SIM1003 Solutions of Tutorial 8 (2021/ 22 Sem 1)

Institute of Mathematical Sciences

University of Malaya
SIM1003 Calculus II
SOLUTIONS OF TUTORIAL PAPER 8
9.4 Comparison Test
n n n −1 n 1 n −1 1
2. 0< 4
≤ 4 ⇒0< 4 ≤ 4 ≤ 3 ⇒0< 4 ≤ 3 ∀n ≥ 1 .
n +2 n n +2 n +2 n n +2 n
By the Direct Comparison Test,
∞
1 converges ⇒ the series converges.
∑ n2
n =1

n n 1 n n+2 1 n+2
4. 0< 2
≤ 2 ⇒0< ≤ 2 ≤ 2 ⇒0< ≤ 2 ∀n ≥ 1 .
n n −n n n −n n −n n n −n
By the Direct Comparison Test, ∑ 1 diverges ⇒ the series diverges.
∞

n=1n

6. Diverges 8. Diverges 10. Diverges

12. Converges 14. Converges 16. Converges
1 3
18. ∀ n ≥ 1, n + n + n > n + n + 0 ⇒ 3n > n + n ⇒ > 0. >
n+ n n
∞ 1 ∞ 3
By the Direct Comparison Test, the harmonic series ∑ diverges ⇒ ∑ diverges.
n=1n n =1 n + n

1+ cosn 2
20. ∀n ≥1, 0 ≤ 1+ cosn ≤ 1+1 ⇒ 0 ≤ ≤ 2.
n2 n
∞ 1 ∞ 1 + cos n
By the Direct Comparison Test, the multiple of p-series ∑ 2
converges ⇒ ∑ converges.
n =1 n n =1 n2

n +1 n +1 1 an n +1
22. Let an = = and bn = 3 / 2 . lim = lim = 1 > 0.
n2 n n 5/ 2
n n →∞ b n →∞ n
n
∞ 1 ∞ n +1
Since ∑ 3/ 2
is a convergent p-series, by the Limit Comparison Test, ∑ also converges.
n =1 n n =1 n2 n

24. Converges. (Use Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with bn = 1 . lim an = ! = lim 30n = 5 .)
2
n n→∞ bn n→∞ 6n − 4

1 an 2
26. Converges. (Use Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with bn = 3/ 2
. lim = ! = lim 1 + 3 = 1 .)
n n→∞ b n→∞ n
n

28. Converges. (Use Limit Comparison Test (part 2) with bn = 1 . lim a n = ! = 2 lim ln n = 2 lim 1 = 0 .)
n 2 n→∞ bn n→∞ n n→∞ n

1 an 32
30. Converges. (Use Limit Comparison Test (part 2) with bn = 5/ 4
. lim = lim 1 / 4 = 0 .)
n n →∞ b n →∞ n
n

32. Let f ( x) = ln( x + 1) . The function is positive, continuous and decreasing for x ≥ 2.
x +1
ln(b+1)
∞
ln(x +1) b
ln(x +1) ln(b+1) ⎡ u2 ⎤ 1
∫ dx = lim ∫ dx = lim ∫ u du = lim ⎢ ⎥ = lim ⎡⎣(ln(b +1))2 − (ln 3)2 ⎤⎦ = ∞ .
2 x +1 b→∞
2 x +1 b→∞
ln3
b→∞ 2
⎣ ⎦ln3 2 b→∞

∴ The integral diverges. By the Integral Test, the series

∞
ln(n + 1) diverges.
∑
n =1 n + 1

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 SIM1003 Solutions of Tutorial 8 (2021/ 22 Sem 1)
1 1
34. Converges. (Use Limit Comparison Test with 3/ 2
or Direct Comparison Test with bn = 3/ 2
.)
n n

36.
∞
n + 2n ∞
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1 1 1 1
∑ n 2 2 n ∑ ⎜⎝ n2 n + n 2 ⎟⎠ .
= 0 < n + 2 ≤ n + 2 ∀ n ≥ 1. .
n2 n 2 n
n =1 n =1
∞
1 ∞
1
∑ 2 n is a convergent geometric series with |r | = ½ < 1 and ∑ n 2 is a convergent p-series with
n =1 n =1

p = 2 > 1. Hence, ∑ ⎛⎜ 1 + 1 ⎞⎟ = ∑ 1 + ∑ 1 converges.

∞ ∞ ∞

n
n =1 ⎝ 2 n 2 ⎠ n=1 2 n n=1 n 2
By the Direct Comparison Test, the series ∑ ⎛⎜ 1 + 1 ⎞⎟ converges.
∞

n
n =1 ⎝ n 2 n2 ⎠
38. 3 n −1 + 1 ⎛1 1 ⎞ 1
lim n
= lim ⎜ + n ⎟ = ≠ 0 . ∴ The series diverges by the n-th term test for divergence.
n →∞ 3 n → ∞⎝ 3 3 ⎠ 3
n
40. Converges. (Use Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with bn = ⎛⎜ 3 ⎞⎟ . lim an = 1 > 0.)
⎝4⎠ n→∞ bn

42. Converges. (Use Limit Comparison Test (part 2) with bn = e n . lim an = 0 .)

n→∞ b
n

1
44. Converges. (Use Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with bn = 3
. lim an = 1 > 0.)
n n→∞ b
n

an tan 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ sin 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ sin u ⎞

46. Diverges. (Use Limit Comparison Test with bn = 1 . lim = lim 1 n = lim ⎜ 1 ⎟⎜ 1 n ⎟ = lim⎜ ⎟ lim⎜ ⎟ = 1 .)
n →∞ n bn n→∞ n n→∞⎜⎝ cos n ⎟⎠⎜⎝ n ⎟⎠ u→0⎝ cos u ⎠ u→0⎝ u ⎠

π sec −1 n π ∞ π π ∞ 1
48. ∀n ≥1, 0 < sec −1 n < ⇒ 0< 1⋅3
< 1⋅3
. ∑ 1⋅3
= ∑ converges because it is the product
2 n 2n n =1 2n 2 n =1 n1⋅3
π ∞ sec −1 n
of convergent p-series (p = 1.3 > 1) and . By the Direct Comparison Test, ∑ 1⋅3
converges.
2 n =1 n

1 an
50. Converges. (Use Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with bn = 2
. lim = lim tanh n = 1 .)
n n →∞ b n →∞
n

1 an
52. Converges. (Use Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with bn = 2
. lim = lim n n = 1 .)
n n →∞ b n →∞
n

1 6 6 ∞ 6 ∞ 1
54. ∀n ≥1, 0< 2 2 2
= ≤ 3. ∑ 3
=6 ∑ converges because it is the
1+ 2 + 3 +!+ n n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n n =1 n n =1 n3
product of convergent p-series (p = 3 > 1) and 6.
∞ 1
By the Direct Comparison Test, ∑ converges.
n =1 1 + 2 + 32 + ! + n 2
2

1 a
56. Diverges. (Use Limit Comparison Test (part 3) with bn = . lim n = lim(ln n) 2 = ∞. .)
n n→∞ bn n→∞

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 SIM1003 Solutions of Tutorial 8 (2021/ 22 Sem 1)
9.5 The Ratio and Root Tests
an+1 n + 3 3n n+3 3n 1
2. lim = lim n+1 ⋅ = lim lim = < 1 . By the Ratio test, the series converges.
n→∞ a n→∞ 3 n + 2 n→∞ n + 2 n→∞ 3n+1 3
n

an+1 2 n+2 n3n−1 2 n 2

4. lim = lim n
⋅ n+1
= lim = < 1 . By the Ratio test, the series converges.
n→∞ an n→∞ (n +1)3 2 3 n→∞ n +1 3

an+1 3n+3 ln n ln n
6. lim = lim ⋅ n+2 = 3lim = ... = 3 > 1 . By the Ratio test, the series diverges.
n→∞ an n→∞ ln(n +1) 3 n→∞ ln(n +1)
an+1
8. lim = 5 > 1 . Diverges by the Ratio test. 10. lim n an = 0 < 1 . Converges by the Root Test.
n→∞ an n→∞

12. lim n an = 2 > 1 . Diverges by the Root Test. 14. lim n an = 0 < 1 . Converges by the Root Test.
n→∞ n→∞

16. lim n an = 0 < 1 . Converges by the Root Test.

n→∞
2
an+1 (n +1)2 e n 1 ⎛ 1⎞ 1
18. lim = lim n+1 ⋅ 2 = lim ⎜1+ ⎟ = (1) < 1 . By the Ratio test, the series converges.
n→∞ an n→∞ e n e n→∞ ⎝ n ⎠ e

an+1 n
20. lim = lim = ∞ . By the Ratio test, the series diverges.
n→∞ an n→∞ 10
n
22. lim a n = lim (1 + (−2 / n)) = e −2 ≠ 0 . By the n-th term test, the series diverges.
n→∞ n→∞

24. A geometric series with | r |= − 2 / 3 < 1. The series converges.

n
⎛ (−1 / 3) ⎞ −1 / 3
26. lim a n = lim ⎜1 + ⎟ =e ≠ 0 . By the n-th term test, the series diverges.
n →∞ n →∞ ⎝ n ⎠

ln n ln x
28. lim n an = lim . Let f ( x) = , x ≥ 1. Then the function agrees with the given sequence at
n→∞ n
n→∞ x
ln n
positive integers. lim ln x = lim 1 / x = 0 . ∴ lim = 0 < 1 . By the Root Test, the series converges.
x→∞ x x →∞ 1 n →∞ n
an+1 1
30. lim n an = 0 < 1 . Converges by the Root Test. 32. lim = <1. Converges by the Ratio Test.
n→∞ n→∞ an 2
an+1 1 an+1 2
34. lim = <1. Converges by the Ratio Test. 36. lim = <1. Converges by the Ratio Test.
n→∞ an e n→∞ an 3
an+1 1
38. lim = <1. Converges by the Ratio Test. 40. lim n a n = 0 < 1 . Converges by the Root Test.
n→∞ an e n→∞

an+1 3 an+1 2
42. lim = > 1. Diverges by the Ratio Test. 44. lim = <1. Diverges by the Ratio Test.
n→∞ an 2 n→∞ an 3
an+1
58. lim = 27 > 1. Diverges by the Ratio Test.
n→∞ an

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 SIM1003 Solutions of Tutorial 8 (2021/ 22 Sem 1)

n! 1⋅ 2⋅ 3⋅!⋅ n 1⋅ n ⋅ n ⋅!⋅ n 1
60. For n ≥ 2, lim n an = lim = ≤ = lim = 0 < 1.
n→∞ n→∞ n n n ⋅ n ⋅ n ⋅!⋅ n n ⋅ n ⋅ n ⋅!⋅ n n→∞ n
The series converges.

60. lim n an = ∞ . Diverges by the Root Test.

n→∞

64. 1.2 ⋅ 3.4 ⋅ 5.6 ⋅!⋅ 2n (2n)! .

an = 2
= 2
n 2n n
(2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ⋅!⋅ 2n) (3 +1) 2 (n!) (3 +1)
an+1 (2n + 2)(2n +1)(3n +1) (4n 2 + 6n + 2)(3 − n + 1) 1
lim = lim 2 2 = lim = < 1.
n→∞ an n→∞
2 ( n +1) (3n+1 +1) n→∞ (4n 2 + 8n + 4)(3 − n + 3) 3
∴ The series converges by the ratio test.
9.6 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional convergence

∞ (−1) n+1 ∞ 1 ∞ (−1) n+1

2. ∑ 3/ 2
= ∑ 3/ 2
which is a convergent p-series ⇒ ∑ 3/ 2
converges absolutely.
n=1 n n=1n n=1 n

4 4
4. Let u n = 2
, n = 1,2,3,! and let f ( x) = , x ≥ 1. Then (i) u n ≥ 0 ∀ n.
(ln n) ln x
4 4 4
(ii) u n = < = u n+1 , ∀n ≥ 1. (iii) lim u n = lim = 0.
2 2
(ln n) (ln(n + 1)) n →∞ x →∞ (ln n) 2
By the alternating series test, the series converges.

n2 + 5 1 + (5 / n 2 ) n2 + 5
6. lim = lim = 1. As n→∞, an = (−1) n+1
alternates between 1 and −1.
n→∞ n 2 + 4 n→∞ 1 + (4 / n 2 ) n2 + 4
By the nth-term Test for divergence, the series diverges.

8.
∞
10 n ∞
10 n converges by the ratio test. ∴
∞
10 n converges absolutely.
∑ (−1) n =∑
(n + 1)! n=1 (n + 1)!
∑ (−1) n (n + 1)!
n =1 n =1

10. Converges by the alternating series test.

12. Converges by the alternating series test.

3 n +1 1 + (1 / n) 3 n +1
14. lim = 3 lim = 3 . As n→∞, a n = (−1) n+1 alternates between 3 and −3.
n→∞ n +1 n) n→∞ 1 + (1 / n +1
By the nth-term Test for divergence, the series diverges.

∞ (−1) n +1 ∞ 1 1 1
and ∑ 1 n is a convergent geometric series
∞
16. ∑ n
=∑ n
. For n ≥ 1, n
≤ n
n =1 (10 ) n n =1 (10 ) n (10 ) n (10 ) n =1 (10)
n +1
∞ (−1)
⇒ ∑ converges absolutely by the direct comparison test ⇒ the series converges.
n =1 (10 )n n

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 SIM1003 Solutions of Tutorial 8 (2021/ 22 Sem 1)
n
∞ (−1) ∞ 1 1 1 1 ∞ 1
18. ∑ =∑ . For n ≥ 1, ≥ = and ∑ is a divergent series
n=1 1 + n n =11 + n 1+ n n+ n 2 n n =1 2 n
∞ (−1) n ∞ (−1) n
⇒ ∑ diverges by the direct comparison test ⇒ ∑ does not converge absolutely.
n =1 1 + n n =11 + n
1 1 1
Let u n = , n = 1,2,3,! . Then (i) u n ≥ 0 ∀ n , (ii) ≥ , ∀n ⇒ u n ≥ u n+1 ∀n
1+ n 1+ n 1+ n +1
1 ∞ ( −1) n
and (iii) lim u n = lim = 0. By the alternating series test, ∑ converges.
n→∞ n→∞ 1 + n n =11 + n
Therefore the series converges conditionally.

n! 2 n−1 1 1 n+1 n!
20. Since lim > lim = lim = . Hence lim (−1) ≠ 0.
n→∞ 2 n n→∞ 2 n n→∞ 2 2 n→∞ 2n
By the nth-term Test for divergence, the series diverges.

∞ sin n ∞ sin n sin n 1 ∞ 1

n
22. ∑ (−1) 2
= ∑ 2 . For n ≥ 1, 0 ≤ 2 ≤ 2 and ∑ 2 is a convergent p-series ⇒
n =1 n n =1 n n n n =1 n

∞ (−1) n sin n
∑ converges absolutely by the direct comparison test ⇒ the series converges.
n =1 n2
n n
(−2) n+1 ∞ 2 n+1 2 n +1 2 n +1 ⎛2⎞ ∞ 2
and ∑ 2⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
∞
24. ∑ n
= ∑ n
. For n ≥ 1, n
< n
= 2⎜ ⎟ is a convergent geometric series
n=1 n + 5 n=1 n + 5 n+5 5 ⎝5⎠ n =1 ⎝5⎠
(−2) n+1
∞ ∞ (−2) n+1
⇒ ∑ n
converges ⇒ ∑ n
converges absolutely.
n=1 n + 5 n =1 n + 5

26. lim n 10 = lim 101 / n = 1 . As n→∞, an = (−1) n+1 n 10 alternates between 1 and −1.
n→∞ n→∞
By the nth-term Test for divergence, the series diverges.
∞ ∞
28. Converges conditionally. (Hint: Show that ∑ a n diverges by integral test and ∑ an converges by the
n =1 n =1
alternating test.)
∞
nln n ∞ ln n 1 1 ln n 1 ∞ 1
30. ∑ (−1) =∑ . For n ≥ 1, n − ln n < n ⇒ > ⇒ > and ∑ diverges
n =1 n − ln n n=1n − ln n n − ln n n n − ln n n n =1 n
∞ ln n ∞ ln n
⇒∑ diverges by the direct comparison test ⇒ ∑ (−1) n does not converge absolutely.
n =1 n − ln n n =1 n − ln n
ln n ln x
Let u n = , n = 1, 2 ,3 ,! and let f ( x) = , x ≥ 1. Then (i) u n ≥ 0 ∀ n.
n − ln n x − ln x
1 − ln x
(ii) f ʹ( x) = < 0 ∀ x > e . ∴ f is decreasing for x > e. Thus, u n ≥ u n+1 for n > e.
(x − ln x )2
ln x 1/ x 1
(iii) lim u n = lim f ( x) = lim = lim = lim = 0.
n →∞ x→∞ x→∞ x − ln x x→∞ 1 − (1 / x) x→∞ x − 1

By the alternating series test, the series converges. Therefore the series converges conditionally.
n
∞
−n
∞
−n
∞ ⎛1⎞ ∞
32. ∑ (−5) = ∑5 = ∑ ⎜ ⎟ which is a convergent geometric series ⇒ ∑ (−5) −n converges absolutely
n =1 n =1 n =1⎝ 5 ⎠ n =1

⇒ the series converges.

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 SIM1003 Solutions of Tutorial 8 (2021/ 22 Sem 1)
n −1
(−1) 1 . For n ≥ 1 ⇒ 0 < 2 1 1
∞ ∞
34.
∞
1
∑ 2
=∑ 2 < 2 and ∑ n2 is a convergent p-series
n =1 n + 2n + 1 n=1 n + 2n + 1 n + 2n + 1 n n =1
∞
1
∞
(−1) n −1
⇒ ∑ n 2 + 2n + 1 converges by the direct comparison test and hence ∑ n 2 + 2n + 1 converges absolutely.
n =1 n =1

∞ cos nπ ∞ (−1) n
36. ∑ =∑ is the alternating harmonic series which converges conditionally.
n=1 n n=1 n

a n +1 1 a n +1 3
38. lim = . Converges absolutely. 40. lim = . Converges absolutely.
n →∞ an 4 n →∞ an 4

n2 + n + n ( n 2 + n) − n 2 n
42. lim ⎛⎜ n 2 + n − n ⎞⎟ = lim ⎛⎜ n 2 + n − n ⎞⎟ = lim = lim
n→∞⎝ ⎠ n→∞⎝ ⎠ n 2 + n + n n→∞ n 2 + n + n n→∞ n 2 (1 + 1 ) + n
n
n 1 1
= lim = lim As n→∞, an = (−1) n ⎛⎜ n 2 + n − n ⎞⎟ alternates between ½ and
= .
n→∞ n(1 + ) + n n→∞ (1 + ) + 1
1 1
2 ⎝ ⎠
n n
−½ . By the nth-term Test for divergence, the series diverges.

∞ (−1) n ∞ 1 1
44. ∑ =∑ . Take bn = .
n=1 n + n +1 n=1 n + n +1 n
an n n 1 1 ∞ 1
lim = lim = lim = lim = and ∑ diverges
n→∞ b
n
n→∞ n + n + 1 n→∞ n 1 + (n + 1) / n ( )
n→∞ 1 + 1 + 1 / n 2 n=1 n

1 n
diverges by the limit comparison test ⇒ ∑ (−1)
∞ ∞
⇒ ∑ does not converge absolutely.
n=1 n + n + 1 n =1 n + n + 1

1
Let u n = , n = 1, 2 , 3 ,!. Then (i) u n ≥ 0 ∀ n ,
n + n +1
1 1
(ii) ∀n ≥ 1, > ⇒ u n > u n+1 ∀n and
n + n +1 n +1 + n + 2
1 ∞ (−1) n
(iii) lim u n = lim = 0 . By the alternating series test, ∑ converges.
n→∞ n→∞ n + n + 1 n =1 n + n + 1

Therefore the series converges conditionally.

∞
n
∞ 1 ∞ 2 1
46. ∑ (−1) csch n = ∑ = ∑ n −n . Take bn = n .
n =1 n =1 sinh n n =1e − e e
an 2 en 1 ∞⎛1⎞
n
lim
n→∞ b
= lim n
n→∞ e − e − n
n
e = 2 lim n ( )
n→∞ e 1 − (1 / e 2 n )
= 2 lim
( )
n→∞ 1 − (1 / e 2 n )
= 2 and ∑ ⎜ ⎟ is a convergent
n =1⎝ e ⎠
n
∞
geometric series ⇒ ∑ (−1) n csch n converges by the limit comparison test
n=1
∞ ∞
n
⇒ ∑ (−1) csch n converges absolutely ⇒ ∑ (−1) n csch n converges.
n=1 n=1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ∞ ∞ ∞
1
48. Let 1 + − − + + − − = ∑ a n . Then ∑ an = ∑ n 2 is a convergent p-series.
4 9 16 25 36 49 64 n =1 n =1 n =1
∞
∑ a n converges absolutely.
n =1
6