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Example 1
It can be seen
G4 [ ! G3 [ H 1 [
|G4( )|
-1200
1200
|G3( )|
-1200
-800
800
1200
|H1( )|
-1200
1200
Example 2 Application of an ideal low-pass filter (LPF) Using the same signal as Example 1, assume that an application requires a signal
-800
800
|H1( )|
-800
800
Square-law device
w(t ) ! C1 cos[1t
C 2 cos[ 2 t
@ x t
! w 2 (t ) ! C1 cos 2 [1t
2C1C 2 cos[1t
cos[ 2 t
C 2 cos 2 [ 2 t
2 2
Using trigonometry identities; cos 2 J ! xt ! 1 1 ? cos 2J A and 2 cos E cos F ! cosE F cosE F 2
xt !
X [ ! T C12 C 22 H [
T 2 H C1 ? [ 2[1 H [ 2[1 A 2
T 2 H H C 2 ? [ 2[ 2 H [ 2[ 2 A C1C 2T ? [ [1 [ 2 H [ [1 [ 2 A 2 H C1C 2T ? [ [1 [ 2 H [ [1 [ 2 A
If signals of example 1 are added together to form the input to the system,
1000Tt
wt
! g1 t
g 2 t
! 2 cos200Tt
5 cos 1000Tt
25 cos 2 1000Tt
xt
! 4 cos 2 200Tt
20 cos200Tt
cos [ [ H [ @ X
! 29TH
2T ? [ 400T
H 400T
A H [ [ H 12.5T ? 2000T
H 2000T
A 10T ? [ 800T
H [ 800T
A H [ [ 10T ? 1200T
H 1200T
A
This result can be achieved by multiplying X( ) with a transfer function H( ) that acts as bandpass filter (BPF) that allows frequency components in the ranges 400 < < 1200 and -1200 < < -400 , multiplied by 0.3 and those outside the ranges
multiplied by zero.
|G3( )| 29 12.5 10 10 2 2 (krad/s) 10 10 12.5
-2.0
-1.2
1.2
2.0
0.3
-0.6
0 |Y( )|
0.6
(krad/s)
-0.8
0.8
(krad/s)
x(t)=m(t)cos
ct
c(t)=cos
ct
X [ !
1 ?M [ [c
M [ [c
A 2
M( )
Ac
B B
X( )
Ac/2
c B
c -
AM Demodulation
Mixer x(t) Penapis lulus rendah (LPF) mt
cos
ct
y(t)
y t ! xt cos[ c t 1 ?X [ [c X [ [c A 2 1 1 1 Y [ ! M [ M [ 2[ c M [ 2[ c 4 2 4 Y [ !
|Y( )| Ac/2
Ac/4
-2
c -
-2
-2
c +
c -
c +
|H( )|
M [
B B
AM With Carrier
Mixer m(t) c(t)=Accos ka
ct
y(t)
s(t)=Ac[1+kam(t)] cos
ct
1 st ! ? k a mt A t c ! Ac cos [ c t k a mt Ac cos [ c t
where ct ! Ac cos [ c t k a Ac ?M [ [ c M [ [ c A 2
H S [ ! Ac T ? [ [ c H [ [ c A
S( )
Ac kaMpAc/2
Ac
c +
y1(t)
y2(t)
w(t)
cos x3(t)
c2t
W( ) Y1( )
c1
Y2( )
c2
Y3( )
c3
w(t)
H1( )
Center freq
c1
|H( )| 2
x1 t } x1 t
c1t
0 |H( )| 2
x2 t
} x2 t
0
cos H3( )
Center freq
c3
c2t
|H( )| 2
x3 t
} x3 t
0
BPF
cos
c3t
LPF