THE POLYTECHNIC, IBADAN.
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING.
TELECOMMUNICATION II (EEC 218)
ASSIGNMENT
TOPIC: BUZZER
PREPARED BY:
NAMES:
MATRIC. NO.
OYERO WALIU O.
2023232040059
OLOJEDE ISAIAH O.
2023232040022
MORAKINYO DAMILARE A.
202323040078
ABIDOYE TEMITOPE J.
2023232040147
ONI JUSTINAH
2023232040074
1.0. DEFINITION.
A buzzer is an audio signaling device designed to convert
electrical energy into sound energy to alert, notify, or
indicate specific events or conditions. It is a fundamental
component in various systems and electronic circuits,
where its primary role is to produce an audible sound,
such as a buzz, beep, or tone, in response to electrical
signals. Buzzers are versatile and widely used due to their
simplicity, reliability, and ability to deliver instant
feedback.
Buzzers operate as transducers, transforming electrical
energy into mechanical vibrations or sound waves. These
sound waves are produced through different mechanisms,
depending on the type of buzzer. The sound output can
vary in frequency, volume, and duration, depending on
the electrical input and the design of the buzzer.
Typically, buzzers serve as signaling devices in
applications ranging from household appliances to
industrial machinery. They alert users to system errors,
indicate the completion of tasks, or provide feedback in
interactive systems. For instance, in a microwave oven,
the buzzer alerts users when the cooking process is
complete, while in vehicles, it can signal seatbelt
warnings or reverse gear engagement.
Over the years, the design and functionality of buzzers
have evolved, making them suitable for different
environments and applications. Whether they rely on
mechanical systems, electromagnetic coils, piezoelectric
materials, or magnets, buzzers have become
indispensable in modern electronics and play a critical
role in enhancing safety, convenience, and user
interaction.
2.0. DIFFERENT TYPES OF BUZZER.
Buzzers come in several different types, classified based
on their operational mechanisms:
Electromechanical Buzzers: These buzzers use a
mechanical system driven by an electromagnetic
coil. When current flows through the coil, it generates
a magnetic field that moves a diaphragm back and
forth, producing sound. Electromechanical buzzers
are typically known for their louder, more distinct
tones, making them suitable for alarms and alert
systems.
Piezoelectric Buzzers: These buzzers utilize a
piezoelectric material, often a crystal, which deforms
(or vibrates) when a voltage is applied to it. This
vibration creates sound waves. Piezoelectric buzzers
are efficient, durable, and compact, often used in
devices where space is limited, such as toys or
portable alarms.
Mechanical Buzzers: These buzzers use physical
mechanisms to produce sound, such as a rotating
wheel or a manually operated system. They are
sometimes powered by alternating current (AC) or
direct current (DC) and produce sound based on
simple mechanical actions. Mechanical buzzers are
less common in modern electronics but are still found
in specific applications like doorbells or old-fashioned
alarms.
Magnetic Buzzers: These buzzers operate using a
magnet and a coil, where an alternating current
energizes the coil, causing it to interact with the
magnet, which in turn produces vibrations that
generate sound. Magnetic buzzers are typically
employed in specialized applications requiring
efficient sound generation with low power
consumption.
3.0. SYMBOLS OF BUZZER
In circuit diagrams, the symbol used to represent a
buzzer typically resembles one of the following:
Speaker-like Icon: This symbol looks like a speaker
or a sound-emitting device. It is often used to
indicate the presence of a buzzer within a circuit.
Box with Sound Waves or Jagged Line: Some
diagrams depict a box with a jagged line or sound
wave symbol, indicating that the component
produces sound when triggered by a signal.
The most common representations are:
Buzzer Symbol: A small circle with sound waves or
a simple triangle.
Rectangular Box with Polarity Markings: A rectangle with
labeled positive (+) and negative (-) terminals for proper
connection.
4.0. OPERATIONAL SYSTEM.
The operation of a buzzer is based on converting
electrical energy into sound energy through one of the
following mechanisms:
1.Electromechanical Buzzers:
These buzzers operate using a mechanical system driven
by an electromagnetic coil. When an electric current flows
through the coil, it generates a magnetic field that moves
a diaphragm or armature back and forth. This rapid
movement creates vibrations that produce sound.
Electromechanical buzzers are known for their loud and
clear sound, making them suitable for alarm systems and
industrial applications.
2.Piezoelectric Buzzers:
In piezoelectric buzzers, a piezoelectric material (usually
a crystal) is bonded to a metal plate. When voltage is
applied across the crystal, it deforms and vibrates at high
speed, producing sound waves.
These buzzers are compact, energy-efficient, and capable
of producing high-frequency tones. They are commonly
used in consumer electronics, such as timers and small
alarms.
3.Magnetic Buzzers:
Magnetic buzzers consist of a coil, a permanent magnet,
and a vibrating diaphragm. When an alternating or pulsed
current flows through the coil, it interacts with the
magnet, causing the diaphragm to vibrate and generate
sound.
They are commonly used in low-power applications where
consistent sound output is required.
4.Mechanical Buzzers:
These are the simplest type of buzzers, relying on
physical mechanisms such as a rotating wheel or a
manually operated system to produce sound. While less
common in modern electronics, they are still used in
traditional applications like manual alarms or doorbells.
The input signal to a buzzer can vary. It may be a
constant DC voltage for a steady tone or a modulated
signal to create intermittent beeps or varying
frequencies. Most buzzers are designed to operate at low
voltages, such as 3V, 5V, 12V, or 24V, and they consume
minimal current, making them energy-efficient
components.
5.0. FUNCTIONS OF A BUZZER.
Buzzers serve various important functions across different
applications:
Alarm Systems: Buzzers are essential in alert systems for
fire alarms, burglar alarms, or system failures. They help
notify users of an emergency situation by emitting a loud,
attention-grabbing sound.
Notification Devices: In devices like timers, reminders,
and home appliances, buzzers are used to notify users of
the completion of a task or the occurrence of a specific
event, such as an oven timer going off.
Indicator Systems: In vehicles and machinery, buzzers
indicate operational conditions. For example, they may be
used for seatbelt warnings, reverse gear alerts, or engine
error notifications.
Status Signals: In electronics like computers or control
panels, buzzers are used to signal different operational
states or alert users to changes in status.
Entertainment and Interactive Systems: Buzzers are often
used in toys, games, and interactive devices to provide
sound feedback, enhancing the experience for users,
especially in educational toys or musical devices.
6.0. BEHAVIORAL ACTIVITIES IN A CIRCUIT.
When integrated into a circuit, buzzers exhibit specific
behaviors based on the input signal and design:
1.Voltage Sensitivity:
Buzzers are triggered by an applied voltage. When the
correct voltage is supplied to the buzzer’s terminals, it
produces sound immediately.
The intensity of the sound often depends on the supplied
voltage. Higher voltages can result in louder tones,
provided the buzzer is designed to handle them.
2.Frequency Control:
The frequency of the sound produced by the buzzer is
determined by the input signal. For example, an
alternating or pulsed DC signal can generate varying
tones or beeping patterns.
In analog circuits, varying the input voltage can alter the
pitch of the sound.
3.Polarity Sensitivity:
Some buzzers, especially piezoelectric and magnetic
types, are polarity-sensitive. They require the correct
connection of positive (+) and negative (-) terminals to
function properly. Incorrect polarity may result in no
sound or malfunction.
4.Sound Duration:
Buzzers can produce continuous or intermittent sounds
based on the control signal. A continuous signal produces
a constant tone, while an intermittent signal creates
periodic beeps.
5. Signal Types:
Buzzers respond to both analog and digital signals. In
digital circuits, a buzzer typically operates in an ON/OFF
manner, while in analog systems, the sound may vary in
tone or frequency based on the input voltage.
6.Integration with Microcontrollers:
In modern systems, buzzers are often controlled by
microcontrollers, which regulate the sound output based
on programmed instructions. This allows for complex
sound patterns, such as melodies or timed alerts.
7.0. CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATION.
CONSTRUCTION
The construction of a buzzer depends on its type:
1.Electromechanical Buzzers:
Consist of an electromagnetic coil, a vibrating diaphragm,
and an armature.
The coil generates a magnetic field that moves the
diaphragm, creating sound.
2.Piezoelectric Buzzers:
Include a piezoelectric ceramic disc bonded to a thin
metal plate.
When voltage is applied, the disc vibrates, producing
sound waves.
3.Magnetic Buzzers:
Contain a coil, a permanent magnet, and a vibrating
diaphragm.
The interaction between the coil and magnet causes the
diaphragm to vibrate and emit sound.
4.Mechanical Buzzers:
Feature simple mechanical components, such as gears or
manually operated mechanisms, to produce sound.
APPLICATIONS
Buzzers are used in a wide range of applications,
including:
1.Household Devices:
Alarm clocks, microwave ovens, washing machines, and
smoke detectors rely on buzzers to provide audible alerts.
2.Industrial Systems:
Used in machinery and automation systems to indicate
malfunctions, process completions, or safety warnings.
3.Automotive Systems:
Buzzers play a critical role in vehicles by signaling
seatbelt reminders, reverse parking alerts, and engine
errors.
4.Consumer Electronics:
Commonly found in devices like timers, calculators, and
handheld gaming consoles.
5.Security Systems:
Used in burglar alarms, fire alarms, and other emergency
notification systems.
6.Toys and Entertainment:
Buzzers are integrated into toys and interactive gadgets
to produce sound effects and enhance user engagement.
7.Medical Equipment:
Employed in medical devices to alert users about critical
conditions, such as low battery levels or completed
procedures.
8.Microcontroller Projects:
Widely used in educational and DIY projects involving
microcontrollers like Arduino and Raspberry Pi, where
they provide audio feedback or alerts.
