Access shall be
white on a blue background.
2.1.3 Sidewalks and Walkways
a. The gradient along the length of sidewalks/walkways should be kept as
level as possible and shall make use of slip resistant material. Slip
resistant materials shall have a Coefficient of Friction of 0.6 for level
surfaces and 0.8 for sloping surfaces (ASTM).
b. Whenever and wherever possible, sidewalks/walkways should have a
gradient not steeper than 1:20 or 5%.

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c. Sidewalks/walkways should have a maximum cross gradient of 1:100 or
1%.
d. Sidewalks/walkways shall have a minimum width of 1.20 meters.

Figure 7: Sidewalk / Walkways

e. If possible, gratings should never be located along sidewalks/walkways.
When occurring along sidewalks/walkways, grills of grating openings
shall:
- be perpendicular to line of travel
- have a maximum center to center dimension spacing of 13 mm
between members;
- not project nor be recessed more than 6mm above or below
the level of the sidewalk/walkway.
f. Sidewalks/walkways should have a continuing surface without abrupt
pitches in angle or interruptions by cracks or breaks creating edges
above 6 mm.

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 Figure 8: Gratings
g. In lengthy or busy sidewalks/walkways, spaces should be provided at
some point along the route so that a wheelchair may pass another or turn
around. These spaces should have a minimum clear dimension of 1.50 m
and should be spaced at a maximum distance of 12.00 m between rest
stops.

Figure 9: Rest Stop on Busy or Lengthy Sidewalk / Walkways

h. To guide the person with visual impairment, sidewalks/walkways should
as much as possible follow straightforward routes with right angle turns.

i. Where planting is provided adjacent to the sidewalk/walkway, regular

trimming is essential to ensure that branches of trees or shrubs do not
extend beyond sidewalks/walkways or paths, as not only do these
present a particular danger to the person with visual impairment, but they
also reduce the effective sidewalk/walkway width available to pedestrians
in general.
j. Sidewalk/walkway headroom should not be less than 2.00 m and
preferably higher.

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 Figure 10: Sidewalk/Walkway Headroom
k. Sidewalks/walkways should not be obstructed by street furniture,
bollards, sign posts or columns along the defined route as they can be
hazardous to persons with disabilities.
2.1.4 Open Spaces
a. Where open spaces are provided, persons with visual impairment can
become particularly disoriented. Therefore it is extremely helpful if
sidewalks/walkways or paths can be given defined edges either through
the use of planters with dwarf walls, or a grass verge, or similar, which
provides a texture different from the path. Tactile surfaces/markings
should be provided.
b. Provide Pedestrian Dominated Priority Zones in commercial complexes,
to create a feeling of safety particularly persons with disabilities.
2.1.5 Crossings
In order to reduce the exposure time to vehicular traffic, all crossings at grade
shall:
a. Be as perpendicular as possible to the carriageway.
b. Be located at the narrowest, most convenient part of the carriageway for
mid-block crossings.
c. Have a median/island of at least 1.5 m in depth, preferably 200 mm,
provided as a pedestrian refuge, where the width of carriageway to be
crossed exceeds 10.0 m or at least 4 lanes.
d. Pedestrian crossings shall not be located at street corners but at a
minimum distance of 2000 mm from the corner.
e. Provide directional tactile strips in the immediate vicinity of crossings as an
aid to persons with visual impairment.

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 f. Secondary national and local roads with pedestrian crossings shall be
provided with light controlled pedestrian crossing signals with synchronized
audible pedestrian traffic signals.
g. The audible signal used for crossings should be easily distinguishable from
other sounds in the environment to prevent confusion to persons with
visual impairment. A prolonged sound should be audible to warn persons
with visual impairment that the lights are about to change.
h. The flashing green period required for the person with disability should be
determined on the basis of a walking speed of 900 mm/sec. rather than
1200 mm/sec. which is what is normally used. The minimum period for the
steady green (for pedestrians) should be the crossing distance times 900
mm/sec. (Refer to Traffic Engineering Center Guidelines for pedestrians
with Disabilities).
2.2 Parking Considerations
 Accessible Parking Slot Requirement
Where parking spaces are required to be provided, the number of accessible
parking lots for vehicles driven by persons with disabilities or vehicles with
passengers with disabilities shall be in accordance with the table below:

Table 3: Accessible Parking Slot Requirement

The building management should impose appropriate sanctions for the
unauthorized use of the reserved parking slots for vehicles of PWDs.

 Parking slots for persons with disabilities should allow enough space for a
person to transfer from a vehicle to a wheelchair.
 Accessible parking slots shall be located nearest to accessible main
entrances.

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 PWDs should be on board the vehicle to be able to use the reserved parking
space for PWDs (for control use). In addition, an access parking sticker/card
is required with control number.
 Whenever and wherever possible, accessible parking slots should be
perpendicular or to an angle to the road or circulation aisles.
 Parallel parking is discouraged unless it can be situated so that persons
entering and exiting vehicles will be out of the flow of traffic.
 Accessible parking slots shall have:
a. A minimum width of 3.70 m and a length of 5.00 m.
b. A walkway with a minimum clear width of 1.20 m. provided between the
front ends of parked cars.
c. Dropped sidewalks or curb ramps leading to the parking level where
access walkways are raised.

Figure 11: Accessible Parking Slot (Plan)

d. Pavement markings, upright, pole mounted signages
e. Have a firm, level surface without aeration slabs.

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Figure 12: Accessible Parking Slot (Showing Upright/Pole Mounted Signage)
f. Parking slots for persons with disabilities shall never be located at
ramped or sloping areas.
g. For multi-storey indoor parking structures, accessible parking slots shall
be located right next to accessible elevators, or as close as possible to
accessible pedestrian entrances.
h. In buildings with multiple accessible entrances with adjacent parking,
accessible parking slots shall be dispersed and located closest to the
accessible entrances.
i. In parking facilities that do not serve a particular building, accessible
parking shall be located on the shortest accessible route of travel to an
accessible pedestrian entrance of the parking facility.
j. For all accessible parking slots, provide the following signage:
1. Pole mounted parking signage, 600 mm x 600 mm in size and
mounted at a minimum clear height of 2.00 m from the parking floor.
2. Pavement sign painted or marked on the designated lot complying
with the following:
i. a square with dimensions of at least 1.00 m but not more than 1.50
m;
ii. be located in the center of the accessible parking slot;
iii. The International Symbol of Access shall be composed of a white
symbolized figure of a person in a wheelchair with a square
background in UN Blue Color. The symbolized figure shall always
face to the right.

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 Note: An intercom may be installed at the vicinity of the accessible parking
slot to enable persons with disabilities to call the building management for
assistance.

PART III - PD 1096 NBCP (RULE 7 & 8)

3.1 Rule 7 (Occupancies + Zones + Requirements)
3.1.1 Occupancies
 A – Residential dwellings
a. A-1: Residential building for single family occupants
b. A-2: Residential building for non-leasing occupants not
exceeding 10 persons
 B – Residentials, hotels, apartments
Multiple dwelling units including boarding or lodging houses, hotels,
apartment buildings, rowhouses, convents, monasteries and other
similar building each of which accommodates more than 10 persons.
 C – Education and recreation
Buildings used for school or day-care purposes not classified in Group
H or I occupancies.
 D – Institutional
a. D-1: Institutions where personal liberties are restrained
(mental hospitals, jails)
b. D-2: Institutions for the care of non-ambulatory patients and
children under kindergarten age
c. D-3: Institutions for ambulatory patients and homes for
children over kindergarten age
 E – Business and mercantile
a. E-1: No work is done except exchange of parts, maintenance
without open flame, welding, or highly flammable liquids
(gasoline filling station, storage garage)
b. E-2: Wholesale and retail stores, office buildings, dining
establishments
c. E-3: Aircraft hangars and open parking garages (no repair
work)
 F – Industrial
a. Light industrial: Ice plants, power plants, pumping plants, cold
storage, factories and workshops using incombustible and
non-explosive materials

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  G – Storage and hazardous
a. G-1: Medium industrial, storage of highly flammable materials
b. G-2: Medium industrial, storage of flammable materials: dry
cleaning plants, paint stores, spray-painting rooms
c. G-3: Medium industrial structures where loose combustible
fibers are generated: wood working establishments
d. G-4: Medium industrial for repair garages and engine
manufacturing
e. G-5: Medium industrial for aircraft repair
 H – Assembly other than Group I
a. H1: Assembly buildings with stage for less than 1,000
b. H2: Assembly buildings without stage for 300 or more
c. H3: Assembly buildings without stage for less than 300
d. H4: Recreational/tourism developments not included in other
H classifications (stadiums, reviewing stands, and amusement
parks)
 I – Assembly with 1,000 or more occupant load
Any assembly building with a stage and an occupant load of 1,000 or
more.
 J – Accessory
a. J1: Agricultural structures
b. J2: Carports/garages, fences, towers and pools
c. J3: Stages, courts, tombs, mausoleums, zoos, and banks
3.1.2 Zones
 R –Residential
a. R-1
- Low-density residential zone
- Characterized by single-family and single-detached
dwelling
b. R-2
- Medium-density residential zone
- Characterized by low-rise single-attached, duplex, or
multilevel buildings for use as multiple family dwellings
- Further subclassified into:
 Basic R2 - Single attached or duplex, 1-3 floors

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  Maximum R2 - Low-rise multi-level building, 3-5
floors
c. R-3
- High-density residential zone
- Characterized low-rise or medium-rise buildings for use as
multiple family dwellings
- Includes low-rise or medium-rise condominium buildings
- Further subclassified into:
 Basic R3 - Rowhouses 1-3 storeys high
 Maximum R3 - Medium-rise multilevel structure 6-12
storeys high
d. R-4
- Medium to high-density residential zone
- Characterized by low-rise townhouses or buildings for use
as multiple family dwellings
- Refers to structures on an individual lot (“townhouse”)
e. R-5
- Medium to high-density residential zone
- Characterized by low-rise townhouses or buildings for
use as multiple family dwellings
- Refers to structures on an individual lot (“townhouse”)
 C – Commercial
a. C-1
- Light commercial
- Neighborhood to community in scale
- Low-rise buildings (1-3 storeys)
- Low-intensity trade/activity
- Example: Small shopping centers
b. C-2
- Medium commercial
- City or municipal in scale
- Medium-rise buildings (3-5 storeys)
- Medium to high intensity trade
- Example: Shopping centers
c. C-3
- Metropolitan commercial

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 - Metropolitan in scale
- Medium to high-rise buildings (3-5 storeys)
- Very high intensity trade
- Example: Large to very large shopping malls
 GI – General institutional
- General institutional
- Community to national level of institutional use. Low-rise
to high-rise.
- Two types: Education/Recreation and
Medical/Government
 I – Industrial
a. I-1
- Light industrial use
- Low-rise but sprawling
- Low-intensity manufacturing
b. I-2
- Medium industrial use
- Low-rise but sprawling
- Medium-intensity manufacturing
 UTS – Utilities, Transportation, Services
- Utilitarian, functional uses
- Low-rise to medium rise
- Low to high-intensity community support functions
- Two clusters:
1. Transport terminals, intermodals, depots
2. Power/water generation/distribution, telcos, waste
management facilities
 SPE – Special
- Other vertical facilities not yet mentioned
- Included cemeteries and memorial parks
 PRE - Park structures, recreation, entertainment
- Low-rise to medium rise
- Low to medium intensity recreational functions related to
educational uses (parks on campus, other
recreational/assembly structures on campus)
 CUL – Cultural
- Community to national level of use or occupancy

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 - Low-rise to medium rise
 A – Agricultural
- Low to medium rise
- Low to high intensity agricultural activity
- Includes farms, but also offices and facilities for
agricultural research and training
 AI – Agroindustrial
- Low rise
- Low to high intensity agroindustrial activity
- Includes offices and facilities for agroindustrial education
and research
 PUD – Planned unit development
- Land development or redevelopment schemes for a new
project which has a CDMP (Comprehensive
Development Masterplan) or equivalent
- Example: Bonifacio Global City
 Mixed Occupancies
- Rule of thumb: The building adheres to the stricter
requirements.
- Exceptions:
 If it’s a one-storey building, in which case each
portion shall conform to applicable rules
 If the minor occupancy does not exceed 10% of
the building, in which case it is ignored

3.1.3 Location on property

 RIGHT OF WAY: No building shall be constructed unless it adjoins or has
direct access to a public space, yard, or street on at least one of its sides.
 EAVES OVER WINDOWS: Eaves over required windows shall at least be
750mm from the side and rear property lines.
 FIREWALLS
- A fireproof barrier used to prevent the spread of fire between or
through buildings
- Why are firewalls important? Because when they are built, the
building or part of the building extends into the setbacks.
3.1.4 Parking

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 Table 4: Parking Slot Sizes
1. SAMPLE PARKING REQUIREMENTS
a. Hotels
- If highly urbanized, 1 slot for every 3 rooms
- If not, 1 slot for every 7 rooms
- 2 tourist bus parking slots
- 1 loading slot for articulated truck
b. Churches
- For every 50sqm. of congregation area, provide:
- 1 car slot
- 1 jeepney slot
c. Public universities
- 1 car slot for every 5 classrooms
- 1 loading space for 2 jeepney or shuttle slots
- 1 school bus for every 200 students
d. Public hospital
- 1 car slot for every 25 beds
- 1 loading space for 2 jeepney/shuttle slots
- 1 slot for articulated truck
- 1 slot for standard truck for every 5,000sqm gross floor area
- Add truck maneuvering space outside RROW
2. FRACTIONS IN COMPUTATIONS
 When computing for parking slots, a fraction of 50% or higher shall be
considered as one slot.
 In all cases, at least one slot shall be provided unless otherwise allowed.
3. OFF-SITE PARKING LOTS

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  If a multi-floor parking garage is located within a 200-meter radius of the
building, 20% of the required parking provisions may be served the multi-
floor parking garage.
 Reserved or leased parking slots may also serve the parking
requirements if:
A. The slots are in a permanent parking building and not in a vacant
parking lot.
B. The said parking building is:
▪ Not more than 100m away, if residential
▪ Not more than 200m away, if commercial
4. MANEUVERING SPACE
 Using the RROW as a maneuvering space is not allowed
 To prevent this, direct access of parking/loading/utility slots to the RROW
shall be disallowed
5. TRAFFIC-GENERATING BUILDINGS
 Example: shopping malls
 The distance between such buildings and major road intersections is
regulated
 The building ingress and the intersection shall be at least 50m apart
(measured between the two nearest curbs)
6. FRONT YARDS AS PARKING
 Not allowed for the following:
- R2 Maximum
- R3 Maximum
- GI
- C1, C2 and C3
- 50% of front yard may be used as parking for R2 Basic and R3
Basic

3.2 Rule 8 (Light + Ventilation)

a. LOT TYPES
The Code defines seven lot types
 Inside lot

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 Figure 12: Inside Lot
 Interior lot

Figure 13: Interior Lot

 Corner lot

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 Figure 14: Corner Lot
 Through lot

Figure 15: Through Lot

 Corner through lot

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 Figure 16: Corner through Lot
 Corner through lot abutting 3 or more streets

Figure 17: Corner through lot abutting 3 or more streets

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  End lot

Figure 18: End Lot

b. Setbacks

Table 5: Minimum Setbacks for Residential

Table 6: Minimum Setbacks for Commercial, Industrial, Institutional and Recreational

Buildings
c. Courts
- Minimum dimension: 2.00m
- Hence, minimum area: 4.00sqm

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 - All inner courts shall be connected to a street or yard by a
passageway at least 1.20m wide
- Minimum dimension may be reduced to 1.50m in cluster living units
with adjacent courts
- Minimum area per court: 3.00sqm
- Separation wall: 2.00m high maximum
d. Front Yards As Parking
- Only allowed for single family dwelling units falling under the following
zoning classifications:
- Basic R-2
- Basic R-3
- R-4
- If a carport is roofed, it will be considered part of the building footprint
and not the TOSL
e. Easements
- Easement is Public Land
- Situated outside of private property limits
- Should be equally enjoyed by all members of the community
- The only uses allowed are those that support its public recreational
character

Table 7: Minimum Easements

Figure 19: Minimum Easement at Urban Areas

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Figure 20: Promenade Development Within A Maximum Easement For Urban Areas

Figure 21: Espanade Developments for Easements of at Least 9.00M Wide

f. RROW
- The carriageway shall be free of structures, particularly commercial
signs that will impede the view corridor and sightlines within the
RROW
- To dignify important public/historical buildings, all forms of commercial
signs intruding into the RROW leading to or away said structures shall
be disallowed
- No building shall be constructed unless it adjoins or has direct access
to a public space, yard, or road on at least one side.
- Interior or rear lots shall have an access road with a minimum width of
3.00m. Provide a 4.00m wide chaflan at the intersection with the main
RROW.

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 Figure 22: Unobstructed View Corridors/Sight Lines

Table 8: Minimum RROW Provisions for Multiple Dwellings

Figure 23: Possible Road Right of Way Section

g. Planting Strips
- Sidewalks 2.00m or more in width shall include on its outer side a
planting strip of not less than 800mm wide up to a maximum of 1/3 of
the sidewalk width
- The planting strip is meant to separate the curb from the sidewalk, and
must always be placed near the curbline.

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 Figure 24: Panting Strips

Table 9: Minimum Planting Strips With RROW Widths

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 CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

Vehicular circulation and parking are key considerations that have a

significant impact on the project's efficiency and usability. Properly planned vehicular
circulation and parking facilities ensure a smoother and more efficient traffic flow
around the site, reduce congestion and pollution, and improve the overall
appearance of the site. As such, they play a vital role in the successful completion of
any architectural project.

Proper site planning not only includes the design and layout of the building
itself but also the surrounding infrastructures and facilities, including roads,
pedestrian pathways, parking areas, and other essential services. The design of
these elements can have a significant impact on the project's efficiency and
functionality, as well as on the overall user experience.

By incorporating vehicular circulation and parking into the site planning

process, architects can ensure that the infrastructure is designed to meet the needs
of both the building and its users. Well-planned circulation and parking facilities can
reduce congestion, improve traffic flow, and enhance the overall safety and security
of the site. Additionally, they can improve the overall appearance of the site, by
reducing the need for large, unsightly parking lots, and by incorporating elements like
green areas and other amenities.

Ultimately, proper site planning, vehicular circulation, and parking are

essential components of modern architecture because they can have a significant
impact on the functionality, safety, aesthetics, and overall value of a structure. By
carefully considering these elements, architects can create spaces that are not only
beautiful but also efficient, safe, and functional for the people who use them.

RECOMMENDATION

The proper planning of these systems can help ensure the smooth flow of
cars, other vehicles, and people, and can avoid traffic congestion and accidents.
Good vehicular circulation and parking planning can also help reduce air and noise
pollution, by reducing the amount of time that cars spend idling or stuck in traffic.
Furthermore, vehicular circulation and parking planning can also influence property
values, as well as the overall desirability of an area.

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References:

Santos, Pedro Jr. (2021), PD 1096 National Building Code of the Philippines
Summary

UAP Makati (2007), BP 344 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS

(IRR) AMENDMENTS, https://uapmakati.files.wordpress.com/2007/07/bp344-
comments-on-bp-344-irr-amendments-complete-part-1-july-10-2013.pdf

University of Idaho, Circulation

https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/larc301/lectures/circulation.htm

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