ɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɐɂə ɇȺ ɉɋɂɏɈɅɈȽɂɑɇȺɌȺ ɉɈɆɈɓ
ɇȺ ɉɈɋɌɊȺȾȺɅɂɌȿ ɉɊɂ ɁȿɆȿɌɊȿɋȿɇɂə ȼ ȻɔɅȽȺɊɂə
2
Ⱦ. Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜɚ¹, ɂ. Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɚ , ȿ. Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜɚ², ɉ. ɉɟɲɟɜɚ²
ɢ ȼ. ɋɥɚɜɨɜɚ³
¹Ʉɚɬɟɞɪɚ „ɉɪɟɜɚɧɬɢɜɧɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ”, ɎɈɁ, Ɇɍ ɋɨɮɢɹ
²Ʉɚɬɟɞɪɚ „ɋɨɰɢɚɥɧɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ”, ɎɈɁ, Ɇɍ ɋɨɮɢɹ
³ɋɟɤɰɢɹ „Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ”,
Ʉɚɬɟɞɪɚ „ɇɟɜɪɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɩɫɢɯɢɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ ɆȻɋ”, Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢ
ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ, Ɍɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɋɬɚɪɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ
Ɋɟɡɸɦɟ. Ɂɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɫɚ ɟɞɧɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢ
ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬ. ɉɪɢ ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɚɥɟɧ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɛɪɨɹɬ ɧɚ ɛɟɡɜɴɡɜɪɚɬɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɚɝɭɛɢ ɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɟɧ.
ɇɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɪɚɡɟɧɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɧɭɠɞɚ-
ɹɬ ɨɬ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ. ɐɟɥɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɨɭɱɚɬ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨ-
ɦɨɳ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ. ɇɚɩɪɚɜɟɧ
ɟ ɨɛɡɨɪɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ, ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɢ ɩɨ
ɜɴɩɪɨɫɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ-
ɬɟ ɨɬ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɩɨɫɨɱɜɚɬ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢɬɟ, ɨɤɚɡɜɚɳɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ
ɩɨɦɨɳ. Ⱥɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɚ ɫɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɢɱɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ
ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɡɚ ɫɩɟɲɧɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɹɧɟɬɨ ù.
Ʉɥɸɱɨɜɢ ɞɭɦɢ: ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɟ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ, ɐɋɆɉ, Ȼɴɥ-
ɝɚɪɢɹ
ORGANIZATION OF MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES FOR VICTIMS
OF EARTHQUAKES IN BULGARIA
2
D. Dimitrova¹, I. Mihailova , ȿ. Georgieva², P. Pesheva²
and V. Slavova³
¹Department "Preventive Medicine", Faculty of Public Health, MU Sofia
²Department "Social Medicine", Faculty of Public Health, MU Sofia
³Section "Disaster Medicine", Department "Neurology, Psychiatry and
DM", Medical Faculty, Trakia University Stara Zagora
Summary. The most devastating natural disasters of public importance are
the earthquakes. The number of irreversible and medical losses is significantly
large for the earthquakes of a catastrophic nature. On the territory of the earth-
quake significant part of the affected people need provision of psychological aid.
The aim of the study is to investigate the possibilities of organizing and providing
psychological assistance to affected populations in earthquakes in Bulgaria. The
study is based on overall review of legal documents, decrees and reports on is-
sues of providing psychological assistance in disasters. The survey results indi-
34 Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢ ɦɟɧɢɞɠɦɴɧɬ ɢ ɡɞɪɚɜɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, 46, 2015, ʋ 1
cate the institutions who provide psychological crisis intervention in Bulgaria and
the models of providing psychological assistance. Emphasis is placed on the main
aspects and trends in the provision of primary psychological disaster relief and
opportunities of a emergency medical care center to provide assistance.
Key words: earthquake, psychological aid, EMCC, Bulgaria
ȼ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢɬɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɤɚ-
ɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢ ɫ ɧɚɣ-ɝɨɥɹɦ ɪɢɫɤ ɡɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɨɬɨ ɡɞɪɚɜɟ ɫɚ ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟ-
ɫɟɧɢɹɬɚ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜ Ⱥɥɩɨ-ɏɢɦɚɥɚɣɫɤɢɹ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɟɧ
ɩɨɹɫ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɫ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɧɨɫɬ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢ ɫɚ ɩɥɢɬɤɨɮɨɤɭɫɧɢ
ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɭɞ, ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦ ɨɬ ɫɟɞɦɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɩɨ Ɋɢɯɬɟɪ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɴɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɫɨɱɢ, ɱɟ ɧɚɞ 98% ɨɬ ɬɟɪɢ-
ɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɟ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚ. ɇɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫɚ ɞɨ-
ɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɫɢɥɧɢ ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɣ-ɫɢɥɧɨɬɨ ɟ ɫ Ɇ 7.8
ɩɪɟɡ 1904 ɝ. ɫ ɟɩɢɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɜ ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (Ʉɪɟɫɧɟɧɫɤɚ
ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɧɚ ɡɨɧɚ). Ɍɨɜɚ ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɨɬɱɢɬɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɣ-ɝɨɥɹɦɨɬɨ
ɜ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ. ɋɢɥɧɢ ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹ (ɫ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɭɞ 6 ɢ ɩɨ-
ɜɢɫɨɤ) ɫɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɢ ɜ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɧɢ ɡɨɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ –
Ɇɚɪɢɲɤɚ, ɒɚɛɥɟɧɫɤɚ, Ƚɨɪɧɨɨɪɹɯɨɜɫɤɚ ɢ ɋɨɮɢɣɫɤɚ. Ƚɨɥɟɦɢ ɡɟ-
ɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫɚ: ɜ Ƚ. Ɉɪɹɯɨɜɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɡ
1909 ɝ. ɢ 1913 ɝ. ɫ Ɇ > 7; ɜ ɒɚɛɥɚ, 1901 ɝ. ɫ, Ɇ > 7; ɜ ɑɢɪɩɚɧ ɩɪɟɡ
1928 ɝ. ɫ Ɇ 6.9. ɋɟɪɢɨɡɧɢ ɫɚ ɢ ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɋɬɪɚɠɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɡ
1986 ɝ. ɫ Ɇ > 5, ɜ ɋɨɮɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ 1917 ɝ. ɫ Ɇ > 5 ɢ ɩɪɟɡ 1858 ɝ. ɫ ɢɧ-
ɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬ 9-ɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɩɨ ɆɒɄ-64 ɢ Ɇ 6.6, ɢ ɩɪɟɡ 1641 ɝ. ɫ Ɇ > 6 (ɩɨ
Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɚ, Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜ, 1964). ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɟ
ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɟ ɨɬ 2012 ɝ. ɫ Ɇ 5.8 ɜ ɉɟɪɧɢɤ [2, 4, 5, 8].
ɋɟɪɢɨɡɧɨ ɜɴɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɢ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɧɨɫɬ-
ɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɴɫɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ Ƚɴɪɰɢɹ, Ɍɭɪɰɢɹ, Ɋɭɦɴ-
ɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɢɜɲɚ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ. Ɉɬɱɢɬɚ ɫɟ, ɱɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɫɢɥɧɨ ɟ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱ-
ɧɨɬɨ ɜɴɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɦɟɠɞɢɧɧɨɮɨɤɭɫɧɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɟɬ-
ɪɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ȼɪɚɧɱɚ, Ɋɭɦɴɧɢɹ (1977 ɝ. ɫ Ɇ 6.9, 2004 ɝ. ɫ Ɇ 6,
2013 ɝ. ɫ Ɇ 4.7, 2014 ɝ. ɫ Ɇ 5.5), ɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɧɚ Ɇɪɚɦɨɪɧɨ ɢ
ȿɝɟɣɫɤɨ ɦɨɪɟ (1999 ɝ. ɜ ɂɡɦɢɬ ɫ Ɇ 7.5, ɜ ɂɫɬɚɧɛɭɥ ɧɚɞ 15 ɫɢɥɧɢ
ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ 4 ɜ. ɧɚɫɚɦ; 1912 ɝ. ɢ 1953 ɝ. ɫ Ɇ > 7). Ɍɟ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ
ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɢɡɦɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ [3, 5, 11, 18, 19, 20, 22].
Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ 10 ɝɨɞɢɧɢ
ɫɚ ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɂɧɞɨɧɟɡɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ 2004 ɝ. ɫ Ɇ 9.1 ɢ 2005 ɝ. ɫ Ɇ
8.6, ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɨɬ 2008 ɝ. ɫ Ɇ 8 ɢ ɩɪɟɡ 2010 ɝ. ɫ Ɇ 6.9, ɜ ɏɚɢɬɢ ɨɬ.
2010 ɝ. ɫ Ɇ 7 ɢ ɜ ɑɢɥɢ ɫ Ɇ 8.8, ɜ əɩɨɧɢɹ ɨɬ 11.03.2011 ɝ. ɫ Ɇ 8.9.
35
ɋɟɢɡɦɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɜɴɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɢɦɢ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɦɹɫɬɨ ɢ
ɫɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɚ. ɉɨɪɚɞɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɹɜɚɬ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɧɟɝɚ-
ɬɢɜɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɢ – ɠɟɪɬɜɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢ ɫɪɟɞ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ,
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɧɢ ɳɟɬɢ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɂɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɜɚɬ ɫɬɪɚɯ ɢ
ɩɚɧɢɤɚ ɫɪɟɞ ɯɨɪɚɬɚ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɬ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɨɪɚ-
ɠɟɧɢɹ: ɫɢɥɟɧ ɫɬɪɟɫ ɢ ɞɢɫɬɪɟɫ; ɨɫɬɪɚ ɫɬɪɟɫɨɜɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ; ɩɫɢɯɨ-
ɫɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɹɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪ. ȼɧɟɡɚɩɧɨ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɧɚɥɨɬɨ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ
ɝɨɥɹɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɭɞ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɯɨɪɚɬɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɨɧɧɚ ɤɪɢɡɚ (ȿ.
ȿricson). ɉɪɟɰɢɩɢɬɢɪɚɳɨɬɨ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟ ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɟ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɜɚɳ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɡɚɬɚ. ɉɪɟɰɢɩɢɬɢɪɚɳɨɬɨ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɚ ɫɟɪɢɨɡɧɚ ɡɚɩɥɚɯɚ ɡɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɰɟɥɹɜɚɧɟ
ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɬɟ ɦɭ. ɂɦɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ ɡɚɩɥɚɯɚ ɡɚ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɧɢɹ,
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ, ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɟ
ɜɚɠɟɧ ɫɦɢɫɴɥɴɬ ɧɚ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨ. ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɴɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɟ ɭɱɚɫɬ-
ɧɢɤ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟɬɨ, ɧɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɝɨ ɫɴɨɬɧɟɫɟ ɤɴɦ
ɫɟɛɟ ɫɢ, ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬ ɩɫɢɯɨɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɢ [1, 2, 4, 9, 10, 20,
22, 23]. Ɇɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɹɬ ɪɚɧɧɢ ɢ ɤɴɫɧɢ, ɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɬɪɚɣɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɴɥ-
ɝɨɬɪɚɣɧɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. ɂɦɚ ɫɟɪɢɨɡɧɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬ ɨɬ
ɬɪɚɣɧɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɢɨɡɧɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɧɢ ɪɚɡɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
ɇɚɥɚɝɚ ɫɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɬɚ ɨɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɹɜɚɧɟ
ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɚɪɬɹɜɚɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɦɚɥɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɣɧɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫ
ɛɴɪɡɨ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɢɬɟ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɧɢ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
ɐɟɥ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
ɐɟɥɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɢɬɟ
ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɢɱɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɧɚ ɩɨ-
ɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɭɞ ɜ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ. ɉɨɫɬɚɜɢɯɦɟ ɫɢ ɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ:
1. Ⱦɚ ɫɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɢɬɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡ-
ɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɫɢ-
ɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɭɞ, ɤɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢɬɟ,
ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪɧɢ ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ù;
2. Ⱦɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɪɢ
ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɭɞ;
3. Ⱦɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɬ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧ-
ɰɢɢɬɟ ɩɨ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɜ ɨɝɧɢ-
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ɳɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɚɬ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɐɟɧɬɴɪɚ ɡɚ
ɫɩɟɲɧɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧ ɟ ɞɟɫɤɪɢɩɬɢɜɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ,
ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɢ ɩɨ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ
ɩɨɦɨɳ ɩɪɢ ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹ, ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚ-
ɪɢɹ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɨɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɚɧɤɟɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɭɱ-
ɜɚɧɟ ɜ ɐɋɆɉ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬ Ȼɥɚɝɨɟɜɝɪɚɞ, ɨɬɧɨɫɧɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɹ-
ɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɭɞ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɫɴɠɞɚɧɟ
Ɂɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɨɬ 22 ɦɚɣ 2012 ɝ. ɜ ɉɟɪɧɢɤ ɫɟ ɨɬɱɢɬɚ ɤɚɬɨ
ɧɚɣ-ɫɢɥɧɨɬɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ 70 ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɢɡɫ-
ɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɡɢɬɟ ɧɚɧaɫɹ ɫɟɪɢɨɡɧɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɢ ɬɪɚɜ-
ɦɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɟɩɢɰɟɧɬɴɪɚ, ɜ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɹɬɚ
ɦɭ ɢ ɜ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɱɟɧɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɢ. ɂɡɹɜɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɟɫ ɢ ɬɪɟɜɨɠɧɨɫɬ ɫɚ ɧɚɛ-
ɥɸɞɚɜɚɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ 8 ɢ 12 ɝ. ɢ ɦɥɚɞɟɠɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ 20 ɢ 30 ɝ.
ɉɪɢ ɯɨɪɚɬɚ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɜɴɡɪɚɫɬ ɫɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɜɚɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɢ ɧɚ oɫɬɪɚ
ɫɬɪɟɫɨɜɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ, ɩɫɢɯɨɫɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɢ ɢ ɞɪ. ɉɟɪɢɨɞɴɬ ɧɚ
ɨɬɲɭɦɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɚ ɢ
ɨɬɱɢɬɚ ɨɬ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɡɢɬɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɭɞɴɥɠɟɧ, ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɱɟ ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟ-
ɫɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɱɚ ɫ ɩɨɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɨɬ ɡɟɦɟɬɪɴɫɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢɬɟɥɧɨɫɬ
ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɨɬ ɟɞɢɧ ɦɟɫɟɰ. ɉɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɧɢ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɫɪɨɤɴɬ ɧɚ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɹ-
ɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢɬɟ ɫ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɢ ɬɪɚɜɦɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɤɴɫɢ
ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɨɬ ɟɤɢɩɢ ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨ-
ɦɨɳ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɡɢ, ɩɫɢɯɢɚɬɪɢ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɞɪ. ɉɪɟɞɜɢɠɞɚ
ɫɟ, ɱɟ ɡɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 20% ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢɬɟ ɯɨɪɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ
ɨɬɡɜɭɱɢ ɧɚɣ-ɪɚɧɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɲɟɫɬ ɦɟɫɟɰɚ [1, 2, 3, 17, 18, 22].
Ɉɫɢɝɭɪɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢɬɟ ɩɪɢ
ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɨɬ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɚ-
ɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ. ȿɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɢɬɟ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɧɚɫɨɤɚ ɟ ɩɨɜɢ-
ɲɚɜɚɧɟ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɯɨɪɚɬɚ ɤɴɦ ɩɪɟɠɢɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɤɴɦ ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɬɚ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ. ɇɚɫɨɤɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɚ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɢɦɧɨ ɤɴɦ
ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɱɟ ɫɥɭɱɢɥɨɬɨ ɫɟ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɥɢɬɟ ɫɟ
ɩɫɢɯɨɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚɫɨɱɟɧɢ ɫɚ ɤɴɦ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɢ
ɬɪɟɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ [2, 22, 23].
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ɉɪɟɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɯɨɪɚ ɫ ɩɫɢ-
ɯɨɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɬɨ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɨɬ ɥɟɱɟɛɧɨ-ɟɜɚɤɭɚɰɢɨɧ-
ɧɨɬɨ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟɬɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ
ɢ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢ, ɜ ɬ.ɱ. ɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɟ-
ɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹ [2, 3, 15, 23] .
ȼ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱ-
ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɫɟ ɛɚɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɢɬɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɢ ɢ
ɩɪɚɤɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹ
ɩɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɢ ȻȺɇ ɢ Ʉɚɬɟɞɪɚ "ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ" ɧɚ ɋɍ "ɋɜ. Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ
Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ", ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɫɥɟɞ 1970 ɝ. (Ƀɨɥɨɜ, 1975; Ƀɨɥɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɥ., 1977;
Ƀɨɥɨɜ, 1981; Ƀɨɥɨɜ, 1989). Ɍɟɡɢ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɴɥɜɚɬ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹɬɚ
ɡɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ,
ɤɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɱɢɬɚɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɜɴɡɪɚɫɬɨɜɢ, ɟɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɧɢ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɤɴɦ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɧɚɥɨ-
ɬɨ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ. ɂɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɚɥɢɹ ɜɟɤ ɞɚɜɚɬ ɜɴɡɦɨɠ-
ɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɟɤɢɩɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɬɟ, ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪɧɢ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟɳɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ
ɧɚ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚɬɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ, ɞɚ ɫɴɨɛɪɚɡɹɬ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɬɚ
ɫɢ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ [2, 15, 21, 23].
Ɍɨɜɚ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɹɜɚ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɧɚɬɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱ-
ɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢ.
Ʉɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫɟ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹ-
ɜɚ ɨɬ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ: ɐɟɧɬɴɪ ɩɨ ɜɨɟɧɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɩ-
ɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɤɴɦ ȼɆȺ, ɞɧɟɫ ɐɟɧɬɴɪ ɩɨ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɧɨ ɡɞɪɚɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɟɧ-
ɰɢɹ (ɨɬ 2001 ɝ.); ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɩɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɤɴɦ ɆȼɊ; Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɨ
ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɟɬɢɬɟ ɢ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹ
ɩɨ ɠɩ ɢ ɜɨɞɟɧ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɤɴɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɡɚ ɧɚ Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ
ɇɟɜɪɨ-ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɧ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɩɪɢ Ʉɥɢɧɤɚ ɩɨ ɧɟɜɪɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɚ ɇɚɰɢɨ-
ɧɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɮɢɥɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɚ ɛɨɥɧɢɰɚ „ɐɚɪ Ȼɨɪɢɫ III”; ɫɥɭɠ-
ɛɚ ɡɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɢ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ,
ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢ ɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɤɴɦ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɩɨɦɚɝɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ
(ɂɉɂ); ɟɤɢɩɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ
ɩɨɦɨɳ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɫɨɰɢɚɥɧɚ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ ɤɴɦ ȻɑɄ; ɟɤɢɩ ɤɴɦ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɚɬɚ
ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɢ ȻȺɇ; Ʉɚɬɟɞɪɚ "ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ" ɧɚ ɋɍ
"ɋɜ. Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ" ɢ ɋɟɤɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɤɴɦ
ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɩɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ [2, 8, 19, 20]. ɉɨɫɨɱɟɧɢɬɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ
ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚɬ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɢ:
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1. ɐɟɧɬɴɪɴɬ ɩɨ ɜɨɟɧɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɤɴɦ
ȼɆȺ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧ ɩɪɟɡ 1992 ɝ., ɞɧɟɫ ɐɟɧɬɴɪ ɩɨ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɧɨ ɡɞɪɚɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɟ-
ɜɟɧɰɢɹ (ɐɉɁɉ), ɨɫɢɝɭɪɹɜɚ ɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɧɨ-
ɬɨ ɡɞɪɚɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɫɪɟɞ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɫɥɭɠɟɳɢɬɟ, ɜ ɬ.ɱ. ɢ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɧɚ
ɩɨɫɬɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɫɬɪɟɫɨɜɢ ɪɚɡɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɪɟɞ ɥɢɱɧɢɹ ɫɴɫɬɚɜ ɧɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɠɢɜɟɧɢ
ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ. ɉɪɨɜɟɠɞɚ ɢ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɢ, ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɧɢ, ɨɛɭɱɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ
ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢ, ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɫɴɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɬɨ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ, ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɴɫ
ɫɯɨɞɧɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɱɭɠɛɢɧɚ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢ ɢ ɞɪ. [2, 3, 10, 19].
2. ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɴɬ ɩɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɤɴɦ ɆȼɊ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɨɬ 2000 ɝ. Ɉɬ 2002 ɝ. ɟ ɫɴɡɞɚ-
ɞɟɧ ɢ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ "ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɬɢɪɚɧɟ", ɩɪɟɢɦɟ-
ɧɭɜɚɧ ɜ “Ʉɨɧɫɭɥɬɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ” ɨɬ 2009 ɝ. ɫ ɪɚɡɲɢɪɟɧɨ ɩɨɥɟ ɧɚ
ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɤɴɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɬɢɪɚɧɟ. Ⱦɟɣɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɩɨ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɤɴɦ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɩɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɚ ɆȼɊ ɫɟ
ɢɡɪɚɡɹɜɚɬ ɜɴɜ: ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɬɢɪɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɳɢ ɫɟ ɫɥɭ-
ɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɱɥɟɧɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ; ɩɪɟɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥ-
ɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɟɫ ɱɪɟɡ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɫɴɳɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ
ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɢ, ɧɚɱɢɧɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɹɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɫɦɟɤɱɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɬɚ,
ɧɚɥɢɱɧɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢ; ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɜɚɧɟ, ɩɪɟ-
ɞɨɫɬɚɜɹɧɟ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɢ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɨɜɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɢ
ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɹɧɟ ɫ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɟɫ; ɭɩ-
ɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɟɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɲɟɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ
ɩɨɫɬɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɫɬɪɟɫɨɜɨ ɪɚɡɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ; ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɬɢ-
ɪɚɧɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɟɫ [1, 2, 3, 11, 12, 13, 23].
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɟɤɢɩɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɧɚɫɨɱɟɧɢ ɤɴɦ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɫɢ-
ɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɨɬ ɆȼɊ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɚɜɚ-
ɪɢɢ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢ. ɉɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɟɛɪɢɮɢɧɝ ɫɟ ɭɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚ ɤɚɬɨ
ɡɚɞɴɥɠɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɬɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɫɥɟɞ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɟ-
ɥɢ ɜ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɢ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɢ [3, 10]. ɉɪɨɜɟɠɞɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥ-
ɧɢɬɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɠɚɪɧɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ
(ɉȻɁɇ) ɜ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ [1, 2, 3, 10].
ɋɟɤɬɨɪɴɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚ ɜɴɜ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɆȼɊ, ɚ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɴɬ
ɤɚɬɨ ɰɹɥɨ ɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɆȼɊ ɡɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɢɡɢ.
3. Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɩɨ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ
ɧɚ ɩɨɥɟɬɢɬɟ ɢ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɩɨ ɠɩ ɢ ɜɨɞɟɧ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɜ Ɇɟɞɢ-
ɰɢɧɫɤɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹ ɤɴɦ ɇɟɜɪɨ-ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɧ
39
ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɮɢɥɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɚ ɛɨɥɧɢɰɚ
„ɐɚɪ Ȼɨɪɢɫ III”, ɟ ɡɜɟɧɨ ɨɬ ɦɪɟɠɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨ-
ɦɨɳ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (ɨɬ 1982 ɝ.). ȼ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɢɦ ɫɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢ ɤɜɚ-
ɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɡɢ, ɩɫɢɯɢɚɬɴɪ ɢ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɟɧ ɥɟɤɚɪ. ȼɫɢɱɤɢ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɫɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɢ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɟɥ CISM
(Inerational Incident Stress Management) ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɹɬ ɫ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɹ
ɨɩɢɬ ɩɨ MAIDAY. ȿɤɢɩɴɬ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɚɝɚ ɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɢ ɚɜɢɚɰɢ-
ɨɧɧɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɡɢ ɨɬ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚ ɩɫɢ-
ɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɴɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɬɟ ù ɢ ɫɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɢ ɨɬ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫ-
ɤɚɬɚ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɚɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ (EFPA, European
Federation of Psychologists Association) [3,19,23].
4. ɋɥɭɠɛɚ ɡɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɢ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢ
ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢ ɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɤɴɦ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɩɨɦɚɝɚɧɟ
ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ (ɂɉɂ) ɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɢ-
ɡɢɫɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ (ɨɬ 2001 ɝ.) ɧɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ
ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ɍɭɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɚɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ. ɉɨ ɧɟɹ ɫɚ
ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢ ɧɚɞ 25 ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɡɢ (ɨɬ 2003 ɝ.), ɪɚɛɨɬɟɳɢ ɜ ɪɚɡ-
ɥɢɱɧɢ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ, ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɨɪ-
ɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɡɢ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɰɢ ɨɬ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɬɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚɬ ɜ ɨɛɭɱɟ-
ɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɨɬ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɰɢɹ ɉȻɁɇ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɢ
ɧɚ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ ɜ ɋɨɮɢɹ ɢ ɋɨɮɢɣɫɤɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱ-
ɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɧɚ ɞɟɰɚɬɚ ɜ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ. ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɴɬ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɩɨ-
ɦɚɝɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɠɞɚ ɦɪɟɠɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚ-
ɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɜ ɫɴɫɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɢ ɡɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɢ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ ɧɚ
ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɫɬɴɩɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɢ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ [2, 3, 28, 30].
5. ȿɤɢɩ ɨɬ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɡɢ ɤɴɦ Ʉɚɬɟɞɪɚ "ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ" ɧɚ ɋɍ "ɋɜ.
Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ" ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚɬ ɜ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨ-
ɦɨɳ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ.
6. ȿɤɢɩɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ (ɉɉɫɉ) ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɫɨɰɢɚɥɧɚ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ (ɉɋɉ) ɤɴɦ ȻɑɄ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɢ ɫɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɰɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚ-
ɥɢɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɉɉɫɉ. ȿɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ȻɑɄ ɭɱɚɫɬ-
ɜɚɬ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɫɪɟɳɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨ-
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ, ɨɛɦɟɧɹɬ ɨɩɢɬ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢ ɜ ȿɆɉɉ (ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚ ɦɪɟɠɚ ɧɚ ɑɄ/ɑɉ ɡɚ ɉɋɉ). ɍɦɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ
ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɬ ɟɤɢɩɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɰɢ
ɤɴɦ ȻɑɄ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ[2, 3, 9, 10, 20].
7. ɋɟɤɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɤɴɦ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɩɨ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ (2008 ɝ.). Ɉɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɩɴɪɜɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨ-
40
ɦɨɳ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɱɪɟɡ ɫɴɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɨɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɜɚɳɢɬɟ
ɥɟɤɚɪɢ (ɈɉɅ). ȿɤɢɩɴɬ ɫɟ ɫɴɫɬɨɢ ɨɬ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝ, ɫɴɜɟɬɧɢɤ ɩɨ ɩɫɢ-
ɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɥɟɤɚɪ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɟɧ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ. Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɨɪɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɋɟɤɰɢɹ-
ɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɹɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɢ
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɪɟɠɚ ɨɬ ɟɤɢɩɢ ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨ-
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɧɚ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɢ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ, ɫɴɨɛ-
ɪɚɡɟɧɢ ɫ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɬɟ ɧɭɠɞɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ.
ɋɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɡɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ, ɤɨ-
ɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɤɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɟɧ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ. Ɉɫɴ-
ɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɴɪɲ-
ɜɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ [2, 23].
1. ɋ ɨɝɥɟɞ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɫɬɪɟɫɨɜɨ ɪɚɡ-
ɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ “Ʉɨɧɫɭɥɬɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ” ɤɴɦ
ɆȼɊ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɢ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɟɫɚ. ɇɚɣ-ɱɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɧɚɬɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɟ ɞɟɛɪɢ-
ɮɢɧɝɴɬ [2, 28, 30, 31]. Ɍɨɣ ɟ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɨɜɚ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ
ɫɥɟɞ ɩɪɟɠɢɜɹɧɨ ɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟ. Ⱦɟɛɪɢɮɢɧɝɴɬ ɟ ɧɚɫɨɱɟɧ
ɤɴɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɹɜɚɧɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɢɱɚɣɧɢɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ɧɚ ɫɬɪɟɫ ɢ ɧɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɬɨ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɴɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨ-
ɧɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɢɡɢɫɤɜɚɬ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ.
2. Ɇɨɞɟɥɴɬ ɧɚ Everly ɢ Mitchel ɡɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɟɫɚ ɟ
ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɚɧ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɟɧ ɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɰɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ. ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɡɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɬ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥɢ
ɨɬ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɞɢɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɤɴɦ ɆȼɊ.
3. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɩɨ CISM (International Incident
Stress Management) ɟ ɧɚɫɨɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ [28, 30]:
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɠɢɜɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɨɬɨ
ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɹ-
ɧɟ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɟɫɚ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɜ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɟɧ ɩɥɚɧ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɫ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɱɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɢ ɤɭɪ-
ɫɨɜɟ ɢ ɬɪɟɧɢɧɝɢ (ɩɴɪɜɢɱɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ);
ɢɡɝɨɬɜɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɡɚ
ɪɟɚɝɢɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɫɬɴɩɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɛɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɨɬɨ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟ;
ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɟɛɪɢɮɢɧɝ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɜ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɬɚ;
ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɫɥɟɞ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɚ ɧɚɦɚɥɹ-
ɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɟɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɟɫ
(ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ);
41
ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɨɱ-
ɜɚɧɟ ɤɴɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥɢ, ɩɪɟɠɢɜɟɥɢ ɛɟɞɫ-
ɬɜɢɟ (ɬɪɟɬɢɱɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧ-
ɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ).
4. ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɹɬ ɨɩɢɬ ɧɚ MAIDAY ɟ ɧɚɫɨɱɟɧ ɤɴɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɚ ɫ
ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɧɢ ɟɤɢɩɚɠɢ ɢ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɥɟɬɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɩɫɢɯɨɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ [2, 28, 30].
5. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ɍɭɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɚɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɲɚɜɚɧɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɢ
ɩɨɞɨɛɪɹɜɚɧɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢɬɟ ɩɨ ɜɪɟ-
ɦɟ ɧɚ ɢ ɫɥɟɞ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɫ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢ ɧɚɫɨɤɢ ɡɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɚ ɞɟɰɚ ɢ
ɜɴɡɪɚɫɬɧɢ. ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɡɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢɬɟ ɢ ɨɪ-
ɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɩɨɦɨɝɧɚɬ [2, 28, 30].
6. Ɇɨɞɟɥ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨ Golan (1978 ɝ.). Ɇɨɞɟ-
ɥɴɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚ ɬɪɢ ɮɚɡɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ, ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɸɱɜɚ-
ɧɟ. Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚɬɚ (ɩɴɪɜɚ ɫɟɫɢɹ) ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚ ɟɬɚɩ ɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ, ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚ: ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɰɢɩɢɬɢɪɚɳɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ;
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɰɟɧɤɚ ɡɚ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟɬɨ; ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚɬɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɢ-
ɬɟɥɧɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɨɬɨ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟ; ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɨɬɨ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ; ɩɪɟ-
ɰɢɡɧɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɚ-
ɞɚɥɢɹ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɧɚ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɴɪɫɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
ɡɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɚɬɪɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢɹ ɢ ɫɟ
ɩɪɚɜɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɹ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɧ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ. ȼ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɟɬɚɩ
ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢɹɬ ɢ ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɴɬ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɚɬ ɫɴɝɥɚɫɢɟ ɡɚ ɰɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪ-
ɜɟɧɰɢɹɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɧɟɬɨ (ɨɬ 1-4 ɫɟɫɢɹ) ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɴɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɱɧɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɢ
ɤɪɢɡɚɬɚ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɹɧɟ, ɫɢɥɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɢɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɧɚ
ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢɹ, ɧɚɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɴɪɠɚɳɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ. ɉɨɫɬɚ-
ɜɹɬ ɫɟ ɦɚɥɤɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɛɟɥɹɡɜɚɬ ɦɟɪɤɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɚɧɟɬɨ ɢɦ. ȼ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɮɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɤɥɸɱɜɚɧɟ (5-6 ɫɟɫɢɢ) ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢɹɬ ɢ ɬɟ-
ɪɚɩɟɜɬɴɬ ɩɪɚɜɹɬ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɬɢɬɟ ɰɟɥɢ, ɪɟɲɚɜɚɬ ɞɚɥɢ ɦɨɝɚɬ
ɞɚ ɩɪɢɤɥɸɱɚɬ ɢ ɨɛɫɴɠɞɚɬ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɟɬɟ ɡɚ ɛɴɞɟɳɟɬɨ [2, 21, 23].
Ɉɤɚɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɲɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟɧ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɧ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɡɚ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɟ-
ɨɞɨɥɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɢɹ ɫɬɪɟɫ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɹɜɚɧɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɩɨɫɬɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɧɢ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɟɫɨɜɢ ɪɚɡɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɪɟɞ ɨɰɟ-
ɥɟɥɢɬɟ, ɫɪɟɞ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɜ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨ-ɫɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ,
ɜɨɟɧɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢɬɟ ù ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɫɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚɬ ɫ
42
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢɬɟ, ɞɨɜɟɥɢ ɞɨ ɤɪɢɡɚɬɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɟ ɫ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ-
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ, ɨɫɢɝɭɪɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɧɚ ɢ ɟɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ
ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ ɢ ɞɪ. Ʉɪɢɡɢɫɧɚɬɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɨɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɞɨ ɲɟɫɬ ɫɟɞɦɢɰɢ. ɉɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɡɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱ-
ɧɚ ɬɪɚɜɦɚ ɫɥɟɞ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɤɚɠɟ ɧɚɣ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɞɨ 36-48
ɱ. ɫɥɟɞ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ù. ɉɴɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɧɨ ɫɟ ɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɬ.ɧɚɪ. ɩɴɪɜɚ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ, ɫɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɟɫɜɚɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɬɟ ɩɨ
ɩɫɢɯɢɱɧɨ ɡɞɪɚɜɟ ɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚ ɤɴɦ ɩɫɢɯɨɫɨɰɢɚɥɧɚ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ ɫ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ. ȼ
ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɠɤɨ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚɧɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɟ
ɢɡɢɫɤɜɚ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɫɚ ɨɬ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝ, ɩɫɢɯɢɚɬɴɪ ɢɥɢ ɥɟɤɚɪ. ɂɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥ-
ɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɟ, ɫɥɟɞ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ, ɟɤɢɩɢɬɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚɬ ɩɪɟɡ ɞɟɛɪɢɮɢɧɝ, ɩɨɞ-
ɩɨɦɚɝɚɳ ɨɬɪɟɚɝɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɢɬɟ ɜɴɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ [21, 23].
ɂɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɢɹ ɫɴɫɬɚɜ ɧɚ ɐɋɆɉ ɬɢɩ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɨ ɚɧɤɟɬɧɨ
ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɟɧɨ 2013 ɝ. ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ Ȼɥɝɨɟɜɝɪɚɞ, ɧɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɜɚ, ɱɟ ɜ
ɫɬɭɤɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɚɝɚɬ ɫ ɟɤɢɩɢ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɴɪ-
ɜɢɱɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɩɪɢ ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɭɞ [2].
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚɬɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɫɟ
ɫɥɟɞɜɚɬ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ (Ɋuryear, 1979; Ƀɨɥɨɜ, 1975;
Ƀɨɥɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɥ., 1977; Ƀɨɥɨɜ, 1981; Ƀɨɥɨɜ, 1989; ȿɧɟɜɚ, 2005):
1. ɇɟɡɚɛɚɜɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹɬɚ (ɪɟɲɚɜɚɳ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ);
2. ɉɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɜ ɟɩɢɰɟɧɬɴɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɜ
ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɞɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟ;
3. ɉɨɞɩɨɦɚɝɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɡɚ ɫɥɭɱɢɥɨɬɨ ɫɟ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ;
4. ɋɴɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɚɜɚɧɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɬɥɨɠɧɢ ɩɪɨ-
ɛɥɟɦɢ ɢ ɜɴɡɜɪɴɳɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɧɚɞ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɬɚ;
5. ɇɚɫɴɪɱɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɫɪɟɞ ɨɰɟ-
ɥɟɥɢɬɟ;
6. Ɉɱɚɤɜɚɧɟ, ɱɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢɬɟ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɜɴɪɧɚɬ ɤɴɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɬɨ
ɫɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɚɧɟ;
7. Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɧɚɬɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ. (ɉɨ ȿɧɟɜɚ.)
ȼɴɡɦɨɠɧɢ ɫɚ ɬɪɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱ-
ɧɚɬɚ ɤɪɢɡɚ [21, 23]: ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɴɬ ɫɟ ɜɪɴɳɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɨɬɨ ɫɢ
ɧɢɜɨ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɚɧɟ, ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɫɨɤɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ-ɧɢɫɤɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ.
ɉɫɢɯɨɫɨɰɢɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɢ-
ɲɚɜɚɬ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ. ȼɴɡɩɪɢɟɬɢɹɬ ɩɨɞ-
43
ɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚ ɤɴɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ ɜ ɤɪɢɡɚ ɨɛɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɨ ɟ
ɚɤɬɢɜɟɧ. ɏɨɫɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɚ ɢ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɰɟɥ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɞɨ-
ɥɟɟ ɨɫɬɪɚɬɚ ɮɚɡɚ ɫ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɡɚ ɛɟɡɢɡɯɨɞɢɰɚ ɢ ɡɚɝɭɛɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ-
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɡɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɹɧɟ ɫ ɤɪɢɡɚɬɚ. ɂɧɞɢɜɢ-
ɞɴɬ ɜ ɤɪɢɡɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɥɚ-
ɧɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɟɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɟɧ ɦɚɳɚɛ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɧɚɪɚɫɬ-
ɜɚɬ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɫɹɝɚɬ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɛɪɨɣ ɯɨɪɚ ɫɴɫ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼɴɜ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ ɨɬ 2010
ɝ. ɜɴɜ ȼɢɟɧɚ, Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɹ, ɫɬɚɪɬɢɪɚ ɫɴɜɦɟɫɬɟɧ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ
ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɚɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ EFPA (European Federa-
tion of Psychologists Association) ɢ ɋɴɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ (Council of
Europe) ɡɚ ɭɟɞɧɚɤɜɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚɬɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɰɟɥ
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɨɬ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢ-
ɪɚɧɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɚɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. ȼ
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɫɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢ 14 ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɢ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɨɪɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɋɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɩɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ
ɧɚ Ⱦɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɡɢɬɟ. Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɫɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɢ ɩɥɚ-
ɧɨɜɟ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ [30, 31].
ɂɡɜɨɞɢ
1. ɉɪɢ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɭɞ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɚɝɭɛɢ ɫɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢ ɫ ɩɫɢɯɨɬɪɚɜɦɚ-
ɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ;
2. ɉɫɢɯɨɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɢɫɤɜɚɬ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɚ-
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚ ɢ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ;
3. ȼ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞɟɧɚ ɦɪɟɠɚ ɨɬ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ ɡɚ
ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɢ ɢɦɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɜɟ-
ɧɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱ-
ɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ;
4. ȼ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɐɋɆɉ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɚɝɚɬ ɫ ɟɤɢɩɢ ɨɬ ɩɫɢɯɨ-
ɥɨɡɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɢɱɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɩɪɢ ɡɟ-
ɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɭɞ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ;
5. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢ ɨɬ
ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɯɨɪɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɫɨɱɟɧɢ ɤɴɦ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɚ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɢɱɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɚ;
6. ɇɟ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɭɪɟɞɛɚ
ɡɚ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ (ɤɪɢ-
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ɡɢɫɧɚɬɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɧɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɫɢɯɨ-
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɧɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɡɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ);
7. ɇɹɦɚ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢɪɚɧɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɜɢɞɨɜɟ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ;
8. ɂɦɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɤɴɦ ɭɟɞɧɚɤɜɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɟɜ-
ɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚɬɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪ-
ɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɢ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɨɬ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɢ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɚɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ.
ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɦɟ:
1. Ⱦɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɚɬɚ ɭɪɟɞɛɚ ɡɚ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚ-
ɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɢɱɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɫ
ɝɨɥɹɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɭɞ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ.
2. Ⱦɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɹɜɚ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɢɱɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɢ
ɩɪɟɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɝɨ-
ɥɹɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɭɞ.
3. Ⱦɚ ɫɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɜɹɬ ɟɤɢɩɢ ɨɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɜ ɐɋɆɉ
ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɢɱɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨ-
ɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɨɝɧɢɳɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɞɫɬ-
ɜɢɹ ɫ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɭɞ.
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ
1. Ȼ ɨ ɧ ɞ ɚ ɪ ɟ ɧ ɤ ɨ, Ⱥ. ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳ: ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ., Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ,
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɩɫɢɯɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ, 2000 ɝ..
2. Ƚ ɪ ɢ ɝ ɨ ɪ ɨ ɜ, ȼ., Ⱦ, Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɂ. Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɚ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɢɚɬɪɢɱ-
ɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ. ɋ., ȺɊɋɈ, 2011.
3. ȿ ɧ ɟ ɜ ɚ, Ƀ. ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢ ɢ ɩɨ-
ɠɚɪɢ. ȼ: Ɇɋ ɧɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚ ɤɨɦɢɫɢɹ ɡɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɚ-
ɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢ, 2004.
4. Ⱦ ɢ ɦ ɢ ɬ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ⱦ., Ⱥ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ, ɂɥ. Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɏɪ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ. Ɂɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɹ
ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ. – ȼ: Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɢ ɨɬ ɫɢɦɩɨ-
ɡɢɭɦ ɩɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2012.
5. Ⱦ ɢ ɦ ɢ ɬ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ⱦ. ɏɢɞɪɨɮɪɚɤɢɧɝ – ɦɢɧɚɥɨ, ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟ ɢ ɛɴɞɟɳɟ ɨɬ ɝɥɟɞɧɚ
ɬɨɱɤɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ. ȼ: Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɢ ɨɬ ɫɢɦɩɨɡɢɭɦ ɩɨ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. 2012.
6. Ⱦ ɢ ɦ ɢ ɬ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ⱦ., ɉɨɫɬɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɧ ɫɬɪɟɫ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɰɚ ɢ ɸɧɨɲɢ ɩɪɟɠɢɜɟɥɢ ɡɟ-
ɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɟ. ɦɨɞɟɥ ɡɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ. – ȼ: Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ
„ɋɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɨɫɢ-
ɝɭɪɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɢɫɢɢ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɜɴɧ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ”. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2012.
7. Ⱦ ɢ ɦ ɢ ɬ ɪ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ⱦ., ɉɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɩɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ
ɞɟɰɚ ɩɪɟɠɢɜɟɥɢ ɡɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – ȼ: Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɮɟ-
ɪɟɧɰɢɹ „ɋɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ-
ɬɨ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɢɫɢɢ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɜɴɧ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ”. 2012.
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8. Ⱦ ɢ ɦ ɢ ɬ ɪ ɨ ɜ, ɉɥ., ɇɚɫɨɤɢ ɡɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ ɧɚ ɨɰɟɥɟɥɢɬɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢ
ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɩɪɨɦɢɲɥɟɧɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2010.
9. Ɂ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɧ ɡɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɑɟɪɜɟɧ ɤɪɴɫɬ, ɨɛɧ., Ⱦȼ, ɛɪ. 87 ɨɬ 29.09.1995 ɝ., ɞɨɩ.,
ɛɪ. 41 ɨɬ 2007 ɜ ɫɢɥɚ ɨɬ 2007.
10. Ɂ ɚ ɤ ɨ ɧ ɡɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɨɛɧ. Ⱦȼ ɛɪ.102/19.12.2006 ɝ., ɢɡɦ. 2011.
11. Ƀ ɨ ɥ ɨ ɜ, Ƚ. Ȼɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɫɨɜɚ ɩɫɢɯɢɤɚ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, ȼɨɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ, 1989.
12. Ƀ ɨ ɥ ɨ ɜ, Ƚ. Ɂɟɦɟɬɪɟɫɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɢɤɚɬɚ. ɋ., ɉɚɪɬɢɡɞɚɬ, 1977.
13. Ƀ ɨ ɥ ɨ ɜ, Ƚ. Ʌɢɱɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɜ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, ɉɚɪɬɢɡɞɚɬ, 1975.
14. Ƀ ɨ ɥ ɨ ɜ, Ƚ. Ɉɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɹɧɚ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, ɇɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨ, 1981.
15. Ɇ ɨ ɧ ɨ ɜ, ɏɪ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɨɩɢɬ ɜ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɚɬɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ,
Ʌɟɤɰɢɨɧɟɧ ɤɭɪɫ.
16. ɇ ɚ ɫ ɟ ɜ ɚ, ȿ. ȼɴɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɢɨɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ. ȼ: Ɉɫɧɨɜɢ ɧɚ ɮɚɪɦɚɤɨɟɩɢɞɟɦɢ-
ɨɥɨɝɢɹɬɚ, ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɧɚ ɂɥɤɨ ɇ. Ƚɟɬɨɜ, ɋɨɮɢɹ, ȿɤɨɉɪɢɧɬ, 2013, ɫɬɪ. 32-41.
17. ɇ ɚ ɫ ɟ ɜ ɚ, ȿ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɡɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɨɬɨ ɡɞɪɚɜɟ – ɟɦɩɢɪɢɱɧɢ
ɪɚɡɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ
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