Chemistry Test Prep Guide
Concept 1: WHMIS and Lab Safety
WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System):
- Symbols: Identify hazards like flammability, health risks, corrosiveness, etc.
- Shapes and Colors:
- Caution: Yellow triangle (least severe).
- Warning: Orange diamond.
- Danger: Red octagon (most severe).
Examples of Household Chemicals:
- Vinegar: CH₃COOH (Acetic Acid).
- Ammonia: NH₃.
- Vitamin C: C₆H₈O₆ (Ascorbic Acid).
- Methane: CH₄.
- Salt: NaCl (Sodium Chloride).
- Water: H₂O.
- Drain Cleaner: Commonly NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide).
- Sugar: C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ (Sucrose).
Concept 2: Classifying Matter and Changes
Pure Substances:
- Elements: Single type of atom (e.g., Hydrogen - H).
- Compounds: Combination of atoms (e.g., Water - H₂O).
Mixtures:
- Homogeneous (Solutions): Evenly distributed (e.g., Saltwater).
- Heterogeneous (Mechanical Mixture): Uneven distribution (e.g., Sand and water).
Physical vs. Chemical Changes:
- Physical: Change in state or appearance; reversible (e.g., melting ice).
- Chemical: Formation of new substances; irreversible (e.g., rusting).
Indicators of Chemical Change:
- Color change.
- Gas production.
- Precipitate formation.
- Temperature change.
- Light emission.
Concept 3: A Closer Look at Atoms
Periodic Table Basics:
- Groups: Vertical columns; indicate the number of valence electrons.
- Periods: Horizontal rows; indicate the number of electron shells.
Atomic Structure:
- Protons = Atomic number.
- Neutrons = Atomic mass - Atomic number.
- Electrons = Number of protons (in neutral atoms).
Examples:
- Hydrogen: Atomic number 1, Atomic mass 1 → 1 proton, 0 neutrons, 1 electron.
- Cobalt: Atomic number 27, Atomic mass 59 → 27 protons, 32 neutrons, 27 electrons.
Bohr Diagrams:
- Fill electron shells in this order: 2, 8, 18.
Concept 4: Compounds
Ionic vs. Molecular Compounds:
- Ionic: Metal + Nonmetal (e.g., NaCl - Sodium Chloride).
- Molecular: Nonmetals only (e.g., H₂O - Water).
Naming Rules:
- Ionic: First element stays the same; second element ends with "ide" (e.g., Sodium
Chloride).
- Molecular: Use prefixes for the number of atoms (e.g., CO₂ = Carbon Dioxide).
Prefixes for Molecular Compounds:
1 = Mono, 2 = Di, 3 = Tri, 4 = Tetra, 5 = Penta, 6 = Hexa, 7 = Hepta, 8 = Octa, 9 = Nona, 10 =
Deca.
Concept 5: Chemical Reactions
Types of Chemical Reactions:
- Combustion: Reaction with oxygen (e.g., CH₄ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O).
- Corrosion: Slow reaction with oxygen (e.g., Rusting - Fe + O₂).
- Endothermic: Absorbs heat (e.g., Ice melting).
- Exothermic: Releases heat (e.g., Combustion).
Law of Conservation of Mass:
- Mass of reactants = Mass of products.
Example: If 23g of A reacts with 42g of B to form 65g of product, the remaining mass is 65g -
23g = 42g.
Writing Equations:
- Words to Formulas:
- Sodium chloride + water → Sodium hydroxide + hydrogen.
- NaCl + H₂O → NaOH + H₂.
- Formulas to Words:
- H₂O → Hydrogen + Oxygen.
- Water decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen.
Study Tips:
1. Practice filling in periodic table charts (atomic structure, Bohr diagrams).
2. Memorize WHMIS symbols and common chemical formulas.
3. Work through examples of balancing equations and naming compounds.
4. Understand the differences between physical and chemical changes, and how to identify
them.
