UNIT 2
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Part 1 of 2
Topics:
Matter Periodic Table The Atom
Molecules
Isotopes and Counting
Compounds
2
Part 1:
Periodic The
Matter Isotopes
Table Atom
3
Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies volume.
• Fundamental unit of matter made up of only one type of atom
• Cannot be chemically changed into simpler substances without changing its properties.
4
Periodic Table of the Elements
Atomic #
SYMBOL
Name
Atomic Mass
Periodic Table Activity
Instructions: Work on the activity given in class (and on Moodle). The first 5
minutes of the following video reviews key information, as do the following slides on
properties.
Introduction to the Periodic Table (0-5:25)
Element, Metals,
Rows and Periodicity and
chemical symbol, nonmetals,
Columns the Periodic Law
atomic number metalloids
Group or Family,
Period or Rows Numbering
properties, and
and energy levels groups
valence electrons
6
The Periodic Table, continued
• There are 118 elements - 90 naturally occurring, and the rest are synthetic.
• Each element is represented by a name and a symbol.
• Atomic number (Z): number of protons.
• Atomic weight (mass): weighted average of all atoms of an element.
7
The Periodic Table, continued
Question: Which of the following statements about elements is false?
a) Elements are represented by one- or two-letter symbols which are often
derived from the element’s Latin name.
b) Elements cannot be chemically changed or broken down into anything
simpler and still be the same element.
c) All naturally occurring elements are stable and non-radioactive.
d) There are widely varying amounts of elements on Earth.
8
The Periodic Table, continued
Organisation:
Families or Groups:
• 18 vertical columns
• IUPAC numbering system: 1–18
• U.S. numbering system: 1A–8A, 1B–8B
• Elements in a family have the same # of valence electrons and similar chemical properties.
Periods:
• 7 horizontal rows numbered 1 to 7.
• The period number represents the shell that has the outermost electrons.
• Elements in a period have the same number of electron shells.
Transition Metals: Inner Transition Metals:
• B Group elements 3-12 • Extension of Period 6 - Lanthanides
• Periods 4 to 7 • Extension of Period 7 - Actinides
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Main Group of Elements and Properties
◦ Metals:
◦ Left side of the zigzag line on the periodic table (excluding hydrogen).
◦ Solid state at room temperature (except Mercury), conduct heat and electricity, lustrous
(shiny), malleable (flattenable), ductile (make into wires).
◦ Lose electrons and form cations in chemical reactions.
10
Main Group of Elements and Properties, continued
• Nonmetals:
– Right side of the zigzag line on the periodic table.
– 11 are gases, 5 are solid, and 1 liquid (Br) at room temperature.
– Poor conductors of heat and electricity, non-lustrous, brittle.
– Gain electrons and form anions in chemical reactions.
11
Main Group of Elements and Properties, continued
• Semimetals or metalloids:
– Along the zigzag line of the periodic table: Boron (B), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge),
Arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), Tellurium (Te), and astatine (At).
– Metallic properties – solid, shiny, conduct heat, and if conduct electricity, only at high
temperatures
– Nonmetallic properties - brittle
Silicon and silicon chip
12
Families and Properties
Group IA - Alkali Metals
• Soft silvery metals
• Typically found as a compound because of reactivity (and stored in oil)
• Low melting and boiling points (vs. other metals)
• Low densities (Li, Na, and K float on water)
Sodium in Water (video 0:46)
13
Elements and their Properties, continued
Group IIA - Alkaline Earth Metals
• Relatively soft and reactive - not found naturally in pure state
• Lustrous (shiny) silver metals
• Relatively low melting and boiling points
14
Elements and their Properties, continued
Group VIIA - Halogens
• Liquids (bromine), gases (chlorine), and solid (iodine) at room
temperature - low melting and boiling points
• Not found naturally in their pure state - reactive
• Brittle when solid
• Poor conductors
15
Elements and their Properties, continued
Group VIIIA - Noble or Inert Gases
• Odourless, colourless, and nonreactive
• Low boiling pts (gases at room temperature)
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States of the Elements
• The Periodic Table below shows states – gas, liquid, or solid - of the elements
at SATP or Standard Atmospheric Temperature (25℃) and Pressure (1 atm).
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The Atom Isotopes
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Model of the Atom
Atomic Structure over the years
1803 1897 1912 1913 1930 +
The History of Atomic Chemistry (video 9:41)
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The Atom, continued
Electron (e-):
- Found in an electron cloud outside the nucleus
- Negatively charged
- Not very massive
Proton (p+):
- In the nucleus
- Positive charge equal in magnitude
to an electron
- Massive
Neutron (n0):
- In the nucleus
- No charge
Mass of the atom is primarily in the nucleus.
- Massive
20
The Atom, continued
Atomic Number (Z):
◦ Number of protons in an atom’s nucleus.
◦ Equal to the number of electrons around a neutral atom’s nucleus.
Mass Number (A):
◦ Sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in an atom’s nucleus.
Prof. Dave: Nuclide Symbols: Atomic Number, Mass Number, Ions, and Isotopes (5:03)
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Isotopes
• Atoms with identical atomic numbers but different mass numbers.
• Example: Isotopes of hydrogen all have 1 proton in their nucleus, but different
number of neutrons.
1 H
1H
Notation: 2 3 H
1 1
22
Isotopes, continued
Question: Complete the table below for each isotope of carbon.
Isotope: Carbon-12 Carbon-14
# Protons 6 6
# Electrons 6 6
# Neutrons 6 8
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Isotopes, continued
Question: Complete this table for the following atoms.
Protons Neutrons Electrons
79
Br 35 44 35
35
40
Ca 20 20 20
20
59
Co 27 32 27
27
24
The Atom and Isotopes, continued
Question: Complete this table for the following atoms.
Symbol Name Z A #n0 #e-
13
6C Carbon 6 13 7 6
48 48 26 22
22Ti Titanium 22
24 12 24 12 12
12Mg Magnesium
25
