1.
Differentiate between Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) and Linear Time-
Varying (LTV) System
Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Linear Time-Varying (LTV)
Aspect
System System
System Both linearity and time- System is linear but its
properties invariance hold properties change with time
System characteristics
Time System characteristics change
(parameters) do not change
Dependency with time
with time
Output behavior may vary over
Superposition and scaling are
Output time depending on system
consistent across time
parameters
Constant coefficients in the
Mathematical Coefficients vary as a function
differential equation or
Model of time
transfer function
2. Comparison between Linear and Nonlinear System (Four Points)
Aspect Linear System Nonlinear System
Superposition Holds true (Output is Does not hold (Output may not be
Principle proportional to input) proportional to input)
Mathematical Easier to model and More difficult to analyze due to
Complexity analyze complex behavior
Predictable and stable May exhibit unpredictable, chaotic,
Stability
responses or unstable behavior
Response can be exponential,
Response to Response scales
oscillatory, or highly sensitive to
Input linearly with input
input magnitude
3. Definitions with Examples
i) Linear and Nonlinear System:
Linear System: A system is linear if it follows the principles of
superposition (additivity and scaling).
o
Example: An electric circuit with resistors and capacitors.
Nonlinear System: A system is nonlinear if the output is not
directly proportional to the input.
o
Example: A pendulum with large oscillations or an electric
circuit with diodes.
ii) Time-Varying and Time-Invariant System:
Time-Invariant System: A system where the output does not
change over time for the same input.
o
Example: A circuit with constant resistance, inductance, and
capacitance.
Time-Varying System: A system where the system parameters or
behavior change over time.
o
Example: A satellite system where the mass changes as fuel is
consumed.
4. Classification of Control Systems & Definition of Linearity in Control
System
Classification of Control Systems:
Open-Loop System: No feedback from the output to the input.
Example: Washing machine timer.
o
Closed-Loop System: Feedback is used to compare the output to
the desired input. Example: Air conditioning system.
o
Linear Systems: Systems where the superposition principle
applies.
o
Nonlinear Systems: Systems where superposition does not
apply.
o
Time-Invariant Systems: System behavior does not change over
time.
o
o Time-Varying Systems: System behavior changes over time.
Linearity in Control Systems: A control system is said to be linear if
the output is directly proportional to the input, following the
principles of superposition. Linearity simplifies the analysis and
design of control systems by making their behavior predictable and
scalable..
Q.1. Comparison between Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Systems
(Based on block diagram, transfer function, examples, and stability)
Aspect Open-Loop System Closed-Loop System
Block
No feedback path Has a feedback path
Diagram
Simple transfer
Transfer More complex,
function (no
Function includes feedback
feedback)
Electric toaster,
Thermostat-controlled
Examples Washing machine
AC, Cruise control
timer
Less stable, depends More stable due to
Stability
on calibration feedback
2. Differences between Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Systems
Aspect Open-Loop System Closed-Loop System
Feedback No feedback Feedback is present
Control Low accuracy, prone High accuracy due to
Accuracy to disturbances error correction
Complexity Simple design More complex design
Higher cost due to
Cost Lower cost
feedback elements
Cannot adjust to
Response to Automatically adjusts
environmental
Changes to changes
changes
May be unstable or More stable due to
Stability
inaccurate feedback
3. Comparison of Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Systems on Specific
Points
(Based on Feedback Path, Complexity of Design, Cost and
Maintenance, Accuracy and Bandwidth)
Point Open-Loop System Closed-Loop System
Feedback path is
Feedback Path No feedback path
present
Complexity of Complex due to the
Simple design
Design addition of feedback
Cost and Lower cost, easier Higher cost, more
Maintenance to maintain maintenance needed
Accuracy and Low accuracy, High accuracy,
Bandwidth limited bandwidth broader bandwidth
4. Control System Definition and Comparison (Any Six Points)
Control System: A control system manages, commands, directs, or
regulates the behavior of other devices or systems using control loops.
Comparison:
Open-Loop
Aspect Closed-Loop System
System
Feedback No feedback Feedback is present
Control
Low High
Accuracy
Stability Less stable More stable
Complexity Simple Complex
Cost Lower cost Higher cost
Response to Cannot adjust to Adjusts automatically to
Changes changes changes
Reliability Less reliable More reliable
5. General Block Diagram of Closed-Loop Control System
Here’s a general block diagram:
Reference Input → Controller → Plant/Process → Output ↖︎Feedback
Path (from Output to Controller)
6. Control System Definition and Practical Examples
Definition: A control system is a system designed to regulate the
output to achieve a desired result. It controls the behavior of another
system based on its inputs and the environment.
Examples:
o Open-Loop: Electric kettle, Washing machine
Closed-Loop: Thermostat-controlled heating system, Cruise
control in a car
o
7. Two Examples of Man-made Closed-Loop Control Systems
Thermostat-controlled heating system: Automatically adjusts heating
based on the temperature of a room.
Automatic Cruise Control in vehicles: Adjusts the vehicle's speed
based on the speed of surrounding vehicles.
Laplace Transform (2-3 Marks Answer)
Laplace Transform is a method used to convert a function from the time domain into the frequency
domain. It helps in solving complex differential equations by turning them into simpler algebraic
equations.
Significance in Control Systems:
Simplifies Calculations: Makes it easier to solve differential equations.
Transfer Function: Helps derive the transfer function, which is important for analyzing how a
system behaves.
Stability: Helps check if a system is stable by analyzing poles and zeros.
