Group Number: 01
Name of the Student: Abdullah Çetin
ME 304 – EXPERIMENTAL ENGINEERING
LAB SHEET OF EXPERIMENT #7
Subject: Calibration of Flow Meter
Assistant: Berkhan Bayraktar
Place of the Experiment: KB245
Objective: To calibrate the flow meter using the venturi, and to investigate the losses occuring in the flow field.
Procedure: The pressure data and flow rate is obtained by flow meter by manometer tubes and flow sensor
respectively. The venturi type flow meter is mounted on the base plate of the test bench. The pressure loss,
adjusted pressure drop and coefficient of discharge are determined.
Experimental Setup:
PreLAB-Questions:
1) What are the Bernoulli and extended Bernoulli equations? When are they valid?
1 2 1 2
Bernoulli equation: P1 + ρ v 1 + ρ g z 1=P2 + ρ v2 + ρ g z 2
2 2
This equation is valid when: -flow is along a streamline, -steady flow, -incompressible flow, -inviscid flow
P1 1 2 P2 1 2
Extended Bernoulli Equation: + v 1 + g z 1+ hpump= + v 2+ g z 2 +h loss
ρ 2 ρ 2
This equation doesn’t require inviscid flow: -flow is along a streamline, -steady flow, -incompressible flow
2) What are pitot tube and venturi meters? Explain how the flowrate is calculated by using one of these tools.
(Show the calculation mathematically)
A pitot tube is used to measure fluid velocity. It consists of a tube with one opening pointed directly into the flow
(the stagnation point) and another opening perpendicular to the flow, exposed to static pressure. Then by using
the Bernoulli Equation z’s are equal and stagnation point’s velocity is equal to 0.
1 2
The remaning equation is this. The velocity can be calculated from here. Pstatic + ρ v =Pstagnation
2 1
By multiplying the velocity with the area the flowrate can be obtained.
A Venturi meter is a flow measurement device consisting of a gradually tapered tube. As the fluid flows through
the Venturi meter, its velocity increases in the narrow throat section, causing a decrease in pressure according
to Bernoulli's principle. Due to the conservation of mass Q= A 1 ⋅ v 1= A2 ⋅v 2
1 2 1 2 1
ρ v =P2 + ρ v 2 furthermore P1−P2= ρ ( v 2−v 1 )
2 2
By simplfiying the Bernoulli Equation we get P1 +
2 1 2 2
By inserting P1−P2= ρ gh to the equation v 2−v 1=2 gh --- here h is the height difference.
2 2
√()
2 gh
Q= A 2 ⋅ 2
By using this equation and the flowrate equation A2
1−
A1
3) What are the losses occuring in the duct flow? Give an example for each loss. Show how these losses are
calculated and associated with flow.
Losses occuring in the duct flow are major losses and minor losses. Major losses occur due to friction within a
pipe, and minor losses occur at a change of section, valve, bend or other interruption. Some examples for minor
losses are pipe fittings, sudden expansions or contractions.
2
L V
Formula for major losses is this: h major =f ⋅ ⋅
D 2g
Here f can be obtained either from Colebrook-White equation or from Moody Charts.
2
V
Formula for minor losses is this: h minor=∑ K i ⋅
i 2g
Many engineering handbooks and standards provide tables or charts with typical values for K for various
fittings, bends, valves, contractions, expansions, and other components commonly found in duct systems.
