CIE 122 :

HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD

ENGINEERING
 1.
INTRODUCTION
An introduction to Highway Engineering
 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

Highway engineering is an engineering discipline branching from civil engineering

that involves planning, designing, constructing, operating, and maintaining roads,
bridges, and tunnels to ensure safe and effective transportation of people and
goods.
It involves applying scientific principles to the planning, design, maintenance, and
operation of a highway project or system of projects. It deals specifically with the
basic technical details relating to the planning, design, construction, and
maintenance of schemes within a highway network.

3
 2.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF HIGHWAY
 CLASSIFICATION OF HIGHWAY

Highways are classified based on the two primary functions:

1. Mobility – continuous, high-speed travel
2. Accessibility – ability to get to destination, direct access to adjoining property

5
 CLASSIFICATION OF HIGHWAY

Classification of highways based on mobility:

1. Arterials - focus primarily on mobility with an emphasis on providing highspeed,
uninterrupted flow. Long distance trips are most practical on arterials. Examples
of this are freeways and expressways.
2. Collectors - have a blended objective of maintaining mobility and access.
Collectors facilitate travel between local roads and arterials by collecting traffic
and distributing it to local roads or to higher mobility arterials.
3. Local Streets - provide direct connectivity to businesses, residences, and other
land uses. Local streets can be designed to provide access while minimizing
speeds.

6
ARTERIAL HGHWAYS

7
COLLECTOR HGHWAYS

8
LOCAL ROADS

9
 CLASSIFICATION OF HIGHWAY

In the Philippines, roads and highways are classified and named according to their
functions.
1. National Roads
a. Primary roads - Connects major cities and comprise the national road
system
b. Secondary Roads - Connects cities not classified as major cities
c. Tertiary Roads - Other existing roads under DPWH which perform a local
function.

10
 CLASSIFICATION OF HIGHWAY

2. Bypass/Diversion Roads - These roads divert through traffic away from the
city/municipality business centers.
3. Provincial Roads - These roads connect cities and municipalities without
traversing National Roads.
4. Municipal and City Roads - These are roads within a Población that provide inter-
barangay connections to major municipal and city infrastructures without
traversing Provincial Roads
5. Barangay Roads - Other roads within the barangay and not covered in the above
definitions

11
 CLASSIFICATION OF HIGHWAY

6. Expressways - These are highways with limited access, normally with

interchanges.
7. By-passes - These are roads or highways that avoid built-up area, town or city
proper to let through traffic flow without interference from local traffic reduce
congestion and improve road safety where a toll for passage is levied in an open
or closed system
8. Parkways - These are arterial highways for non-commercial traffic with full or
Partial control of access, usually located within a park or a ribbon of park-like
development.

12
 3.
Considerations for Highway
Planning And Design
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN PLANNING ARTERIAL ROADWAYS
ARTERIAL HIGHWAYS - An arterial road or arterial thoroughfare is a road without
controlled access that can carry a large volume of local traffic at a generally high
speed, being below controlled-access highways in the hierarchy. These arterial roads
provide the highest level of mobility and the highest speeds over the longest
uninterrupted distance.

14
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN PLANNING ARTERIAL ROADWAYS
1. Selection of the routes
2. Studies of the traffic volume
3. Origin and destination
4. Accident experienced
5. Width should not be less than 15 meters
6. Must carry at least one lane of traffic in each directions
7. Should be at least one kilometer in length

15
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN PLANNING ARTERIAL ROADWAYS
8. Should skirt neighborhood areas rather than penetrate them
9. On grid design system streets, arterials are spaced at about 600-900 meters
apart
10.Where accident hazard is not a factor, the minimum volume to justify arterial
road is 300 vehicles per average hour during the day, and 450 vehicles hourly
during peak period.

16
 4.
HIGHWAY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
 HIGHWAY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Specific considerations must be appropriately addressed in the design process to
successfully fit a highway to a site's topography and maintain its safety. Some of
these design considerations are;
Design Speed Design traffic volume
Number of lanes Level of service (LOS)
Sight Distance Alignment, super-elevation, and grades
Cross-section Lane width

18
 5.
HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN
 HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN
For safe and comfortable driving, four aspects of the pavement surface are important;
1. The friction between the wheels and the pavement surface
2. Smoothness of the road surface
3. The light reflection characteristics of the top of pavement surface
4. Drainage to water

20
 FRICTION ON ROADS
Friction between the wheel and the pavement
surface is a crucial factor in designing horizontal
curves and thus the safe operating speed. Further, it
also affects the acceleration and deceleration ability
of vehicles. Lack of adequate friction can cause
skidding or slipping of cars.
Skidding happens when the path traveled along the
road surface is more than the circumferential
movement of the wheels due to friction. Slip occurs
when the wheel revolves more than the
corresponding longitudinal movement along the
road.

21
 FRICTION ON ROADS
Various factors that affect friction are:
1. Type of the pavement (like bituminous,
concrete, gravel)
2. Condition of the pavement (dry or wet, hot or
cold, etc)
3. Condition of the tire (new or old)
4. Speed and load of the vehicle.

22
 ROAD UNEVENNESS
It is always desirable to have an even surface, but it
is seldom possible to have one. It is possible to
develop unevenness due to pavement failures even
if constructed with high-quality pavers. Unevenness
affects the vehicle operating cost, speed, riding
comfort, safety, fuel consumption, and wear and
tear of tires. Unevenness index measures
unevenness, the cumulative standard of vertical
undulations of the pavement surface recorded per
unit horizontal length of the road.

23
 LIGHT REFLECTION ON ROADS
White roads have good visibility at night but
caused glare during day time. On the Contrary,
Black roads have no glare during the day but
have poor visibility at night. Concrete roads have
better visibility and less glare. The road surface
must be visible at night, and light reflection is the
factor that answers it.

24
 ROAD DRAINAGES
The pavement surface should be impermeable
to prevent seepage of water into the pavement
layers. Further, both the geometry and texture of
the pavement surface should help in draining
out the water from the surface in less time

25
THANK YOU!

26