C H A P T E R (6)

Incompressible Viscous Flow Through Pipes

6.1 Introduction
In the previous chapter, the energy level changes along the flow were discussed. The
losses due to wall friction in flows were not discussed. In this chapter the determination of
drop in pressure in pipe flow systems due to friction is attempted.
Fluids are conveyed (transported) through closed conduits in numerous industrial
processes. It is found necessary to design the pipe system to carry a specified quantity of fluid
between specified locations with minimum pressure loss. It is also necessary to consider the
initial cost of the piping system.
The flow may be laminar with fluid flowing in an orderly way, with layers not mixing
macroscopically. The momentum transfer and consequent shear induced is at the molecular
level by pure diffusion. Such flow is encountered with very viscous fluids. Blood flow through
the arteries and veins is generally laminar. Laminar condition prevails up to a certain velocity
in fluids flowing in pipes.
The flow turns turbulent under certain conditions with macroscopic mixing of fluid
layers in the flow. At any location the velocity varies about a mean value. Air flow and water
flow in pipes are generally turbulent.
The flow is controlled by (i) pressure gradient (ii) the pipe diameter or hydraulic mean
diameter (iii) the fluid properties like viscosity and density and (iv) the pipe roughness.
The velocity distribution in the flow and the state of the flow namely laminar or turbulent also
influences the design. Pressure drop for a given flow rate through a duct for a specified fluid is
the main quantity to be calculated. The inverse-namely the quantity flow for a specified
pressure drop is to be also worked out on occasions.
6.2 Features of Laminar and Turbulent Flows
In laminar region the flow is smooth and regular. The fluid layers do not mix
macroscopically (more than a molecule at a time). If a dye is injected into the flow, the dye
will travel along a straight line. In this region the viscous forces are able to damp out any
disturbance.
In turbulent flow there is considerable mixing between layers. A dye injected into the
flow will quickly mix with the fluid. Most of the air and water flow in conduits will be
turbulent. Turbulence leads to higher frictional losses leading to higher pressure drop.

235
 Fig. (6.1): Reynolds Experiment

In laminar flow, the fluid moves through the pipe in concentric layers with the
maximum velocity in the center of the pipe, decreasing to zero at the pipe wall. The velocity
profile is parabolic, the gradient of which depends upon the viscosity of the fluid for a set flow
rate. The laminar flow sometimes known as streamline, viscous or steady flow.
In turbulent flow, the velocity profile is more flattened than laminar flow but remains
fairly constant across the section. Turbulent flow generally appears at relative high velocities
and relatively low viscosities. The turbulent flow sometimes known as unsteady flow with
considerable mixing taking place across the pipe cross section.

(a) Laminar flow (b) Turbulent flow

Fig. (6.2): Flow inside pipe

Between laminar and turbulent flow there is an area referred to as transitional flow
where conditions are unstable and have a blend of each characteristic.
Reynolds number is the ratio of inertia force to viscous force. The inertia force is
proportional to the mass flow and velocity i.e., V .V . The viscous force is proportional to
 dV dy  or .V D , dividing

236
 Inertia Force  .V .V  .V .V .D  .V .D V .D
Re     
Viscous Force .V D .V  
Viscous force tends to keep the layers moving smoothly one over the other. Inertia forces tend
to move the particles away from the layer. When viscous force is sufficiently high so that any
disturbance is smoothed down, laminar flow prevails in pipes. When velocity increases, inertia
forces increase and particles are pushed upwards out of the smoother path. Laminar flow will
be maintained till the value of Reynolds number is less than of the critical value 2300 in
pipes).
6.3 Head Losses in Pipe Lines
When fluid is flowing in a pipe, it encounters resistance due to viscosity of fluid as well
as to the roughness of the pipe inside surface. The more rough the pipe surface is, greater
would be resistance. If the surface is smooth, the resistance is less. Resistance is also offered
by pipe fittings which dissipate energy by producing turbulence and they are responsible for
the loss of energy, pressure of head.
Loss of head may be of two kinds:
(i) Head loss due to friction in pipe
(ii) Head loss due to fittings
6.3.1 Head loss due to friction in pipe
When the water flowing in a pipe line of uniform diameter, it assumed to have constant
velocity. Then the head loss is due to resistance offered by the roughness of pipe surface when
the liquid layer slides over it. The loss occurs in the pipe itself. In practice pipes of length
greater than 500 times pipe diameter are mostly employed and are termed as long pipes. And
when the flow takes place in such pipes, the head loss due to friction is a major loss.
In the design of piping systems the choice falls between the selection of diameter and
the pressure drop. The selection of a larger diameter leads to higher initial cost. But the
pressure drop is lower in such a case which leads to lower operating cost. So in the process of
design of piping systems it becomes necessary to investigate the pressure drop for various
diameters of pipe for a given flow rate. Another factor which affects the pressure drop is the
pipe roughness.
This loss occurs in pipe flow due to friction between the fluid and the pipe roughness.
The expression for head loss due to viscous resistance, known as Darcy–Weisbach equation
which has the form:

237
 V2 L
hf  f (6.1)
2g D
Where V  Flow velocity inside the pipe
D  Pipe diameter
L  Pipe length
g  Gravity acceleration

f  The friction factor and will be determine from the following relations:

(a) Friction Factor for Laminar Flow in Pipes

The friction factor for laminar flow in pipes Re  2300 :
64
f  (6.2)
Re
Wher Re is the Reynolds number
(b) Friction Factor for Turbulent Flow in Pipes
The velocity profile and relation between the mean and maximum velocity are different
in the two types of flow. In laminar flow the velocity profile is parabolic and the mean
velocity is half of the maximum velocity. Such a relation is more complex in turbulent flow.
The friction factor f is a complex function of Reynolds number.
(i) The best known formula is the Colebrook formula, which for the frictional transition zone
is as follows:

1 e 9.35 
 1.14  2.0 log   (6.3)
f  D Re f 

This formula has the disadvantage that f does not appear explicitly and for a given e D and
Re must be solved by iteration. In the completely rough zone of flow, we know that f does

e 9.35
not depend on the Reynolds number, so this equation for  can be given explicitly
D Re f

as follows for the completely rough zone of flow:

1
f  2
(6.4)
  e 
1.14  2.0 log D 
  
(ii) Another more recent formula valid for certain large range of e D and Re which span much
of the frictional transition zone as well as the rough pipe zone. Furthermore, the formula has
the virtue of being explicit in f . We have

238
 0.25
f  2
for 5  10 3  Re  10 8 (6.5)
  e 5.74  
log  0.9  
  3.7 D Re  

(iii) For the hydraulic smooth zone of turbulent pipe flow we have empirical formula
developed by Blasius:
0.3164
f  (6.6)
Re 0.25
The values of surface roughness e  for various pipe material are given in table (6.1).

Table (6.1)
Material Roughness e  in mm
Drawn tubing, brass, lead glass, centrifugally spun 0.0015
cement, bituminous lining, and transite
Commercial steel or wrought iron 0.046
Welded-steel pipe 0.046
Asphalt-dipped cast iron 0.12
Galvanized iron 0.15
Cast iron, average 0.25
Wood stave 0.18 – 0.19
Concrete 0.3 – 3.0
Riveted steel 0.9 – 9.0

The value of, f , is to be determined using the approximate relations or the Moody chart.

239
Fig. (6.3): Moody Chart

240
6.3.2 Minor Losses in Pipe Flow
Additional frictional losses occur at pipe entry, valves and fittings, sudden decrease or
increase in flow area or where direction of flow changes.
The frictional losses other than pipe friction are called minor losses. In a pipe system design, it
is necessary to take into account all such losses. These losses are generally expressed as:
V2
hm  K (6.7)
2g
where K is constant for each fitting, the value of which will depend on the situation and is
called the loss coefficient. The expression is applicable both for laminar and turbulent flows.
(i) Loss of head at entrance: At the entrance from the reservoir into the pipe, losses take
place due to the turbulence created downstream of the entrance as shown in the following
figures.

Fig. (6.4): Losses coefficient due to pipe enters

(ii) Loss of head at exit: A head loss (the exit loss) is also produced when a fluid flows from
a pipe into a tank as is shown in Figure (6.5). In these cases the entire kinetic energy of the
exiting fluid (velocity) is dissipated through viscous effects as the stream of fluid mixes
with the fluid in the tank and eventually comes to rest.

(a) sharp-edged, K  1 (b) slightly rounded, K  1

Fig. (6.5): Losses coefficient due to pipe exit

241
(iii) Sudden contraction: When the pipe section is suddenly reduced, loss coefficient depends
on the diameter ratio. The values of minor losses coefficient for gradual contraction can be
given by the equations.

K

0.8 sin  2 1  D2 D1 
2
 for 0    45 0
 D2 D1 
4

K

0.5 1  D2 D1 
2
 sin 2 for 45 0    180 0
 D2 D1 
4

V12
The minor losses calculate from the relation: hm  K
2g
(iv) Sudden expansion: Here the sudden expansion creates pockets of eddying turbulence
leading to losses.

K

2.6 sin  2  1  D2 D1  
2 2

for 0    45 0
D2 D1 
4

K
1  D 2 D1  
2 2

for 45 0    180 0
4
D2 D1 

V22
The minor losses calculate from the relation: hm  K
2g
(v) Bends in pipes produce a greater head loss than if the pipe were straight. The losses are
due to the separated region of flow near the inside of the bend (especially if the bend is sharp)
and the swirling secondary flow that occurs because of the imbalance of centripetal forces as a
result of the curvature of the pipe centerline. These effects and the associated values of for
large Reynolds number flows through a bend are shown in Fig.(6.6).

242
 Fig. (6.6): Character of the flow in a 90 0 bend and the loss coefficient.

(vi) Losses in Elbows, and other Pipe Fittings

Fittings like valves; elbows etc. introduce frictional losses either by obstruction or due to
secondary flows. The losses will be accounted from table (6.2).
Table (6.2): Loss Coefficients for Pipe components

243
Fig. (6.7) Character of the flow in a 90 0 mitered bend and the associated loss coefficient
(a) without guide vanes, K  1.1 (b) with guide vanes, K  0.2

244
Then, the total loss in pipe line can be calculated from the relation:
hL  h f  hm (6.8)

6.4 Modified Energy Equation

The first law of thermodynamics (energy equation) is a statement of macroscopic
experience which states that energy must at all times be conserved.
It will be convenient to classify energy under two main categories: stored energy and energy
in transition.

Fig. (6.8): Control Volume for energy equation

So, the energy equation can be written
  P V2    P V2 

q   m u    
 gz   W  m u    gz   (6.9)
   2  in    2   out
If take the head losses into account, the modified energy equation can be written
  P V2    P V2 
q  m u    gz   W  m u    gz  g h f  hm  (6.10)
   2  in    2  out

6.5 Modified Bernoulli’s Equation

Let us consider a portion of a stream-tube in a steady, incompressible, non-viscous
flow, as shown in Figure (6.9), as our control volume. In applying the first law of
thermodynamics for this control volume, we note that Equation (6.10) is valid. There is

obviously no work other than flow work, and hence the term W is zero. We then obtain after
some rearrangement
dq   V2    V2 
 m1  P1v  1  gz1  u1   m 2  P2 v  2  gz 2  u 2  (6.11)
dt  2   2 

245
For adiabatic frictionless flow there is, no heat transfer or change in internal energy, and we
obtain

Fig. (6.9): Stream tube in a steady, incompressible, nonviscous flow.

V12 V2
P1v   gz1  P2 v  2  gz 2 (6.12)
2 2
If take the head losses into account, the modified Bernoulli equation can be written
P1 V12 P V2


2
 gz1  2  2  gz 2  g h f  hm
 2
  (6.13)

Example (6.1)
Water flows from a large open tank, through a 15 m long, 3 cm diameter pipe and exits with a
velocity of 1.55 m s when the water level in the tank is 3.1 m above the pipe exit. The sum of
the minor loss coefficients for the pipe system is 12. Determine the new water level needed in
the tank if the velocity is to remain 1.55 m s when 6 m of the pipe is removed (when the length
is reduced to 9 m ). The minor loss coefficients remain the same.
Solution

(a) Pipe length is 15 m

Bernoulli equation between (1) and (2)
P1 V12 P V2
  gz1  2  2  gz 2  g h f  hm 
 2  2

Patm Patm V22

 0  gh    0  g h f  hm 
  2

V2  V2 L V2 
gh   g  f   K. 
2  2g D 2 g 

246
 V2 V2 L V2
gh  f   K.
2 2 D 2
2
9.81  3.1 
1.55
 f
1.552 15
 12  
1.55 2

2 2 0.03 2
30.411  1.2  600.625 f  14.41
600.625 f  14.801 f  0.0246

(b) Pipe length is 9 m

Bernoulli equation between (1) and (2)
P1 V12 P2 V22
  gz1    gz 2  g h f  hm 
 2  2

Patm V22
Patm
 0  gh    0  g h f  hm 
  2

V2  V2 L V2 
gh   g  f   K. 
2  2g D 2 g 

V2 V2 L V2
gh  f   K.
2 2 D 2

9.81 h 
1.552  0.0246
1.552 9
 12  
1.55 2

2 2 0.03 2
9.81 h  1.2  8.865  14.41
9.81 h  24.475 h  2. 5 m
Example (6.2)
Water in a large tank is under a pressure of 35 kPa gage at free surface. It is pumped through
a pipe as shown and issues out of a nozzle to form a free jet. For the data given, what is the
power required by the pump? Take the pipe total length is 100 m, and friction
coefficient, f  0.015

Solution

247
Applying energy equation between point (1) at surface of water in the tank and point (2) at
nozzle exit.
  P1 V12
     P2 V22 
q m   gz1   W  m    gz 2  g h f  hm 
 2   2 
 P    P V 2 
m  1  gz1   W  m  2  2  gz 2 
   2 
  P  P V2
W  m 1 2
 2 
  2 

  P1  P2 V22 
W  V2 A2    g h f  hm 
  2 
For Projectiles
V0 x  V0 cos60  V2 cos60

V0 y  V0 sin 60   V2 sin 60 

y – direction
V y2  Voy2  2 gy
2
V y2  V2 sin 60  2 gy

At y  y max  6 m Vy  0
2
V y2  V2 sin 60   2 gy
2
0  V2 sin 60   2 g  6

0  V22 sin 60  2  9.81  6

2

V22 sin 60  117.72

2
V2  12.53 m s

The velocity in pipe V pipe A pipe  V2 A2

 2 
V pipe  D pipe  V2  D22
4 4

V pipe  0.152  12.53  0.0752 V pipe  3.1325 m s

The friction head losses can be calculated

2

hf  f
V pipe L
.  0.015 
3.13252  100  5 m
2g D 2  9.81 0.15
then

248
   P  P2 V22 
W  V2 A2  1   g h f  hm 
  2 
   P  P2 V22 
W  V2 d 22  1   g h f  hm 
4   2 
   35  10 3 12.532
2 
W  1000  12.53  0.075    9.815  0
4  1000 2 

W  221.5135  78.5  49.05
 
W  221.51 92.55 , W  20500 W
Power  20500 W Power  20.5 kW
Example (6.3)
Water is flowing through capillary tubes A and B into tube C. If Q A  2  10 3 L s in tube A,
what is the largest Q B allowable in tube B for Laminar flow in tube C ? With Calculated
 
Q B , What kind of flow exists in tubes A and B.   6.56  10 7 m 2 s .

Solution
For Laminar flow in tube C, Re C  2100

V .D 
  2300
 C
VC  0.006
 2300 VC  0.25 m s
6.56  10 7
QC  VC . AC


QC  VC . DC2
4

249
 
QC  0.25  0.0062  7.07  10 6 m 3 s QC  7.07  10 3 L s
4
(1) Volume flow rate through tube B
Q B  QC  QC

Q B  7.07  10 3  2  10 3 Q B  5.07  10 3 L s

(2) Flow Kind through tubes A

Q A  V A . AA


QA  VA . D A2
4

2  10 6  V A . 0.0052 V A  0.102 m s
4
V A .D A 0.102  0.005
Re    777.4  2300 (Laminar Flow)
 6.56  10 7
(3) Flow Kind through tubes B
QB  VB . AB

QB  VB . DB2
4

4.5  10 6  V A . 0.0042 V A  0.358 m s
4
VB . D B 0.358  0.004
Re    2183  2300 (Laminer Flow)
 6.56  10 7
Example (6.4)
A hypodermic needle has inside diameter of 0.3 mm and is 60 mm in length. If the piston
moves to the right at a speed of 18 mm s and there is no leakage, what force F is needed on
the piston. The medicine in the hypodermic has a viscosity   0.98  10 3 Pa.s and density is
800 kg m 3 . Consider flows in both needle and cylinder. Neglect the minor losses.

Solution
(1) For cylinder
250
 VD 800  0.018  0.005
Re    73.47  2300 (Laminar flow)
 0.98  10 3
64 64
f    0.8711
Re 73.47
V2 L
hf  f
2g D
2
hf  0.8711 
0.018 0.05
 0.000144 m
2  9.81 0.005
P  g h f  hm 

P1  800  9.810.000144  0  1.13Pa

Q  V1 .A1

Q  0.018  0.0052  3.53  10  7 m 3 s
4
(2) For Needle
Q  V2 .A2

3.53  10 7  V2  0.00032 V2  5 m s
4
VD 800  5  0.0003
Re    1224.5  2300 (Laminar flow)
 0.98  10 3
64 64
f    0.0523
Re 1224.5
V2 L
hf  f
2g D

h f  0.0523 
52 0.06
 13.33 m
2  9.81 0.0003
P  g h f  hm 

P2  800  9.8113.33  0  104613 Pa


F  P2  P1  D2
4

F  104613  1.13 0.0052  2.054 N
4

251
6.6 Simple Pipe Flow Problem
All categories of problems of steady flow in pipes can be solved using the equations of
continuity, head loss (Darcy – Weisbach) and the energy equation. There are five variables in
any pipe flow problem: (1) the discharge Q, (2) the pipe diameter D, (3) the pipe roughness
 , (4) the head losses, hL  h f  hm , (5) the kinametic viscosity of fluid  .
There are three major problems commonly encountered in engineering practice are:
(1) Determination the pressure drop between two points through the pipe, P.
(2) Determination the volume flow rate, Q.
(3) Determination of the pipe diameter, D.
6.6.1 Problem Type (I)
For this category of problems, the inlet conditions, fluid properties and pipeline
geometry are known and it is required to determine the pressure drop P .
The procedure of solution for this type is as follows:
1- The velocity is determine using both Q , and D
Q Q
V  
A  2
D
4
2- Determine the Reynolds number, Re and relative roughness, 
3- Using Re and  determine the friction factor ( f ), either from the approximate equations or
V .D e
Moody chartwith Re  , Relative Roughness 
 D
4- After obtain the friction factor f , calculate the friction losses from the relation:

V2 L
hf  f
2g D
5- From table 6.1, find the different values of K for all fittings, then calculate the minor losses:
V2
hm   K .
2g
6- The total head losses is given by
hL  h f  hm

7- Using the modified energy equation or (modified Bernoulli’s equation) find the pressure
difference P  if it is required.

252
Example (6.5)
For the shown pipeline of new commercial steel with 150 mm diameter, water with
  0.45  10 6 m 2 s is flowing with a flow rate of 0.15 m 3 s. if the pressure PA  7500 kPa, find
the outlet pressure PB. 1 mile  1610 m .

Solution
The pipe total length= 1.2  1610  1932 m
Q Q 4  0.15
(1) The velocity V
   8.49 m s
 2
D 2   0.15
A
4
VD 8.49  0.15
(2) Reynolds number Re   6
 2.83  10 6
 0.45  10
e 0.046
  3  10 4
D 150
(3) Using Moody chart to obtain f =0.015
(4) calculate the friction head losses, h f
V2 L
hf  f
2g D

h f  0.015 
8.492 1932
  709.8 m
2  9.81 0.15
(5) calculate the minor losses, h f
V2
hm   K .
2g

hm  0.4  0.4  1 
8.492  6.6
2  9.81
(6) Applying the Modified Bernoulli’s equation between A and B:
PA V A2 P V2
  gZ A  B  B  gZ B  g h f  hm 
 2  2
PA P
 gZ A  B  gZ B  g h f  hm 
 
3
7500  10 P
 0  B  9.81  322 sin 5  9.81  709.8  6.6 
1000 1000
PB
7500   7303.2
1000
253
 PB
 196.8 PB  196.8 kPa
1000

Example (6.6)
What pressure P1 is needed to cause 100 L s of water to flow into the device at a pressure P2
of 40 kPa gage? The pipe is 150 mm commercial steel pipe. Take   0.113  10 5 m 2 s .

Solution
(1) Calculte the flow velocity through the pipe
Q  V .A


Q V  D2
4

100  10 3  V  0.152 V  5.66 m s
4
(2) Calculate Reynolds Number
V .D 5.66  0.15
Re    7.5  10 5  2300 (Turblent Flow)
 0.113  10 5
(3) Obtain commercial steel pipe roughness from table, e  0.046 mm
e 0.046
(4) Calculate the relative roughness,     0.0003
D 150
(5) From Moody Chart obtain the friction coefficient, f  0.016
(6) Calculate the friction losses,
L V2
hf  f
D 2g
2
325  260  160 5.66 
h f  0.016   129.75 m
0.15 2  9.81
(7) Calculate the minor losses,

254
 V2
hm   K .
2g

hm  0.4  0.9  0.9  1

5.662  5.225 m
2  9.81
(8) Apply Bernouuli Equation Between (1) and (2)
P1 V12 P V2


2
 gz1  2  2  gz 2  g h f  hm
 2
 
2
P1 40000 5.66
 0  9.81  26    9.81  160  9.81129.75  5.225
 1000 2

P1
 255.06  40  16  1569.6  1324.1
1000
P1
 2694.64
1000
P1  2694640 Pa P1  2694.64 kPa

Example (6.7)
If 565 L / s of flow is to be moved from A to B, what power is needed from pump to water?
Take  = 0.1130  10 5 m 2 / s.

Solution
(1) Calculte the flow velocity through the pipe
Q  V .A


Q V  D2
4

565  10 3  V  0.22 V  17.98 m s
4

255
(2) Calculate Reynolds Number
V .D 17.98  0.2
Re   5
 31.8  105  2300 (Turblent Flow)
 0.113  10
(3) Obtain commercial steel pipe roughness from table, e  0.046 mm
e 0.046
(4) Calculate the relative roughness,     0.00023
D 200
(5) From Moody Chart obtain the friction coefficient, f  0.016
(6) Calculate the friction losses,
L V2
hf  f
D 2g
2
3  23  65 17.98
h f  0.016   120 m
0.2 2  9.81
(7) Calculate the minor losses,
V2
hm   K .
2g

hm  0.7  0.9  1
17.982  42.84 m
2  9.81
(8) Apply Energy Equation Between (A), (B)
  P V2    P V 2 
Q  m  A  A  gz A   W  m  B  B  gz B  g h f  hm 
 2   2 
 Patm   P 
 .Q   0  9.81  39  W   .Q  atm  0  9.81  13  9.81120  42.84
     

1000  565  10 3  9.81 39  W  1000  565  10 3 9.81 13  9.81 162.84

216163.35  W  1000  565  10 3  1725

216163.35  W  974625
 
W  758461.6 W W  758.5 kW

256
Example (6.8)
Water is pumped from a large tank (1) to a second large tank (2) through a pipe system, as
shown in figure. The pump is developing 20 kW on the flow. For a steady flow of
140 L s what must be the pressure P2 in the air trapped above the water in tank (2)?

Solution
(1) Calculte the flow velocity through the pipe

Q V  D2
4

140  10 3  V  0.22 V  4.46 m s
4
(2) Calculate Reynolds Number
V .D 4.46  0.2
Re   5
 7.894  105  2300 (Turblent Flow)
 0.113  10
(3) Obtain commercial steel pipe roughness from table, e  0.046 mm
e 0.046
(4) Calculate the relative roughness,   0.00023
D 200
(5) From Moody Chart obtain the friction coefficient, f  0.015
(6) Calculate the friction losses,
L V2
hf  f
D 2g
2
150  45  40 4.46
h f  0.015   17.87 m
0.2 2  9.81
(7) Calculate the minor losses,

257
 V2
hm   K .
2g

hm  0.05  0.8
4.462  0.86 m
2  9.81
(8) Apply Energy Equation Between (1), (2)
  P V2    P V 2 
q  m  1  1  gz1   W  m  2  2  gz 2  g h f  hm 
 2   2 

 2  10 3  P 
 .Q   0  9.81  50  20  10 3   .Q  2  0  9.81  6  9.8117.87  0.86
 1000   

P 
1000  140  10 3  492.5  20000  1000  140  10 3  2  58.86  9.81  18.73
 
P 
68950  20000  1000  140  10 3  2  242.6
 
P2
 242.6  635.36

P2
 392.76
1000
P2  392.76  1000 Pa  392.76 kPa

258
Example (6.9)
Water with   0.113  10 5 m 2 s is pumped between two reservoirs at 0.006 m 3 s through
125 m of 5 cm diameter pipe and several minor losses, as shown in figure. The roughness
ratio is e D  0.001 . Compute the pump power required. Use the following relation to obtain
0.25
the friction factor, f  2
  e 5.74 
log   0 .9   
  3.7 D Re 

Solution
(1) Calculte the flow velocity through the pipe

Q V  D2
4

0.006  V  0.052 V  3.05 m s
4
(2) Calculate Reynolds Number
V .D 3.05  0.05
Re    1.35  10 5  2300 (Turblent Flow)
 0.113  10 5
e
(3) the relative roughness,  0.001
D
(4) From the relation obtain the friction coefficient,
0.25
f  2
  e 5.74 
log  0.9 
  3.7 D Re 
0.25
f  2
 0.0218
  0.001 5.74 
log    
   3.7 
1.35  10 5 
0 .9  
  

259
(5) Calculate the friction losses,
L V2
hf  f
D 2g
2
125 3.05
h f  0.0218  .  25.84 m
0.05 2  9.81
(6) obtain the minor losses coefficients
Fitting Losses coefficients, K
Sharp enterance, Fig. (6.3) 0.5
Open globe valve, Table (6.2) 10
Pipe bend with 12 in radius, Fig. (6.5) 0.15
Regular 90 0 elbow (Flanged), Table (6.2) 0.3
Half – closed gate valve, Table (6.2) 2.1
Sharp exit, Fig. (6.4) 1

 K  14.05

(7) Calculate the minor losses,

V2
hm   K .
2g
2
hm  14.05 
3.05
 16.66 m
2  9.81
(8) Apply Energy Equation Between (1), (2)
  P V2    P V 2 
Q  m  1  1  gz1   W  m  2  2  gz 2  g h f  hm 
 2   2 
P   P 
0   .Q  atm  0  9.81  20  0.305  W   .Q  atm  0  9.81  120  0.305  9.8125.84  16.66
1000    

10 3  0.006  59.84  W  10 3  0.006359.05  416.925
 
359.04  W  4655.85 , W  4296.81
Power  4296.81W  4.3 kW

260
Example (6.10)
A small water slide is to be installed inside a swimming pool. The slide manufacturer
recommends a continuous water flow rate Q  0.00139 m 3 s down the slide, to ensure that the
customers do not burn their bottoms. A pump is to be installed under the slide, with a 5 m long,
4 cm diameter hose supplying swimming pool water for the slide. The pump is rest fully
submerged 1 m below the water surface. The roughness inside the hose is about 0.008 cm. The
hose discharges the water at the top of the slide as a free jet open to the atmosphere. The hose
outlet is 4 m above the water surface. Ignore any minor losses here and assume that
  10 6 m 2 s for this water. Find the power required to drive the pump. Use the following
0.25
relation to obtain the friction factor: f  2
  e 5.74  
log  0.9  
  3.7 D Re  

Solution
(1) Calculte the flow velocity through the pipe

Q V  D2
4

0.00139  V  0.042 V  1.106 m s
4
(2) Calculate Reynolds Number
V .D 1.106  0.04
Re   6
 0.4424  10 5
 10
e 0.008
(3) the relative roughness,   0.002
D 4
(4) From the relation obtain the friction coefficient,
261
 0.25
f  2
  e 5.74  
log  0.9  
  3.7 D Re  

0.25
f  2
 0.02711
  0.002 5.74  
log   
  3.7    
0.9
 0.4424  10 5  

(5) Calculate the friction losses,

L V2
hf  f
D 2g
2
5 1.106
h f  0.02711  .  0.2113 m
0.04 2  9.81
(6) Calculate the minor losses,
V2
hm   K . 0
2g

(7) Apply Energy Equation Between (1), (2)

  P V2    P V 2 
Q  m  1  1  gz1   W  m  2  2  gz 2  g h f  hm 
 2   2 
P   P
0   .Q  atm  0  0  W   .Q  atm 
1.1062  9.81  4  9.81  0.2113

     2 

0  W  1000  0.001390.6116  39.24  2.073

0  W  58.28

W  58.28
Power  58.28 W

262
6.6.2 Problem Type (II)
In problems requiring determination of discharge Q, the pipeline geometry, fluid
properties, pressure difference are known. In the absence of discharge, the Reynolds number is
not known and therfore the friction factor and head loss cannot be computed. The solution
involves a trial procedure, the steps for which are listed below:
1- Determine the relative roughness e D  and K for different fittings.
2- From the energy equation, determine h f knowing the pressure difference.

3- Assume a reasonable value of f to find the velocity from the following equation:

V2 L V2
hL  h f  hm , hL  f   K.
2g D 2g
hL .2 g
V2 
f .L
K
D
4- Determine Re
5- A new value of f is determined from the Moody chart using Re, e D .
6- Recalculate the velocity from step 3 and then calculate Re
7- Using Re and  to determine f (from Moody chart)
8- Compare the value of f with the assumed value of f . If they are identical, stop.
Otherwise, repeat steps 3 through 7 until the convergence is achieved.

Q  V .A  V . D2
4
9- After convergence, Q is calculated from,

263
Example (6.11)
Apipe system carries water from a reservoir and discharges it as a free jet as shown in figure.
How much flow through a 200 mm steel commercial steel pipe with the fitting shown?

Solution
e 0.046
(1)   2.3  10 4
D 200
Bernoulli equation between (1) and (2)
P1 V12 P V2
  gZ1  2  2  gZ 2  ghL
 2  2
Patm Patm V22
 g (30)  0    g (20)  g . hL
  2

V2
 g.hL  10  9.81
2
V2
 9.81h f  hm   10  9.81
2

V2  V2 L V2 
 9.81 f K   98.1
2  2g D 2 g 

V2  V 2 140 V2 
 9.81 f  0.85   98.1
2  2  9.81 0.2 2  9.81 

V2
 350  fV 2  0.425V 2  98.1
2
0.925V 2  350 fV 2  98.1

98.1
V2 
0.925  350 f

(I) Let f1 = 0.014 then V1 = 4.1 m/s

264
 V1 D 4.1 0.2 e 0.046
Re1    725663.72 and   2.3  10 4
 0.011310 4 D 200

e
(II) Using Moody Chart and Re1=725663.72 ,  2.3  10  4
D
f 2 = 0.015 then V2 = 3.985 m/s
V2 D 3.985  0.2 e
Re 2    705309.7 and  2.3  10  4
 0.011310 4 D

e
(III) Using Moody Chart and Re2=705309.7 ,  2.3  10  4
D
f 3 = 0.015 and V3 = 3.985 m/s
Then
V = V3 = 3.985 m/s

Q  V . A  3.985  0.22  0.125 m 3 s
4
Example (6.12)
Gasoline S .G  0.9,   5  10 7 m 2 s  is drawn from
a tank through a hose of inside diameter 25 mm.
The relative roughness for the hose is 0.0004.
Calculate the volumetric flow and the pressure at
point (A) in the hose. The total length of hose is
9 m and the length of hose to point A is
3.25 m. Neglect minor losses.
Solution
(a) the volumetric flow
Bernoulli equation between (1) and (2)
P1 V12 P V2
  gZ1  2  2  gZ 2  ghL
 2  2

Patm Patm V22

 g 0 0    g ( 3.5)  g . hL
  2

V2
 g.hL  3.5  g
2
V2
 9.81h f  hm   3.5  9.81
2

265
  V2 L V2 
0.5V 2  9.81 f  K   34.335
 2g D 2 g 

 V2 9 
0.5V 2  9.81 f  0   34.335
 2  9.81 0.025 

0.5V 2  180 fV 2  34.335

34.335
V2 
0.5  180 f

(I) Let f1 = 0.015 then V1 =3.276 m/s

V1D 3.276  0.025 e
Re1   7
 1.63  105 and  0.0004
 5  10 D
e
(II) Using Moody Chart and Re1= 1.63  10 5 ,  0.0004
D
f 2 = 0.018 then V2 = 3.03 m/s
V2 D 3.03  0.025 e
Re 2   7
 1.515  105 and  0.0004
 5 10 D

e
(III) Using Moody Chart and Re2= 1.515  10 5 ,  0.0004
D
f 3 = 0.019 and V3 = 2.96 m/s
V3 D 2.96  0.025 e
Re3    1.48  105 and  0.0004
 5 10 7 D

e
(IV) Using Moody Chart and Re3= 1.48  10 5 ,  0.0004
D
f 4 = 0.019 and V4 = 2.96 m/s
Then
V = V4 = 2.96 m/s

Q  V . A  2.96  0.0252  0.00145 m 3 s
4
Q  0.00145 m 3 s  1.45 L s

(b) Pressure at point (A)

Bernoulli equation between point (1) and point (A)
P1 V12 P V2
  gZ1  A  A  gZ A  ghL
 2  2

266
 Patm PA V A2
 g 0 0    g (1.5)  g. h f
  2

101.3  103 P
 A 
2.962  9.81  1.5  9.81  f V 2 L
900 900 2 2g D
2
112.56 
PA
 4.38  14.715  9.81  0.019 
2.96 3.25
900 2  9.81 0.025
PA
112.56   4.38  14.715  10.82
900
PA
112.56   29.915
900
PA
 82.645
900
PA  74380.5 Pa  74.38 kPa

Example (6.13)
The pipe flow in figure is driven by pressurized air in the tank. Suppose that the fluid is water
with   0.113  10 5 m 2 s and the pressure P1  900 kPa gauge, find the volume flow rate?
Assume smooth pipe.

Solution
Bernoulli equation between point (1) and point (2)
P1 V12 P V2
  gZ1  2  2  gZ 2  ghL
 2  2
900  1000  Patm P V2
 0  g  10  atm  2  g  80  g. hL
1000  2

267
 900  1000 V2
 9.81 10  2  9.81  80  9.81 h f  hm 
1000 2

2  V2 L V2 

900  98.1  0.5V  784.8  9.81 f   K. 
 2g D 2g 

 V 2 60  80  20 
998.1  0.5V 2  784.8  9.81 f  0 
 2  9.81 0.05 

213.3  0.5V 2  1600 f .V 2

213.3
V2 
0.5  1600 f

(I) Let f1 = 0.014 then V1 =3.052 m/s

V1 D 3.052  0.05
Re1   5
1.35  10 5 and smooth pipe
 0.113  10
(II) Using Moody Chart and Re1= 1.35  10 5 , smooth pipe
f 2 = 0.017 then V2 = 2.775 m/s
V2 D 2.775  0.05
Re 2    1.228  10 5 and smooth pipe
 0.11310 5

(III) Using Moody Chart and Re2= 1.228  10 5 , smooth pipe

f 3 = 0.017 and V3 = 2.775 m/s
Then
V = V3 = 2.775 m/s
 
Q  V .A  V . D 2  2.775  0.052  0.0055 m 3 s
4 4
Q  0.0055 m 3 s  5.5 L s

268
Example (6.14)
Find the discharge through the pipeline as shown. Use minor loss coefficients for the entrance,
elbows, and globe valve of 0.5, 0.3 (each), and 10, respectively. Using the following relation to
1
obtain the friction factor, f  2
  e 
1.14  2.0 log D 
  

Solution
(1) For cast iron the pipe roughness,   0.25 mm
e 0.25
(2) The relative rougness,   0.001667
D 150
(3) Bernoulli equation between 1 & 2
P1 V12 P2 V22
  gZ1    gZ 2  ghL
 2  2
Patm Patm V22
 0  g  10    g  0  g . hL
  2

V2
9.81  10   g h f  hm 
2

V2  V2 L V2 
98.1   9.81 f   K. 
2  2g D 2g 

V2  V 2 30  12  60 V2 
98.1   9.81 f  0.5  0.3  0.3  10 
2  2  9.81 0.15 2  9.81 

V2 V2 V2
98.1  f  680  11.1 
2 2 2
98.1  0.5 V 2  340 f V 2  5.55 V 2

98.1  6.05 V 2  340 f V 2

98.1
V2 
6.05  340 f

269
(4) Calculate the friction factor from the relation:
1
f  2
  e 
1.14  2.0 log D 
  
1
f   0.0223
1.14  2.0 log0.0016672
(5) Obtain the velocity:
98.1
V2 
6.05  340 f
98.1
V2  V  2.683 m s
6.05  340  0.0223
 
Q  V .A  V . D 2  2.683  0.152  0.0474 m 3 s
4 4
Q  0.0474 m 3 s  47.4 L s

Example (6.15)
How much water is flowing through the
150 mm commercial steel pipe? Use the
following relation to obtain the friction
0.3164
factor: f  and for water
Re 0.25
  0.113  10 5 m 2 s.
Solution
(1) For commercial steel the pipe roughness, e  0.046 mm
e 0.046
(2) The relative rougness,   0.000307
D 150
(3) Bernoulli equation between 1 & 2
P1 V12 P V2
  gZ 1  2  2  gZ 2  ghL
 2  2
 g 1.6 V 2  g 0.3 V 2
  g 0    g  0  g . hL
 2  2

g 1.6   g 0.3  g . h f  hm 
1.6  0.3  h f  hm

h f  hm  1.3

270
 V2 L
f  0  1.3
2g D

V2 10
f  0  1.3
2  9.81 0.15
f V 2  0.383

(4) Calculate the friction factor from the relation:

0.3164
f 
Re 0.25
0.3164
f  0.25
 V .D 
 
  
0.3164
f  0.25
 V  0.15 
 5 
 0.113  10 
0.0166
f 
V 0.25
(5) Obtain the velocity:
f V 2  0.383

0.0166
0.25
V 2  0.383
V
V 1.75  23.0723 V  6.01 m s
 
Q  V .A  V . D 2  6.01  0.152  0.425 m 3 s
4 4
Q  0.425 m 3 s  425 L s

271
Example (6.16)
What is the volume flow rate from A to B for the system shown? Take  =
2
0.1130  10 5 m / s.

Solution
e 0.046
(1)   2.3  10  4
D 200
Apply Energy Equation Between (1), (2)
  P V2    P V 2 
q  m  1  1  gz1   W  m  2  2  gz 2  g h f  hm 
 2   2 
  620  10 3    70  10 3 
0  m  0  g  10  57.1  10 3  m   0  g  36  g h f  hm 
 1000   1000 
    V2 L V 2 
m620  9.81  10  57.1  10 3  m 70  9.81  36  9.81 f   K . 
  2g D 2 g 

    V 2 160  160  30 V 2 
m620  98.1  57100  m 70  353.16  9.81 f  0.3  0.9  1 
  2  9.81 0.152 2  9.81 

718.1   .V . A  57100   .V . A 423.16  1151.3 fV 2  1.1V 2 

718.1  10 3  0.1522 .V  57100  103   0.1522 .V 423.16  1151.3 fV 2  1.1V 2 
4 4

13030.5 V  57100  18.15 V 423.16  1151.3 fV 2  1.1V 2 
13030.5 V  57100  7680.35 V  20896.1 fV 3  20V 3
20V 3  20896.1 fV 3  5350.15V  57100

20  20896.1 f V 3  5350.15V  57100

272
(I) Let V1 =5 m/s then f1  0.031
V1 D 5  0.152 e
Re1   5
 6.73  10 5 and  0.00023
 0.113  10 D
e
(II) Using Moody Chart and Re1  6.73  105 and  0.00023
D
f 2  0.017 then V2  6.225 m s

V2 D 6.225  0.152 e
Re 2    8.37  10 5 and  0.00023
 0.11310 5 D

e
(III) Using Moody Chart and Re 2  8.37  10 5 and  0.00023
D
f 3  0.0165 and V3  6.29 m s
V3 D 6.29  0.152 e
Re 2    8.46  10 5 and  0.00023
 0.11310 5 D

e
(IV) Using Moody Chart and Re 3  8.46  10 5 and  0.00023
D
f 4  0.0165 and V4  6.29 m s

Then
V  V4  6.29 m s
 
Q  V .A  V . D 2  6.29  0.1522  0.1141 m 3 s
4 4
Q  0.1141 m 3 s  114.1 L s

273
6.6.3 Problem Type (III)
The fluid properties, the inlet and outlet pressures and pipeline roughness are known
and it is required to determine the diameter D. since the diameter itself is not known, the
friction factor can not be computed since the Reynolds number and the relative roughness are
both not known. Therefore, a trial procedure has to be followed:
1- From the energy equation, the total friction head losses are calculated.
2- Assume the value of f
3- Try to find the diameter D from the following equation,
hL  h f  hm

 fL  Q2
hL     K .
D    2 4
  D .2 g
4
4- Calculate the velocity V and hence Re
5- Using Re together with e D , determine f from the Moody chart.
6- Recalculate the diameter D as in step 3
7- If this diameter is identical with that calculated from step 3, this is the correct diameter.
Otherwise, repeat steps 4 through 6 until convergence is achieved.

274
Example (6.17)
What diameter of the commercial steel pipe to cause 100 L s of water to flow into the device
at a pressure P2 of 40 kPa gage? The pressure P1 is 2610 kPa . Take   0.113  10 5 m 2 s .

Solution
Applying Modified Bernoulli between (1) and (2)
P1 V12 P V2
  gZ1  2  2  gZ 2  g h f  hm 
 2  2

2610  10 3 40  10 3 V 2
 0  9.81  26    9.81h f  hm 
1000 1000 2
 V2 L V2 
2610  255.1  40  0.5V 2  9.81 f K 
 2g D 2 g 

 V 2 325  160  260 V2 

2825.1  0.5V 2  9.81 f  0.4  0.9  0.9  1 
 2  9.81 D 2  9.81 

V 2 745 V2
2825.1  0.5V 2  f  3. 2
2 D 2
V2
2825.1  2.1V 2  372.5 f
D
q 100  10 3 4  0.1 0.1273
with V    
A  2 D 2 D2
D
4
2 2
 0.1273  1  0.1273 
then 2825.1  2.1  2   372.5 f  
 D  D  D2 
0.034 6.04 f
2825.1  
D4 D5
2825.1D 5  0.034 D  6.04 f

Neglect the term (0.034D), then

275
 2825.1D 5  6.04 f

D 5  0.00214 f

(I) Let f1 = 0.015 then D1 = 0.12627 m

V1 = 7.986 m/s
V1 D1 7.986  0.12627
Re1    8.924  10 5
 0.113  10 5
e 0.00015
  0.001188
D1 0.12627

(II) From Moody chart with  1 and Re1

f 2 = 0.021 then D2 = 0.135 m
V2 = 6.986 m/s
V2 D2 6.986  0.135
Re 2   5
 8.346  10 5
 0.113  10
 0.00015
  0.0011
D2 0.135

(III) From Moody chart with  2 and Re2

f 3 = 0.020 then D3 = 0.134 m
V3= 7.1 m/s
V3 D3 7.1  0.134
Re 3   5
 8.42  10 5
 0.113  10
e 0.00015
  0.0011
D3 0.134

(III) From Moody chart with  3 and Re3

f 4 = 0.020 then D4 = 0.134 m
Then pipe diameter=0.134 m or 134 mm

276
Example (6.18)
Water with   1.307  10 6 m 2 s is to flow from reservoir A to reservoir B through a cast-iron
pipe e  0.26 mm  of length 20 m at a rate of 0.2 m 3 s as shown in Fig. The system contains a
sharp-edged entrance K  0.5 and six regular threaded 90 0 elbows with K  1.5 for each.
Determine the pipe diameter needed.

Solution
Applying Modified Bernoulli between (1) and (2)
P1 V12 P V2
  gZ1  2  2  gZ 2  g h f  hm 
 2  2

Patm P
 0  9.81  2  atm  0  9.81h f  hm 
1000 1000
 V2 L V2 
19.62  9.81 f K 
 2g D 2 g 

 V 2 20 V2 
19.62  9.81 f  0.5  6  1.5 
 2  9.81 D 2  9.81 

V 2 20 V2
19.62  f  9.5
2 D 2
V2
19.62  10 f  4.75 V 2
D
Q 0.2 4  0.2 0.255
with V    
A  2  D2 D2
D
4
2 2
1  0.255   0.255 
then 19.62  10 f  2   4.75 2 
D D   D 
f 0.3088
19.62  0.65 5

D D4

277
 19.62 D 5  0.65 f  0.3088D

Neglect the term (0.3088D), then

19.62 D 5  0.65 f

D 5  0.03313 f

(I) Let f1 = 0.015 then D1 = 0.2184 m

V1 = 5.34 m/s
V1 D1 5.34  0.2184
Re1    8.923  10 5
 1.307  10 6
e 0.00026
  0.0012
D1 0.2184

(II) From Moody chart with  1 and Re1

f 2 = 0.021 then D2 = 0.2336 m
V2 = 4.6665 m/s
V2 D 2 4.6665  0.2336
Re 2   6
 8.34  10 5
 1.307  10
e 0.00026
  0.001113
D2 0.2336

(III) From Moody chart with  2 and Re2

f 3 = 0.020 then D3 = 0.231 m
V3= 4.772 m/s
V3 D3 4.772  0.231
Re 3   6
 8.43  10 5
 1.307  10
e 0.00026
  0.001125
D3 0.231

(III) From Moody chart with  3 and Re3

f 4 = 0.020 then D4 = 0.231 m
Then pipe diameter=0.231 m or 231 mm

278
Example (6.19)
If the pressure P1  1280 kPa gage, what should the inside pipe diameter be to transport
0.36 m 3 s water? All pipes are commercial steel.

Solution
Applying Modified Bernoulli between (1) and (2)
P1 V12 P V2
  gZ1  2  2  gZ 2  g h f  hm 
 2  2

1280  10 3 V2
 0  9.81  35  0   9.81h f  hm 
1000 2

V2  V2 L V2 
1280  343.35  
 g f K 
2  2g D 2 g 

V2 V2 L V2
1123.35  f  K
2 2 D 2
V2 V 2 160  50  60 V2
1623.35  f  0.8  0.8  0.8
2 2 D 2
V2 V2 V2
1623.35   135 f  2.4
2 D 2
V2
1623.35  1.7 V 2  135 f
D
Q 0.36 4  0.36 0.4582
with V    
A  D 2 D2
D2
4
2 2
 0.4582  1  0.4582 
then 1623.35  1.7 2   135 f  
 D  D  D2 
0.21 f
1623.35  4
 28.34 5
D D
1623.35D 5  0.21D  28.34 f

279
Neglect the term (0.21D), then
1623.35D 5  28.34 f

D 5  0.0175 f

(I) Let f1 = 0.015 then D1 = 0.1922 m

V1 = 12.4 m/s
V1 D1 12.4  0.1922
Re1    2.11  10 6
 0.113  10 5
e 0.00046
  0.0024
D1 0.1922

(II) From Moody chart with  1 and Re1

f 2 = 0.014 then D2 = 0.1896 m
V2 = 12.745 m/s
V2 D2 12.745  0.1896
Re 2   5
 2.14  10 6
 0.113  10
e 0.00046
  0.00243
D2 0.1896

(III) From Moody chart with  2 and Re2

f 3 = 0.014 then D3 = 0.1896 m
Then pipe diameter=0.1896 m or 189.6 mm

280
6.7 Hydraulic Diameter for Noncircular Pipe Dh 
The frictional force is observed to depend on the area of contact between the fluid and
the surface. For flow in pipes the surface area is not a direct function of the flow. The flow is a
direct function of the sectional area which is proportional to the square of a length parameter.
The surface area is proportional to the perimeter. So for a given section, the hydraulic
diameter which determines the flow characteristics is defined by equation (6.16) and is used in
the calculation of Reynolds number.
4A
Dh  (6.14)
P
where Dh is the hydraulic diameter, A is the area of flow and P is the length of the wetted
perimeter for the conduit cross section.
This definition is applicable for any cross section. For circular section Dh  D . For
flow through ducts the length parameter in Reynolds number is the hydraulic diameter. i.e.,
V .Dh
Re  (6.15)


281
 Problems
6.1 An oil with   900 kg m 3 and   0.0002 m 2 s flows upward through an inclined pipe as
shown in Fig. Assuming steady laminar flow ,
(a) Verify that the flow is up
(b) Determine the head losses between section (1) and section (2)
(c) Calculate the volume flow rate
(d) Calculate Reynolds number

6.2 Water flows through a pipe at 5 L s, as shown in Fig. If gage pressures of

12.5 kPa, 11.5 kPa, and 10.3 kPa are measured for P1 , P2 and P3 , respectively, what are the
head losses between (1) ,(2) and (1), (3).

6.3 A large oil reservoir has a pipe of 7.5 cm diameter and 2200 m length connected to it. The
free surface of the reservoir is 3 m above the centerline of the pipe and can be assumed to
remain at fixed elevation. Assuming Laminar flow through the pipe, compute the amount of
flow issuing out of the pipe as a free jet.

282
6.4 If 140 [ L / s ] of water flow through the pipe system, what total head loss is being
developed over the length of the pipe?

6.5 Water with viscosity of   6.51  10 4 Pa.s flows from tank A to tank B. What is the
volumetric flow rate at the configuration shown in figure? Assume the flow is laminar.

6.6 Kerosene is flowing from a tank and out through two capillary tubes as shown in figure.
Determine the height h for the flow to just become laminar for each tube.

283
6.7 What is the pressure P1 in figure for Reynolds number of 10 in the tube? Tank A is large.
The specific gravity of the oil is 0.65 and the kinametic viscosity of the oil is 0.00018 m 2 s .

6.8 Water is flowing from a large tank through a pipe having an internal diameter of
25 mm. The water temperature is 70 0 C. What is the highest gage pressure P1 to have laminar

flow in the pipe?

6.9 Determine the flow rate in the system shown in figure. Assume the pipe to be smooth
and flow is laminar flow.

6.10 Oil having a specific gravity of 0.7 flows at the rate of 0.05 m 3 hr . compute the oil
viscosity for laminar flow.

284
6.11 A capillary tube of inside diameter 6 mm connects tank A and open container B, as
shown in fig. The liquid in A, B, and capillary CD is water having a viscosity
0.0008 kg m.s. The pressure PA  34.5 kPa gage. Which direction will the water flow? What
is the flow rate. Assuming Laminar flow.

Problems Type (I)

6.12 What gage pressure P1 is required to cause 5 ft 3 s of water to flow through the
system? Assume that the reservoir is large. Neglect minor losses. Take
  2.11 10 5 ft 2 s.

6.13 What gage pressure P1 is required to cause 5 ft 3 s of water to flow through the system

shown in Fig. Neglect the minor losses and take   2.11 10 5 ft 2 s .

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6.14 The industrial scrubber B of Fig. consumes water with   0.113  10 5 m 2 s at the rate

of 0.1m 3 s . I f the pipe is 150 mm commercial pipe, compute the necessary tank pressure P1 .

6.15 What pressure P1 is required to cause 1 ft 3 s of water to flow into a device where the

pressure P2 is 5 Ib in 2 gage? Take   2.11 10 5 Ib.s ft 2 of water.

6.16 Water is being pumped through the system shown in figure. Determine the pump power
required for a flow rate of 150 L s. All pipes are commercial steel 20 cm in diameter.

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6.17 If the exit pressure of the pump is 250 kPa gage and the desired pressure at B is
120 kPa gage, what is the largest angle permitted for these conditions for V  1 m s ? The

fluid is water at a temperature of 20 0 C. If the pressure going into the pump is 100 kPa
gage, with the same diameter pipe, what power is the pump developing?

6.18 For a volume flow from A to B of 5 ft 3 s in figure, determine the power input to the
flow of the pump. Take water at 30 0 C.

6.19 A pump is developing 100 kW of power

on a vertical flow in figure for a skyscraper.
At 30 m a turbine draws off 20 kW of power.
How high can the pipe go to the next pump
if we require an inlet pressure for this pump
of 10000 Pa gage? The flow rate is 1 m 3 s .
Take   0.01141  10 4 m 2 s .

6.20 The 5 m long pipe in figure may be oriented at any angle  . what is the optimum value of
 for which the jet height loss h is minimum?

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6.21 A tanker is to be filled with fuel oil with   920 kg m 3 and   0.045 Pa.s from an
underground reservoir using a 20 m long, 5 cm diameter plastic hose with a slightly rounded
entrance and two 90 0 smooth bends. The elevation difference between the oil level in the
reservoir and the top of the tanker where the hose is discharged is 5 m . The capacity of the
tanker is 18 m 3 , and the filling time is 30 min . determine the required power input to the pump.

6.22 Water with   1.307  10 3 Pa.s flows from a large reservoir to a smaller one through a
5 cm diameter cast iron piping system as shown in figure. Determine the elevation Z1 for a

flow rate of 6 L s.

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6.23 A fan is to produce a constant air speed of 40 m s throughout the pipe loop shown in
Figure. The 3 m diameter pipes are smooth, and each of the four 90 degree elbows has a loss
coefficient of 0.30. Determine the power that the fan adds to the air.

6.24 The hydroelectric plant shown in Figure uses 200 m of 0.5 m diameter cast iron pipe. If
the flow rate is 2 m 3 s, what is the pressure drop across the turbine? Neglect minor losses.

6.25 As shown in Figure a fountain is served a pump, 150 ft of 1 in diameter commercial steel
pipe, five standard 90 0 elbows with K  0.4 for each, a filter with K  2.8, and two gate valves
with K  0.2 for each. The fountain nozzle is 3 4 in diameter. The filter is a minor loss with
K  2.8. If the height of the fountain h is 10 ft , how much pressure rise must the pump

generate?

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6.26 Recirculated air for a cold storage locker is cooled by means of the secondary cooling
loop shown in Figure. The working fluid, ethylene glycol, is cooled from 40 0 C to 0 0 C in the
heat exchanger located in the chiller. The fluid proceeds to the second heat exchanger in
thermal contact with the recirculated air. Here the ethylene glycol absorbs heat and returns
to 40 0 C.
The piping system consists of 50 m of 3 cm commercial steel pipe, five standard 90 0 elbows,
and two gates valves, which isolate the pump. The heat exchangers can be considered to be
minor losses with a coefficient of K  2.0. Assume no elevation changes. The density and
viscosity of ethylene glycol at the working temperatures are  0  1128 kg m 3 ,

 40  1100 kg m 3 ,  0  5.74 Pa.s, and  40  0.95 Pa.s. If the flow rate for this system is 1 m 3 s ,

what is the pressure rise required from the pump?

290
Problems Type (II)
6.27 (a) Find the flow rate through the system as shown in Fig. the pipe is a commercial steel.
(b) Put a pump on the line between the two tanks. What is the new flow through the
system if the pump develops 10 hp on water? Does it make any difference where the
pump is placed with respect to mass flow?

6.28 What should be the flow through the system shown in figure? We have commercial
steel pipe 6 in diameter.

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6.29 The pump in figure develops 5 kJ kg on mass flow. How many liters per second flow
through the commercial steel pipe from the upper tank to the lower tank? Take
  0.046 mm.

6.30 Find the volume flow rate if the pump delivers 700 kW power on the flow.

6.31 How much water flows from reservoir through the pipe system? The water drives a
water turbine which develops 100 hp. Take   2.11  10 5 Ib.s ft 2 .

6.32 What is the horizontal force in figure on the pipe system from the water flowing
inside? The pipe is 300 mm in inside diameter and the pipe is smooth. The pump is known
to developing 65 kW of power on the water at 5 0 C.
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6.33 Determine the volume flow rate,
Q, from A to B in figure if the

pump at E has the following input

characteristics:
h p  125 Q  30 m 
With Q in m 3 s.

6.34 The small turbine in Fig. extracts 400 W of power from the water flow. Both pipes are
wrought iron. Compute the flow rate Q m 3 hr. Sketch the EL and HGL accurately.

6.35 Determine the volume flow rate through the shown pipe system then sketch the hydraulic
grade line and the energy grade line. The turbine is developing 50 kW and the fliud is water.

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6.36 Water is pumped from a lake, into a large pressurized tank, and out through two pipes as
shown in Fig. The pump head is h p  45  27.5Q  54Q 2 , where h p is in feet and Q (the total

flow rate through the pump) is in ft 3 s . Minor losses and gravity are negligible, and the
friction factor in each pipe is 0.02. Determine the flow rates through each of the pipes, Q1 ,
and Q2 .

Problems Type (III)

6.37 A pipe system having a given centerline geometry as shown in Fig. is to be chosen to
transport a volume flow rate of 1 ft 3 s of oil from tank A to tank B. What is a pipe size that
will do the job?

6.38 (a) In the figure below the 50 m duct is 60 mm in diameter. Compute the flow rate if the
fluid has   917 kg m 3 and   0.29 Pa.s.

(b) Compute the diameter of the duct required to maintain a flow rate of 25 m 3 h.

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6.39 A flow Q of 170 L / s is to go
from tank A to tank B. If
  0.113 * 10 5 m 2 / s, what
should be the diameter for the
horizontal section of pipe?

6.40 A pipe system having a

given centerline geometry as
shown in figure is to be
chosen to transport a
maximum of 120 ft 3 s of
water from tank A to tank B.
What is a pipe size which do
the job? A pump is
developing 556 hp on the
flow.

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6.41 For the pipe system shown in the figure take the power of the pump is 80 hp to the fluid.
What is the proper pipe size to maintain the 3 ft 3 s flow rate from reservoir (1) to reservoir
(2).

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