Problem 3-4-1

Problem 3-4-1

x A
My ( ) 2

x 100mm
A = π 0.02 2 = 0.4(10 −3 )π m 2
VQ
(300) π (0.02
) 4(0.02)
Mz B Mz
2 3π Ry Ry
Mz π
= (0.02 ) = 40(10
4 −9 4 τ= = = 0.318MPa
150mm Rz I z = I y 4
)π m It 40(10 −9 )π (0.04)
A M yc Side View Side View
A 500N σx =
I
z B z (75)(0.02) = 29.8 MPa
My=500(0.15) = B
Ry y 40(10 −9 )π
y
0.02m =75N·m A My My
Ry=300N x Rz Rz
300N
Top View Top View
500N 2

VQ
(500) π (0.02 ) 4(0.02)
τ= = 2 3π = 0.531MPa
Rz=500N It π (0.02 4 )(0.04)
A B Mz=300(0.15)
z B M zc (45)(0.02) = −7.16MPa
A =45N·m σx = =−
B 300N y I 40(10 −9 )π

Summing up
Problem 3-4-2
Problem 3-4-2
σz
Axial Load: Ry; Bending Moment: Mz; Torsion: T;
Mz Normal (tensile) stress Normal Stress Shear Stress
z Mz A σy
Rz T R R τyz
y z
10in T Ry A Shear Force: Rz;
Mx Shear stress
A A τyz=16.9+0.6
x c =17.5ksi
800lb r T y 800lb
Mx σz = 0 psi
14in y σy = 21.1+0.28
A A A
500lb 500lb A =21.4 ksi
∑ Fx = 0 ∑ M x = 0; M x − 800(10) = 0; Ry M z c 7000(0.75)
σ= = Tc 11,200(0.75)
F = 500 j − 800k ∑ Fy = 0; − R y + 500 = 0; M x = 8,000 lb ⋅ in σy =
Ac
I (
π (0.75)4 / 4 ) τ=
J
=
(
π (0.75) 4 / 2 )
r = 14i + 10 j = 21,126 psi
R = 500 lb
y
∑ M y = 0; T − 800(14) = 0;
= 283psi A = 16,901 psi
M = r × F = M x i + Tj + M z k
F = 0; Rz − 800 = 0; T = 11,200 lb ⋅ in Bending Moment: Mx;
= −8000i + 11200 j + 7000k ∑ z VQ 800(0.2813 in 3 )
Bending Stress
∑ M z = 0; M z − 500(14) = 0; τ= =
N.A.
Rz = 800 lb
M z = 7,000 lb ⋅ in
It [ 4
π (0.75) / 4 (1.5) ]
= 604psi A
Maximum Stress? A y
where Q = y ' A' = 0.2813in 4
No stress on A

1

 z
τ = 16.9 ksi
Problem 8.2.4

B
Fz=200lb y
Problem 3-4-2
σ y = 0.3 + 24.1 = 24.4ksi A d = 1”
Mz=125(8)-75(3)
Axial Load: Ry; =775 lb-in
Shear Force: Rz; Bending Moment: Mz; A
Normal (tensile) stress No Shear stress No Normal Stress B Ty=200(3)
B 8’ =600 lb-
B B
x in Mx=200(8)
B
3’ =1600 lb-in
Fy=75lb
Fx=125lb
Qmax = Ay = (πr 2 / 2)(4r / 3π )
B B B Ry M zc
σ y = 283 psi = 2r 3 / 3 σy = − +
Ac I
Ry M x c
B σy = − + 75 775(0.5)
B Ac I =− 2
+
π (0.5) π (0.5) 4 / 4
M c
σy = x =
8000(0.75) A =−
75
+
1600(0.5)
B
( ) τ = 16.9 ksi = 7.78ksi
π (0.75) 4 / 4
2
I π (0.5) π (0.5) 4 / 4
= 24.1ksi = −0.09 + 16.30 = 16.21ksi RzQmax M y c
τ yz = +
RQ Tc It J
τ xy = x max + y
Torsion: T; B It J 200(2(0.5) 3 /3) 600(0.5)
Bending Moment: Mx; Shear Stress ( )
125 2(0.5) 3 / 3 − 600(0.5)
= +
B (π 0.5 /4)(1) (π 0.5 /2)
4 4
= −2.84 ksi
Bending Stress =
( )
π 0.54 / 4 (1)
+
(
π 0.54 / 2 ) = 3.4ksi

Problem 8.2.4
Mz=125(8)-75(3)
125lb
1600 lb-in
=775 lb-in Curved Beam in Bending

25.84o
Ty=200(3) 200lb
Mci
σi =
VR = 125 2 + 200 2 = 235.85lb =600 lb-in Mx=200(8) Aeri
775 lb-in
=1600 lb-in Mco
32o
200lb
M = 7752 + 16002 75lb
σo =
R 125lb
Aero

V = VR cos( 32° − 25.84°) = 1777.82 lb − in See Table 3-4

= 235.85cos6.14 = 25.31lb
A h

rn =
dA rc
ro

€ VQ Tc 25.31⋅ 2c 3 3 600c ∫ r b
ri
rn

τ= + = +
D = 2R = 2 9.12 + 3.144 2 = 19.25ksi Ib J (πc 4 4 )(2c ) πc 4 2
My h
25.84°
= 0.085 + 3.055 = 3.14ksi σ= rc = ri +
Ae(rn − y ) 2
h
M R c Ry
where rn = radius of neutral axis rn =
€ €
σ=− − =−
1777.82⋅ 0.5
−
75 ln(ro ri )
I A 4
π (0.5) 4 π (0.5)
2
rc = radius of centroidal axis
= −18.1 − 0.095 = −18.195ksi e = rc − rn

2

 Contact Stresses
Contact Stresses

• Hertzian Stress
• Hertzian Stress

– Spherical Contact
– Spherical Contact

a=3
( ) (
3F 1 −ν 12 E1 + 1 −ν 22 E2 ) a=3
( ) (
3F 1 −ν 12 E1 + 1 −ν 22 E2 )
8 1 d1 + 1 d 2 8 1 d1 + 1 d 2
3F 3F
pmax = pmax =
2πa 2 2πa 2
σ1 = σ 2 = σ x = σ y = σ1 = σ 2 = σ x = σ y =
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎛ ⎥ ⎢⎛ ⎥
z 1 ⎞ 1 z 1 ⎞ 1
− pmax ⎢⎜⎜1 − tan −1
⎟(1 +ν ) −
⎟ 2 ⎥
⎥ − pmax ⎢⎜⎜1 − tan −1
⎟(1 +ν ) −
⎟ 2 ⎥
⎥
⎢⎝ a z a ⎠ ⎛ z ⎞ ⎢⎝ a z a ⎠ ⎛ z ⎞
⎢ 2⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ ⎥ ⎢ 2⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ a ⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ a ⎠ ⎦
− pmax − pmax
σ3 = σ z = σ3 = σ z =
z2 z2
1+ 2 1+ 2
a a

Internally Pressurized Thin-Walled Cylinder

Cylindrical Contact
di
> 40 Thin − walled Cylinder
(
2 F 1 −ν E1 + 1 −ν 2
) ( 2
)E th
1 2 2
b=
πl 1 d1 + 1 d 2 di Stresses in Thin-

< 40 Thick − walled Cylinder
3F th Walled Cylinders:

pmax =
2πl
⎛ z 2 z ⎞⎟
σ x = −2νpmax ⎜ 1 + −
⎜
⎝ b 2 b ⎟⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜ 1 + 2 z ⎟
⎜ b 2 z ⎟
σ y = − pmax ⎜ − 2 ⎟
2 b
⎜⎜ 1 + z ⎟⎟
⎝ b2 ⎠
− pmax Figure 10.1 Internally pressurized thin-walled
σ z = σ3 = cylinder. (a) Stress element on cylinder; (b)
z2
1+ 2 stresses acting on element.
a

3

 di
> 40
Stresses in Pressurized Cylinders Problem 3-1

th

Thick-Walled
pi ri 2 − po ro2 − ri 2 ro2 ( po − pi ) r 2
σt = High Pressure Cylinder (pi=10MPa, ri=0.5m, t=5cm)

po
ro2 − ri 2
σ r . max = − pi = −10 MPa

Thick-walled Cylinder

pi ri − p r + ri r ( po − pi ) r
2 2 2 2 2
σ r = − pi = −10 MPa

Thin-walled Cylinder

σr = o o o
p r 10(0.5) σ θ . max =
( =
)
pi ro2 + ri 2 10(0.55 2 + 0.52 )
= 105.24 MPa
ro2 − r i
2
σθ = i i = = 100MPa ro2 − ri 2 0.55 2 − 0.52
t 0.05
pi
pi ri 2 pi ri 10(0.5) πri 2 pi 0.52 (10)
σl = σz = = = 47.62 MPa
σz = = = 50 MPa π (ro2 − ri 2 ) 0.55 2 − 0.52
r − ri 2
o
2
2t 2(0.05)

High Pressure Cylinder (pi=10MPa, ri=0.5m, t=2.5cm)

Thin-walled
pd i
σt = σ r = − pi = −10 MPa
2t σ r . max = − pi = −10 MPa
p(d i + t ) p r 10(0.5) ( )
pi ro2 + ri 2 10(0.5252 + 0.52 )
σr = σθ = i i = = 200MPa σ θ . max = = = 205.12 MPa
t 0.025 ro2 − ri 2 0.5252 − 0.52
2t
pi ri 10(0.5)
p
pd i σz = = = 100MPa πri 2 pi 0.52 (10)
σl = 2t 2(0.025) σz = = = 97.56 MPa
4t π (ro2 − ri 2 ) 0.5252 − 0.52

Pressurized Cylinders
3-16 Press and Shrink Fit
At the interface,
σ r = − p
R 2 + ri 2
(σ ) t i r =R
= −p
R 2 − ri 2
ro2 + R 2
2
(
pi ri 1 − (ro r )
2
) p r 2 ⎛ r 2 ⎞ (σ ) t o r =R
=p
σ r = 2 o o 2 ⎜⎜ i 2 − 1⎟⎟ ro2 − R 2
σr =
ro2 − ri 2 ro − ri ⎝ r ⎠ The total radial interference
δ = δi + δo
p r 2 1 + (r r )
σ θ = i i 2 o2
( 2
) −pr r 2
⎛ 2
⎞
σ θ = 2 o o2 ⎜⎜ i 2 + 1⎟⎟ (ε ) t o
=
2π (R + δ o ) − 2πR δ o (σ t )o vo (σ r )o
= = −
(σ ) ( )
(ε t )i = 2π (R − δ i ) − 2πR = − δ i = t i − vi σ r i
2πR R Eo Eo 2πR R Ei Ei
ro − ri ro − ri ⎝ r ⎠
At r = ri , σ r . max = − pi pR ⎛ ro2 + R 2 ⎞ pR ⎛ R 2 + ri 2 ⎞
δo = ⎜ +ν o ⎟⎟ δi = − ⎜ −ν i ⎟⎟
p r2 + r2 ( ) At r = ro , σ r .max = − po Eo ⎜⎝ ro2 − R 2 ⎠ Ei ⎜⎝ R 2 − ri 2 ⎠
σ θ . max = i 2o 2i δ
ro − ri 2ro2 pi p=
σ θ .max = − ⎡ 1 ⎛ r 2 + R 2 ⎞ 1 ⎛ R 2 + r 2 ⎞⎤
u pi 2
⎛ r + ri
o
⎞ 2 ro2 − ri 2 R ⎢ ⎜⎜ o2 2
+ν o ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ 2 o2 −ν i ⎟⎟⎥
⎣ Eo ⎝ ri − R ⎠ Ei ⎝ R − ri
εθ = = ⎜⎜ +ν ⎟⎟
ri E 2 2 ⎠⎦
⎝ r − ri
o ⎠
pi ri ⎛ ro2 + ri 2 ⎞ For same materials
Eδ (ro2 − R 2 )(R 2 − ri 2 )
u= ⎜⎜ 2 2 +ν ⎟⎟ p=
E ⎝ ro − ri ⎠ R [2R 2 (ro2 − ri 2 )]

4

 Press Fit - Front View

Interference Fit

δ r = δ rh − δ rs
3-15 Stresses in Rotating Rings

⎡ ro2 + rf2 ν rf2 + ri 2 ν ⎤ For
ro ≥ 10t
= rf p f ⎢ + h + − s ⎥
( 2 2
⎢⎣ Eh ro − rf) (
Eh Es rf2 − ri 2 Es ⎥⎦ ) σ t = ρω 2 ⎜
2 2
⎞⎛ 2 2 ri ro 1 + 3ν 2 ⎞
⎛ 3 +ν
⎟⎜⎜ ri + ro + 2 − r ⎟
(
2rf3 p f ro2 − ri 2 ) ⎝ 8
⎠⎝ r 3 +ν ⎟⎠
For same materials, δ r = 2 2
( )(
E ro2 − rf2 rf2 − ri 2 ) ⎛ 3 +ν ⎞⎛ 2 2 ri ro
σ r = ρω 2 ⎜ 2 ⎞
⎟⎜⎜ ri + ro − 2 − r ⎟⎟
2rf p f ro2 ⎝ 8 ⎠⎝ r ⎠
For hollow shaft(ri = 0), δ r =
(
E ro2 − rf2 )
⎛ 3 +ν ⎞⎛ 2 1 + 3ν 2 ⎞
σ t = ρω 2 ⎜
⎟⎜ ro − r ⎟
⎝ 8 ⎠⎝ 3 +ν ⎠
Rotating disk

2 ⎛ 3 + ν ⎞ 2
σ r = ρω ⎜ ⎟ ro − r
2
( )
⎝ 8 ⎠

Press Fit

Rotating Cylinders

For Hub
For Shaft

σθ − σ r dσ r 1 1
− = ω 2 rρ ε rh =
δ rh
= (σ θ −ν hσ r ) δ
ε rs = rs = (σ θ −ν sσ r )
r dr rf Eh rf Es
(
p f rf2 1 − ro2 rf2 )= −p p f rf2 ⎛ ri 2 ⎞
σr = ⎜ − 1⎟ = − p f
σr = f rf2 − ri 2 ⎜⎝ rf2 ⎟⎠
ro2 − rf2
3+ v ⎛ 1 + 3ν 2 ⎞ p r 2 ⎛ r 2 ⎞ p (r 2 + r 2 )
3+ v ri 2 ro2 1 + 3ν 2 ⎞
σθ = ρω 2 ⎜ ri 2 − r ⎟ 2
(
p f r 1+ r r
f
2 2
o f ) = p (r
f o
2
+ rf2 ) σ θ = − 2 f f 2 ⎜⎜ i 2 + 1⎟⎟ = − f 2 f 2 i
2 ⎛ 2 2 8 ⎝ 3 +ν ⎠ σθ =
σθ = ρω ⎜ ri + ro + 2 −
⎜ r ⎟
⎟ 2
r −r 2
r − rf2
2
rf − ri ⎝ rf ⎠ rf − ri
8 ⎝ r 3 +ν ⎠ 3+ v
o f o

2 2
σr =
8
ρω 2 ro2 − r 2 ( ) rf p f ⎛ ro2 + rf2 ⎞ rf p f ⎛ rf2 + ri 2 ⎞
3+ v 2 ⎛ 2 2 ri ro 2 ⎞ δ rh = uh = ⎜ +ν h ⎟ δ rs = us = − ⎜ −ν s ⎟
ρω ⎜⎜ ri + ro − 2 − r ⎟⎟ ⎜ 2 2 ⎟
(σ θ )max = (σ r )max = 3 + v ρ (roω )2
σr = Eh ⎝ ro − rf ⎜ 2
Es ⎝ rf − ri 2 ⎟
8 ⎝ r ⎠ at r = 0 ⎠ ⎠
2 8
(σ θ )max = 3 + v ρω 2 ⎜⎜ ro2 + ri (1 −ν ) ⎟⎟
⎛ ⎞
at r = ri
8 ⎝ 3 +ν ⎠

(σ r )max = 3 + v ρω 2 (ri − ro )2 at r = ri ro
8

5

 Shrink Fit

THERMAL STRESS

Increase in Temperature, ΔT, in both bars Achieve Interference by cool down the ‘hot’ hub after assembly

δr u
εr = = = αΔT
rf rf
where α = Coefficient of Thermal
Expansion (CTE) δ r = u = αrf ΔT

ΔT = Temperature change
1
Reaction Force
F = 0
F = E A α ΔT
εx =
E
[ ]
σ x − v(σ y − σ z ) + αΔT
Thermal Stress
σT = 0
σT = E α ΔT
1
[ ]
ε y = σ y − v(σ x − σ z ) + αΔT
E
Thermal Strain
εT = α ΔT
εT = 0

Thermal Displacement
δΤ = α ΔT Lo
δΤ = 0
F 1
[ ]
ε z = σ z − v(σ x − σ y ) + αΔT
E