FINAL TERM
PART II. TRIGONOMETRY
Lesson I. ANGLES: BASIC CONCEPTS
Definition:
➢ Angle is the space commonly measured in
degrees and radians between two
intersecting lines or surface at or close to
the point where they meet.
➢ It can also be defined as the extent a ray is
rotated from its original or initial position
while keeping a fixed point as its rotation
fulcrum (this point is called the vertex of the
angle.
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1.1 UNITS OF ANGLES
Different Units Used in
Expressing Measures of
Angles
1. Degree.
➢ It is usually denoted as o
(symbol for degree).
➢ It represents 1/360 of full
rotation (revolution). It is
the most common unit of
angle.
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A protractor is a tool used to measure angles. It's typically a half-circle
with degree markings from 0 to 180.
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2. Radian.
➢ It is the standard unit of angular measure commonly denoted as rad.
➢ It is the central angle formed when the subtended arc is in
equivalent to the radius of a circle.
𝜋 = 3.14159265358979
1 rotation or 1 revolution = 2𝜋 = 6.283185307 6
3. Grad.
➢ It is sometimes called as gon, 4. Mil.
grade or gradian. ➢ It is expressed as mil or
➢ It is equivalent to 1/400 of a full angular mil. 1/6400 of a
circle. 1 grad = 9/10 degrees or 1 circle.
grad = 𝜋/200 rad.
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5. Minute.
➢ It is equivalent to 1/60 of a
degree.
6. Second.
➢ It is equivalent to 1/60 of a
minute.
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1.2 TYPES OF ANGLES
Based on Magnitude
a. Acute angle – angle with
measurement less than 90
degrees.
[Link] angle – angle measuring
exactly 90 degrees
c. Obtuse angle – angle with
measurement greater than 90
degrees but less than 180 degrees.
[Link] angle – angle equals to
180 degrees.
e. Reflex angle – angle greater than
180 degrees.
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1.2 TYPES OF ANGLES
Based on Relationship
a. Complementary angles – two angles having a sum of 90 degrees.
b. Supplementary angles – two angles forming a straight line or two
angles having a sum of 180 degrees.
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1.2 TYPES OF ANGLES
Based on Rotation
a. Positive angle – angle
formed by rotating a ray
in a counterclockwise
direction.
b. Negative angle – angle
formed by rotating a ray
in clockwise direction.
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1.3 CONVERSION OF ANGLES
Converting Angles from Degrees to Radian
Example: Convert 60o to radian.
o 𝜋 60𝜋 60 𝜋
Solution: 60 ( )= ÷ = rad
180𝑜 180 60 3
Converting Angle from Radian to Degrees
𝜋
Example: Convert to degrees.
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𝜋 180𝑜 o
Solution: ( ) = 22.5
8 𝜋
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Degree and Radian Measures
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Table for Converting Angles Between Different Units
𝜋 = 3.14159265358979 ≅ 3.1416
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Converting Angles Between Different Units
Example:
Covert 405 mil into grad.
Solution:
We can see from the table that 1 grad = 16 mil.
1 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 405 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑
405 mil = 405 mil x = = 25.31 grad
16 𝑚𝑖𝑙 16
Table of Equivalence for the Units of Measure of Angle
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Converting Angles from Degrees to Degree-Minute-Second (D-M-S)
Angles in degrees with decimal part can be converted to D-M-S equivalent.
a. The degree part of the D-M-S equivalent will just be the integral part of the original angle in
degrees.
b. The Minute part will be calculated by the formula: Minute = 60 x decimal part of the angle in
degrees. But only the integral part of the result will be the minute part in the D-M-S
equivalent.
The Second part will be calculated by the formula: Second = 60 x (decimal part of the Minute).
Example:
1. Convert 54.576 degrees to its D-M-S equivalent.
D = 54
M = 0.576 x 60 = 34.44 = 34 (just consider the integral part)
S = 0.44 x 60 = 26.4 = 26 (round off to whole number)
Thus, 54.576o = 54o 34’ 26”
1. Convert 26o13’42” to degrees equivalent.
Start with 42 / 60 = 0.7 , 0.7 + 13 = 13.7 , 13.7 / 60 = 0.2283 , finally add to 26
0.2283 + 26 = 26.2283 17
Exercises:
Convert the following angles into the
indicated units.
1. 45 grad → mil
2. 576 rad → degree
3. 5000 grad → rev
4. 34.9832 degree → D-M-S
5. 21o43’32” → degree
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