Cardiovascular anatomy and

physiology


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) parietal(:
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Cardiac muscle
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-
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Cardiac
muscle

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z Right-
zLeft -

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atrium

ventricle

 -Heart chambers
septum

Rt. Atrium

Rt. ventricule

Lt. atrium

Lt. ventricule

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-Heart chambers
{

Lt. atrium
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Rt. Atrium

Lt. ventricule

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Rt. ventricule

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Atrioventricular valves
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Mitral
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Tricuspid
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Atrioventricular valves


papilary


Chordeae tendineae

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Semilunar valves
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) Aortic(
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 )(coronary art.
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(coronary art.)
:
Left coronary artery / left
main
: ,{
.(LAD) Left anterior descending artery
. Circumflex artery

z
z

Right coronary artery

Posterior descending artery

z
z

26

Coronary arteries

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) (

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)(

:
z ) (:
{ / -
superior Vena Cava
{
z ) (:
Inferior Vena Cava
{ )(aorta
{ :
z ) (:
{ Pulmonary
artery

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4 ) pulmonary
.(veins

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cardiac conduction system

{

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internodal
pathways

Purkinje cells ,Nodal cells :
{ 3:
Automacity
Excitability
Conductivity
38

.(SA node) .sinus atrial node

z
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.(AV node) Atrio-Ventricular node

z
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: , .SVC
60-100 :.
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Bundle of hiss
z

Purkinje cells
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cardiac action potential

Depolarization )
( NA
/CA K .

-Repolarization
/ " K
NA.

44

Cardiac action potentialdepolarization

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Cardiac action potential

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Cardialc potentia

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cardiac action potential

-Refractory period
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: 2 - .

Absolute/effective refractory
period
Relative refractory period

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Absolute/effective refractory
period
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0 3

Relative refractory period

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3
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Refractory period

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55

Cardiac hemodynamics

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Cardiac cycle

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systole
diastole.

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Diastole

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Systole
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SYSTOLE

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 ,
semilunar
,
atrio ventricular

Atrial kick ,
15 -25%

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65


Rt. Atrium: 0-8

Rt.ventricule:
15-25/0-8

Pulmonary artery:
15-25/8-15

Lt .atrium: 4-12

Lt.ventricule:
110-130/4-12

Aorta:110130/70-80

66


{
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CARDIAC OUTPUT
z
z
z

)-( .
5 - /.
) .
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)Cardiac output= heart rate(HR)*Stroke volume(SV

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CARDIAC OUTPUT
{

: S.V = STROKE VOLUME

z
z

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:H.R = HEART RATE

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HR SV .
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H.R

X S.V = C.O

70 X 70cc = 4900cc

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 :
14L

14000cc

140 X 100cc

S.V

H.R

C.O

S.V

H.R

C.O

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 H.R -
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 H.R -
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CNS-



HR,BP
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-

)(

-Hypertension <
140/90
- Hypotension >
90/60
)Postural (orthostatic
hypotension

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10mmHg (

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S.V -

.Preload

Afterload

Contractility

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Preload
{

{
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(.
- )(EDV
EDV . preload-

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Frank-Starling law

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Preload
{

Stroke volume

=Preload

: , ,

Stroke volume

=Preload

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Afterload

RV-pulmonic vascular
resistance

Stroke volume =

LV-Systemic vascular
resistance

afterload

= Stroke volume

79

Contractility
{
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Contractility= SV

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{ Contractility= SV
:,,
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CARDIAC OUTPUT
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-( Ef )Ejection fraction

EDV-ESV
=Ef
EDV
Rt.ventricle=/<42%
Lt. ventricle=/<50%
EF-

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Apical impulse=point of maximum impulse

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HYPERTENSION < 140/90
Hypotension > 90/60
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.(ARTERY)

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ADVENTITIA .
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= ENDOTEL
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ADVENTITIA .1 .
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MEDIA .2 .
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- INTIMA .3 .
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 -
{

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Superior Vena -
Cava .

-
Inferior Vena Cava
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101


:AORTA
3-:
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z
z

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:
.Lt.+Rt. Common Carotid arteries z
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{ ) External Carotid (
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{ ) Internal Carotid ( .
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103

104

:
) Lt. + Rt. Subclavian arteries z
(.
-:
{ Axillary artery .
{ Brachial artery .

z
z

Ulnar art.
Radial Art.

{ Vertebral artery ,
, .Basilar artery -
105

106

107

)(descending aorta
z

Celiac trunk :

{ - Hepatic artery .
{ - Splenic artery .
z

z
z

108

: Superior mesenteric artery

.
Rt. +Lt. Renal arteries .
Inf. Mesenteric artery
.

109

{
{

110

Lt. +Rt. Common Iliac
Arteries
:
) (Internal Iliac
.
) (External Iliac
.Femoral Artery -

 Femoral artery {
-
. ,Popliteal artery
- Popliteal artery
.Ant. Tibial
.Post. Tibial

z
z

111

112


{
{

.
:
- Internal jugular vein z .
External jugular vein z
.
" .subclavian vein -
Lt.+Rt. Subclavian veins
.Sup. Vena Cava -

113

114


:
z
- Basilic vein
Cephalic Vein

115

Brachial vein

.

 :
z Saphenous vein
z .Deep femoral vein
z -
.Ext. iliac vein
Int. Iliac Vein z .
Int + Ext Iliac vein z
.common iliac vein -

116

117


{
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= .
:
z
z
z
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Carotid
Radial
Brachial
Femoral
Posterior Tibial
Dorsalis Pedis

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