Capability Analysis Formulas - Minitab

Minitab Technical Support Document
Capability Analysis (Normal) Formulas Capability Statistics (Default) Definitions

T LSL USL = target = lower specification limit = upper specification limit = process mean = sigma tolerance = midpoint of LSL and USL = estimate of process mean = within subgroup process standard deviation = estimate of within subgroup process standard deviation = total number of (nonmissing) observations = number of (nonmissing) observations in subgroup i = unbiasing constant for subgroups of size ni (for use with sample standard deviations) = overall process standard deviation = estimate of overall process standard deviation = probability of event X = standard normal variable = the ith observation = the jth observation of the ith subgroup
tol m
Within Within = StDev(Within)

n ni c4(ni)
Overall Overall = StDev(Overall)

P(X) Z xi xij
Note: If the subgroup size is 1, Within is estimated using the average moving range by default. If the subgroup size is greater than 1, Within is estimated using a pooled standard deviation by default. See Methods of Estimating Sigma below. Note: c4(ni) is an unbiasing constant whether or not the sample size is small or large. The bias is negligible for large samples (see, e.g. Farnum), as with larger samples, c4(ni) approaches the value of one. In Releases 13 and 14 you can estimate sigma either using unbiasing constants or not. The default is to use unbiasing constants. To not use unbiasing constants, choose Stat > Quality Tools > Capability Analysis > Normal > Estimate (In Release 13, Stat > Quality Tools > Capability Analysis (Normal) > Estimate) and uncheck Use unbiasing constants.
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Capability Analysis (Normal) Formulas Capability Statistics (Default) Formulas

Capability Statistics (Cp, Pp)
(USL LSL ) (6 * Within ) (USL ) CPU = (3 * Within ) ( LSL ) CPL = (3 * Within )

Cp = Cpk = minimum{CPU, CPL} (USL LSL) tol *
(USL LSL ) Cp = (6 * Within ) (USL x ) CPU = (3 * Within ) (x LSL ) CPL = (3 * Within )
Cpk = minimum CPU , CPL
Cpm =
(x
min (T LSL, USL T ) Cpm = tol ( x i T )2 * (n 1) 2

Cpm =
(n 1)
T)
when LSL and USL are given, and T=m
Note: This formula is always used in Release 13. Cpm is not calculated in Release 13 if there is only one specification limit. Note: This formula only applies to Release 14.
when LSL and USL are given, and Tm
(USL T ) tol * 2
when USL and T are given

2
Note: This formula only applies to Release 14.
(x (x
(n 1) (n 1)
i
T)
Cpm =
(T LSL) tol * 2 T)
2
when LSL and T are given
Note: This formula only applies to Release 14.
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Capability Analysis (Normal) Formulas Capability Statistics (Default)

USL CCpk = 3 within LSL CCpk = 3 within
when only USL is given when only LSL is given
min{(USL ), ( LSL )} when LSL and USL are given CCpk = 3 within where: when Target is given = Target when both LSL and USL are given but no Target 1 = (LSL + USL ) 2 =x otherwise
6 * Overall (USL ) PPU = 3 * Overall ( LSL ) PPL = 3 * Overall
Pp =
(USL LSL )
Ppk = minimum{PPU, PPL}
(USL LSL ) Pp = 6 * Overall (USL x ) PPU = (3 * Overall ) (x LSL ) PPL = (3 * Overall ) Ppk = minimum PPU , PPL
Note: The capability statistics displayed in the MINITAB output are estimates, but for simplicity do not include the hats. For example, Cpk is displayed as Cpk. Note: In Release 14, you can display confidence intervals for the capability statistics. To see the formulas, see Confidence Intervals below.
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Confidence Intervals for Capability Statistics
Definitions for Confidence Intervals
= f n df df = k (n 1)
k = number of samples n = average sample size
2 fn = adjustment for method used to estimate within For: Pooled standard deviation, fn = 1 Average and median moving range, = k w + 1 where w is the number of observations used to calculate the moving range
Sbar, fn varies with n n 2 3 4 5 6-7 8-9 1017 1864 65+ fn 0.88 0.92 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00
Rbar, fn = 0.9 Square root of MSSD, = k 1
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Formulas for Confidence Intervals Cp LowerBound = Cp
12
2 ,
, UpperBound = Cp
2 ,
2
where is defined under Definitions of Confidence Intervals above. Cpk Cpk 2 Cpk 2 1 1 + , UpperBound = Cpk + Z 2 + 9kn 2 9kn 2 where k, n, and are defined under Definitions of Confidence Intervals above. LowerBound = Cpk Z 2 LowerBound = Cpm where:
Cpm
12
2 ,
, UpperBound = Cpm
2 ,
2
(1 + a ) = kn
2 2
1 + 2a 2 x T arg et a= overall k and n are defined under Definitions of Confidence Intervals above
Pp LowerBound = Pp
12
2 , kn 1
kn 1 kn 1 where k and n are defined under Definitions of Confidence Intervals above. Ppk
, UpperBound = Pp
2 ,kn1
2
1 Ppk 2 1 Ppk 2 + + , UpperBound = Ppk + Z 2 9kn 2(kn 1) 9kn 2(kn 1) where k and n are defined under Definitions of Confidence Intervals above. LowerBound = Ppk Z 2
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PPM
i) Observed Performance PPM < LSL = 1,000,000 * ((number of observations < LSL) / n) ii) Observed Performance PPM > USL = 1,000,000 * ((number of observations > USL) / n) Observed Performance Total = sum of (i) and (ii)
(LSL x ) iii) Exp. Within Performance PPM < LSL = 1,000,000 * P Z > Within
(USL x ) iv) Exp. Within Performance PPM > USL = 1,000,000 * P Z > Within
Exp. Within Performance Total = sum of (iii) and (iv)
(LSL x ) v) Exp. Overall Performance PPM < LSL = 1,000,000 * P Z > Overall (USL x ) vi) Exp. Overall Performance PPM > USL = 1,000,000 * P Z > Overall
Exp. Overall Performance Total = sum of (v) and (vi) Note: % figures are obtained by dividing the formulas above by 10,000.
Note: If you use a historical mean, that value will be used in place of X for CPU , CPL , Cpk , PPU , PPL , Ppk , and all PPM (Expected).
If you use a historical sigma, that value will be used in place of Within for Cp CPU , CPL , and all PPM (Expected Within).
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Methods of Estimating
Overall standard deviation Overall = StDev(Overall) =
s c 4 (n)
s=
2 (xij x ) i j (n 1)
Estimating Within when subgroup size > 1 Pooled standard deviation Default sp Within = StDev(Within) = c 4 (d )
2 (xij xi ) i j sp = (ni 1) i d = (ni 1) + 1 degrees of freedom Note: When the subgroup size is constant, the pooled standard deviation = (square root of the average of the variances) / c4((ni-1)+1): sp Within = StDev(Within) = c 4 (d ) sp =
s
i =1
2 i
k d = n k + 1 degrees of freedom k = number of subgroups
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Rbar - Average of subgroup ranges fir d (ni ) i 2 i Within = StDev(Within) = fi fi =
[d 2 (n)] [d 3 (n)]2
Within = StDev(Within) =
R if all ni are the same d 2 (ni )
Sbar - Average of subgroup standard deviations hs c (i ni ) 4 i Within = StDev(Within) = (hi )
si = hi =
2 (xij xi ) j (ni 1)
(c4 (ni ))2 2 1 (c 4 (ni ) )
Note: When the subgroup size is constant, sbar = (average of the subgroup standard deviations) / c4(ni): s Within = StDev(Within) = c 4 (ni ) s=
s
i =1
k k = number of subgroups
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Estimating Within when subgroup size = 1 Average moving range Default
MR d 2 (w) MRi = the ith moving range = max[xi, , xi-w+1] min[xi, , xi-w+1], for i = w, , n (MRw + ... + MRn ) MR = (n w + 1) w = the number of observations used in the moving range. w = 2 by default.
Within = StDev(Within) = ~ MR Within = StDev(Within) = d 4 (w) MRi = the ith moving range = max[xi, , xi-w+1] min[xi, , xi-w+1], for i = w, , n ~ MR = the median of all MRi w = the number of observation used in the moving range. w = 2 by default.
Square root of MSSD Square root of half of the Mean of the Squared Successive Differences Median moving range
Within = StDev(Within) = di = successive differences c4(ni)| c4(ni)
1 di * 2 (n 1) c 4 ( ni ) |
2
References: Montgomery, D.C. (2001). Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition. John Wiley & Sons. Donald J. Wheeler(1995). "Advanced Topics in Statistical Process Control", SPC Press, Inc. N. R. Farnum (1994). Modern Statistical Quality Control and Improvement, Wadsworth Publishing. I.W. Burr (1976). Statistical Quality Control Methods, Marcel Dekker, Inc.
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Capability Analysis Formulas - Minitab

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Minitab Technical Support Document

Capability Analysis (Normal) Formulas Capability Statistics (Default) Definitions

Within Within = StDev(Within)

Overall Overall = StDev(Overall)

Minitab Technical Support Document

Capability Analysis (Normal) Formulas Capability Statistics (Default) Formulas

(USL LSL ) (6 * Within ) (USL ) CPU = (3 * Within ) ( LSL ) CPL = (3 * Within )

(USL LSL ) Cp = (6 * Within ) (USL x ) CPU = (3 * Within ) (x LSL ) CPL = (3 * Within )

Cpk = minimum CPU , CPL

min (T LSL, USL T ) Cpm = tol ( x i T )2 * (n 1) 2

when LSL and USL are given, and T=m

when LSL and USL are given, and Tm

when USL and T are given

Note: This formula only applies to Release 14.

when LSL and T are given

Note: This formula only applies to Release 14.

Minitab Technical Support Document

Capability Analysis (Normal) Formulas Capability Statistics (Default)

when only USL is given when only LSL is given

6 * Overall (USL ) PPU = 3 * Overall ( LSL ) PPL = 3 * Overall

Ppk = minimum{PPU, PPL}

Minitab Technical Support Document

Capability Analysis (Normal) Formulas Capability Statistics (Default)

Rbar, fn = 0.9 Square root of MSSD, = k 1

Minitab Technical Support Document

Capability Analysis (Normal) Formulas Capability Statistics (Default)

Minitab Technical Support Document

Capability Analysis (Normal) Formulas Capability Statistics (Default)

Minitab Technical Support Document

Capability Analysis (Normal) Formulas Capability Statistics (Default)

k d = n k + 1 degrees of freedom k = number of subgroups

Minitab Technical Support Document

Capability Analysis (Normal) Formulas Capability Statistics (Default)

R if all ni are the same d 2 (ni )

Sbar - Average of subgroup standard deviations hs c (i ni ) 4 i Within = StDev(Within) = (hi )

(c4 (ni ))2 2 1 (c 4 (ni ) )

Minitab Technical Support Document

Capability Analysis (Normal) Formulas Capability Statistics (Default)

Within = StDev(Within) = di = successive differences c4(ni)| c4(ni)

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