2. Week 1.

Session

Example : Determine whether the series is convergent or divergent.

a)
1
X
cos n
n=1

Solution :limn!1 cos n does not exist. Hence the series is divergent.

b)
1
X n
p
n=1
n2 + 4
Solution : r r
n n2 n2
lim p = lim 2
= lim = 1 6= 0
n!1 n2 + 4 n!1 n +4 n!1 n2 +4
Since the limit is di¤erent then 0, the series is divergent.

c)
1
X 1 1
p p
n=1
n n+1
Solution :
n
X 1 1
sn = p p
i=1
i i+1
1 1 1 1 1 1
= p p + p p + + p p
1 2 2 3 n n+1
1
= 1 p
n+1
So
1
lim sn = lim 1 p =1
n!1 n!1 n+1
and the series is convergent.

d)
1
X 12
n
n=1
( 5)
Solution :
1
X X1 n 1
X n
12 1 12 1
n = 12 =
n=1
( 5) n=1
5 n=0
5 5
12 1 1
This is a geometric series with a = 5 and r = 5 and is convergent since jrj = 5 < 1. So its sum
1
X n 12
12 1 a 5
= = 1 = 2
n=0
5 5 1 r 1 5

1
 e)
1
X n

n=0
3n+1
Solution :
1
X n X1 n
1
=
n=0
3n+1 n=0
3 3
1
is a geometric series with a = 3 and r = 3 and is divergent since jrj = 3 > 1.

f)
X1
en
n=1
3n 1
Solution :
X1 X1 X1 1
X
en e n e e n e n
n 1
= 3 = 3 = e
n=1
3 n=1
3 n=0
3 3 n=0
3
e e
is a geometric series with a = e and r = 3 and is convergent since jrj = 3 < 1. So its sum
1
X n
e a e 3e
e = = e = :
n=0
3 1 r 1 3
3 e

g)
X1
n 1
n=1
3n 1
Solution :
n 1 1
lim = 6= 0
n!1 3n 1 3
Since the limit is di¤erent then 0, the series is divergent.

h)
X1
1 + 3n
n=1
2n
Solution : n
1 + 3n 1 3n 1 3
lim = lim + = lim + =1=
6 0
n!1 2n n!1 2n 2n n!1 2n 2
Since the limit is di¤erent then 0, the series is divergent.

2
 i)
X1
1 + 2n
n=1
3n
Solution :
X1 X1 1
X X1 n 1
X n
1 + 2n 1 2n 1 2
= + = +
n=1
3n n=1
3n n=1 3n n=1
3 n=1
3
X1 n X1 n
1 1 2 2
= +
n=0
3 3 n=0
3 3

This is a sum of two convergent geometric series. So its is also convergent and its sum is
1 2
3 3 5
1 + 2 = :
1 3 1 3
2

j)
1
X 3 2
+
n=1
5n n
Solution :
1
X X1 X1
3 2 3 1
+ = + 2
n=1
5n n n=1
5 n
n=1
n
P1 1
is divergent since the harmonic series n=1 n is divergent. If the given series is convergent, then the di¤erence
1
X X1 X1
3 2 3 1
+ = 2
n=1
5n n n=1
5 n
n=1
n

must be convergent but its not.

k)
1
X n
ln
n=1
n+1
Solution :
n
X X n
i
sn = ln = (ln i ln (i + 1))
i=1
i+1 i=1
= (ln 1 ln 2) + (ln 2 ln 3) + (ln n ln (n + 1))
= ln (n + 1)

Thus
lim sn = lim ln (n + 1) = 1
n!1 n!1

, so the series is divergent.

3
 2. Week 2. Session

Example : Determine whether the series is convergent or divergent.

a)
1
X 1
p
n 2
n=1
p
Solution : This is a p-series with p = 2 > 1, so it is convergent.

b)
1
X
n3
n2 e
n=1

2 x3
Solution : The function f (x) = x e is continuous, positive, and decreasing [1; 1), so the Integral Test
applies.
Z 1 Z r x=r
3
x3 1 x3 1 r3 1
x2 e x dx = lim x2 e dx = lim e = lim e e 1
=
1 r!1 1 r!1 3 x=1
r!1 3 3e
Since this improper integral is convergent, the series given is also convergent by the Integral Test.

c)
1
X n
n=1
n2 +1
x
Solution : The function f (x) = is continuous, positive, and decreasing [1; 1), so the Integral Test applies.
x2 +1
Z 1 Z r x=r
x x 1 2
dx = lim dx = lim ln x + 1 = lim ln r2 + 1 ln 2 = 1
1 x2 + 1 r!1 1 x2 + 1 r!1 2
x=1
r!1

Since this improper integral is divergent, the series given is also divergent by the Integral Test.

d)
X1 p
n+4
n=1
n2
Solution :
X1 p 1 p 1 1 1
n+4 X n X 4 X 1 X 1
2
= 2
+ 2
= 3 + 4 2
n=1
n n=1
n n=1
n n=1 n
2
n=1
n
P1 1 3
n=1 3 is convergent p-series with p = 2 > 1.
P1 n2
1
4 is a constant multiple of a convergent p-series with p = 2 > 1, so it is convergent. The sum of two
n=1 n2
convergent series is convergent, so the original series is convergent.

e)
X1
n2
n=3
en
x2
Solution : f (x) = ex

2xex x2 ex xex (2 x) x (2 x)
f 0 (x) = 2 = 2 = < 0 for x > 2:
(ex ) (ex ) ex

So, f is continuous, positive, and decreasing [3; 1), so the Integral Test applies.

4
 Z 1 Z r
x2 x2
dx = lim dx
3 ex r!1 3 ex
2
u=x dv = e x dx
du = 2xdx v = e x
Z Z Z
x2
dx = e x x2 e x 2xdx = e x x2 + 2 xe x
dx
ex
u=x dv = e x dx
du = dx v= e x
Z Z Z
x x
xe dx = e x e x dx = e x x + e x
dx = e x
x e x
+c

Z Z
x2 x 2 x x 2 x x
dx = e x +2 xe dx = e x +2 e x e +c
ex
x x
= 2e 2xe x2 e x
= e x
x2 + 2x + 2 + c

Z 1 Z r
x2 x2 x=r
dx = lim dx = lim e x x2 + 2x + 2
3 ex r!1 3 ex r!1 x=3

= lim e r r2 + 2r + 2 e 3 :17
r!1
13 r2 + 2r + 2 13 2r + 2 13 2
= lim = 3 lim = 3 lim
e3 r!1 e r e r!1 er e r!1 er
13
=
e3
Since this improper integral is convergent, the series given is also convergent by the Integral Test.

Example : Determine whether the series is convergent or divergent by using Comparison Test.

a)
1
X n
2n 3+1
n=1

Solution :
n n 1 1
< 3 = 2 < 2 for all n 1
2n3 + 1 2n 2n n
P1 n
P1 1
So n=1 2n3 +1 converges by comparison with n=1 n2 , which converges because it is a p-series with p = 2 > 1.

b)
1
X n3
n=1
n4 1
Solution :
n3 n3 1
2> = for all n
n4 1 n4 n
P1 n3
P1
So n=1 n4 1 diverges by comparison with n=1 n1 , which diverges because it is a p-series with p = 1 1 (harmonic
series).

5
 c)
1
X 9n
n=1
3 + 10n
Solution : n
9n 9n 9
n
< n = for all n 1
3 + 10 10 10
P1 9n
P1 9 n
So n=1 3+10 n converges by comparison with n=1 10 , which converges because it is a geometric series with
9
jrj = 10 < 1.

d)
1
X 6n
n=1
5n 1
Solution : n
6n 6n 6
> = for all n 1
5n 1 5n 5
P1 6n
P1 6 n
So n=1 5n 1 diverges by comparison with n=1 5 , which diverges because it is a geometric series with jrj =
6
5 > 1.

e)
X1
n sin2 n
n=1
1 + n4
Solution :
n sin2 n n n 1
< < 4 = 3 for all n 1
1 + n4 1 + n4 n n
P1 n sin2 n
P1 1
So n=1 1+n4 converges by comparison with n=1 n3 , which converges because it is a p-series with p = 3 > 1.

Example : Determine whether the series is convergent or divergent by using Limit Comparison Test.

a)
1
X 1
sin
n=1
n
Solution :
1
an = sin
n
1
bn =
n
P P
Then an and bn are series with positive terms and

an sin n1 sin t
lim = lim 1 = lim =1>0
n!1 bn n!1 t!0 t
n
P1 P1 1
Since n=1 bn is the divergent harmonic series, n=1 sin n also diverges.

6
b)
1
X 1
1
n=1 n1+ n
Solution :
1
an = 1
n1+ n
1
bn =
n
P P
Then an and bn are series with positive terms and
1
an n1+ n
1 n 1
lim = lim 1 = lim 1 = lim 1 =1>0
n!1 bn n!1 n!1 n1+ n n!1 nn
n
P1 P1 1
Since n=1 bn is the divergent harmonic series, n=1 1 also diverges.
n1+ n